Matthias HELLNER:

L’occupation de la Ruhr en 1923

 

Lorsque les Français sont entrés dans la Ruhr, les ouvriers ont déclenché la résistance passive et l’inflation a pris des proportions calamiteuses

 

En janvier 1923, les soldats français et belges occupent l’ensemble de la région de la Ruhr. Une vague d’indignation secoue alors toutes les couches de la population dans le Reich vaincu. Le Chancelier Cuno, en poste depuis le 22 novembre 1922, déclare qu’il faut organiser la résistance passive contre l’occupation. En France toutefois, les esprits se divisent pour juger l’entrée des troupes en territoire allemand, entrée justifiée par le retard d’une livraison de bois imposée par les clauses de réparation. Les socialistes tentent de démontrer les dangers d’une occupation. Clémenceau s’y opposait et le Maréchal Foch parlait d’un “terrible nid de guêpes” où la France avait mis la main.

 

Par l’appel à la résistance passive, toute la vie économique de la région occupée fut paralysée. Les hauts fourneaux furent éteints et les mines fermées. Les cheminots se mirent en grève et les fonctionnaires allemands s’en tinrent à la convention prise, d’éviter tous contacts avec les autorités occupantes. Pour transporter les minerais et le charbon de la Ruhr vers la France, des milliers de techniciens et de cheminots furent mobilisés pour travailler dans la région occupée. Mais dès que les transports se remirent à rouler, des vétérans allemands, dont d’anciens combattants des corps francs comme Heinz Oskar Hauenstein et Albert Leo Schlageter, passèrent à la résistance active et organisèrent des actions de sabotage. Ils firent sauter des ponts, des lignes de chemin de fer et des canaux pour empêcher le transport vers l’étranger des biens économiques allemands.

 

Les autorités occupantes réagirent avec dureté. La région occupée fut complètement verrouillée et la police allemande désarmée. Krupp et d’autres industriels furent condamnés à quinze ans de prison. Partout des confrontations sanglantes eurent lieu. En mars, quatorze ouvriers de chez Krupp furent abattus; d’innombrables citoyens furent arrêtés ou expulsés. Lorsque les Français arrêtèrent Schlageter suite à une trahison, alors qu’il venait de faire sauter un pont près de Calkum, tous les recours en grâce furent inutiles, les Français voulant faire un exemple. L’officier de la Grande Guerre, âgé de 28 ans, fut fusillé le 26 mai. La résistance se poursuivit néanmoins sans discontinuer.

 

Fin mai, le parti communiste tente un coup de force et les soulèvements armés qu’il téléguidait furent anéantis par des volontaires armés. Au même moment, les attentats contre les occupants se multipliaient. Ainsi, le 10 juin à Dortmund, deux officiers français sont abattus en pleine rue. La réaction des Français a coûté la vie à sept civils.

 

Les tentatives françaises de détacher des régions rhénanes du Reich avec l’aide de mouvements séparatistes ne connurent aucun succès. Des attentats perpétrés contre des chefs séparatistes et la résistance de toute la population ruinèrent ces tentatives. Le 26 septembre, Stresemann, qui, le 13 août, avait remplacé Cuno au poste de Chancelier, déclare que la résistance passive doit se terminer. A ce moment-là, 132 Allemands avaient été tués; onze d’entre eux avaient été condamnés à mort mais un seul avait été exécuté. 150.000 personnes avaient été expulsées de la région; d’innombrables autres avaient écopé d’amendes ou avaient subi des peines de prison.

 

La République de Weimar était dans un état de désolation épouvantable. Non seulement elle avait dû renoncer au poids économique de la région de la Ruhr mais elle avait dû aussi payer pour entretenir la population paralysée par la résistance passive ordonnée par Cuno. L’inflation galopante ne pouvait plus être arrêtée. Le 1 juillet un dollar américain coûtait déjà 160.000 mark; le 1 août, le dollar valait 1.100.000 mark; le 1 novembre 130.000.000.000 mark et le 30 novembre 4.200.000.000.000 mark!

 

Pour stabiliser l’état de la République, il a fallu procéder à une réforme monétaire et, simultanément, l’Allemagne accepte en août 1924 le Plan Dawes lors de la Conférence de Londres, plan qui réglait le paiement des réparations sur des bases nouvelles. En juillet et en août 1925, les Français évacuent finalement une grande partie des régions occupées, sous pression de la Grande-Bretagne et des Etats-Unis. L’aventure de la Ruhr était terminée.

 

Matthias HELLNER.

(article paru dans “zur Zeit”, Vienne, http://www.zurzeit.at , n°25/2013).

US and UK are implementing a pro-Saudi and Gulf agenda: Balkans to Afghanistan

US and UK are implementing a pro-Saudi and Gulf agenda: Balkans to Afghanistan

Murad Makhmudov and Lee Jay Walker

http://moderntokyotimes.com

Irrespective if people support the Syrian government or are against the political leaders of this nation, it is abundantly clear that past interventions lead to chaos and failed states. Either political elites in Gulf nations, America, France, Turkey and the United Kingdom enjoy mass instability and cleansing religious minorities; or the agenda is to create weak failed states in order to protect the feudal monarchies of the Gulf and Israel. If not, then nothing makes sense and this also applies to Western nations being anti-Christian in the Middle East and in other parts of the world.

It is known that the most powerful religious leader in Saudi Arabia desires that all Christian churches are to be destroyed throughout the region. Of course, with Qatar and Saudi Arabia supporting Sunni Salafi fanatics and terrorists against the government of Syria; then this could be part of the anti-Christian crusade installed by feudal monarchs and religious elites in Saudi Arabia.

Grand Mufti Sheikh Abdul Aziz al-Asheikh from Saudi Arabia stated that it was “necessary to destroy all the churches of the region.” This distinguished Islamist cleric who is a close friend of the ruling elites in Saudi Arabia, voiced this opinion to the visiting delegation from Kuwait. It appears that he wants Kuwait to follow the anti-Christian and anti-non-Muslim religious line of Saudi Arabia which refuses to allow one single Buddhist temple, Christian church, Hindu temple and so forth. Therefore, when one militant fanatic desires to burn the Koran (something that Islamists do all the time during their terrorist attacks and destroying Shia mosques)in America the American administration and mass media speaks out; however, having strong relations with Islamist states which hate all other religions is obviously not a concern.

It is clear that Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser was a threat to the elites throughout the Gulf and in major Western nations. Likewise, Saddam Hussein was an ally of the Sunni Gulf dominated monarchies and powerful Western nations during the Iran-Iraq war. Yet the Kuwait question destroyed this unity. Of course, when Saddam Hussein was busy killing the Shia in Iraq and fighting against Iran then this was welcomed. Likewise, when Kurds were gassed in Iraq then this also could be brushed under the carpet. However, to enter a feudal undemocratic state called Kuwait was something else. Therefore, a well orchestrated media campaign was paid to increase many lies about the nation of Kuwait and with regards to many alleged massacres which later turned out to be clear fabrications. Despite this, the United States and United Kingdom will protect anti-Christian Gulf monarchies to the hilt because of energy factors, geopolitics and other important areas.

Over forty years ago the usual nations intervened in Afghanistan by supporting the most “year zero Islamists” on the face of the planet. Not only did America, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and other nations, support Islamist sectarians and terrorists – but they even gave military training, assistance and helped to co-ordinate future terrorist groups. Osama bin Laden was once a friendly ally of major Gulf nations, America, Pakistan and the United Kingdom. Of course, September 11 brought this home to America but for the people of Afghanistan, North-Western Pakistan and India ruled Kashmir; then Islamist militancy is continuing to destroy all forms of moderation and helping to cleanse religious minorities. Women also have bore a terrible price and while Islamists may ban alcohol it is clear that selling and taking heroin isn’t deemed un-Islamic. Therefore, you now have a major drug problem in Afghanistan and Pakistan but despite all the chaos it is now the turn to destroy multi-religious and secular Syria.

Even while Afghanistan continues to burn in a spiral of Islamist hatred, enormous indoctrination, forcing women into the shadows and being unable to crush Taliban forces; the next venture had begun against Iraq. The Kuwait debacle highlighted the reality that while approximately 3 to 4 million black Africans were killed in Sudan based on the policies of Arabization and Islamization; then this could be tolerated, but invading a wealthy Gulf state was a different matter. Simply put, just like in East Timor whereby approximately one third of the population was killed by central forces in Indonesia – it is apparent that Christians (Sudan and East Timor) and Animists (Sudan) just don’t count because the US and UK kept on supplying weapons to Indonesia. America also welcomed the introduction of Islamic Sharia law in Sudan under the leadership of President Jaafar Nimeiri in 1983 just like Washington helped this legal framework to take power in Afghanistan, Iraq and most recently Libya.

Clearly, the anti-Muslim rhetoric aimed at America doesn’t hold much weight apart from opposing moderate forces in the Muslim world based on the objectives of Saudi Arabia and other major Gulf nations.  Therefore, the only forces to suffer at the hands of America’s foreign policy in Afghanistan, Bosnia, Cyprus (invasion by Turkey), Kosovo, Libya, Iraq and now in Syria – are Christians, secular forces and mainstream Islam which became attacked by Sunni Islamic jihadists, Salafi militants and a plethora of terrorist groups. These Islamist groups think nothing about killing Shia Muslims, minority Muslim groups like the Alawites, Sunni Muslim clerics who support religious diversity and non-Muslims. In this sense, the political elites in Washington and London have installed compliant Muslim dominated governments in Bosnia and Kosovo – while doing nothing when Orthodox Christians were cleansed by Turkey after this nation invaded Northern Cyprus. Meanwhile, secular forces within the state institutions of Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya have all been vanquished by the implementation of Islamic Sharia law once ruling elites were overthrown in the three above nations. Given this reality, it appears that because they always side with conservative and reactionary Islamist forces. The upshot being that approximately 50% of Christians fled Iraq and vast numbers of Christians have fled Kosovo; this happened on the watch of America and the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, in Egypt the Coptic Christians are now facing a growing Islamist menace but once more America and the United Kingdom keep on supplying more funds to the Muslim Brotherhood led government.

In Kosovo the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) was implicated in killing people for organs and other massacres. Similarly, in Syria you have video evidence of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) and various Islamist groups teaching children to behead Syrian soldiers, cutting open Syrian soldiers and eating organs, killing Sunni Muslim clerics which support the government and a host of other brutal deeds including beheading many Alawites and Shia Muslims. Yet, it appears that all the above – and kidnapping Christian bishops – means zilch to America, France, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the United Kingdom. After all, the more massacres are committed by the FSA and various Islamist terrorist groups then the more they obtain funds in order to destroy Syria. It must be stated that Syria, just like Egypt under Nasser, is a proud and free nation which refuses to bow down to international domination. Therefore, the secular government of Syria is deemed to be a threat to Western powers, Gulf powers and treacherous Turkey because these collective forces saw an opportunity to destroy the last major secular and independent nation in the Arabic speaking world.

Libya in the post-Gaddafi period is nothing more than a failed state whereby various militias control parts of the country. Recent terrorist attacks in Algeria, Mali and Niger all have a connection linking the failed state of Libya. At the same time the CIA, MI6 and other security intelligence networks have been involved in sending military arms to terrorists in Syria via Bosnia, Libya, Croatia, Kosovo and other routes. Note, that the US and UK all supported anti-Serb forces in Bosnia, Croatia and Kosovo; meanwhile, the ruling elites in Libya now rely on London and Washington for economic support.

In another Modern Tokyo Times article about Libya it was stated that “The ‘bomb democracy’ Western and Gulf policy in Libya brought about the massacres of black Africans, killing of Gaddafi loyalists and created a “new society” based on disorder which is currently ongoing. Indeed, the chaos which is engulfing Libya is now destabilizing Northern Mali and creating problems for Tunisia. This destabilization is based on vast quantities of military hardware being available and more dangerously the Salafi ideology is spreading because of money from Saudi Arabia and Qatar.”

“Turning back to Libya and Northern Mali then currently Salafist organizations are intent on destroying all Islamic thought patterns outside of their “blinkered monoculture,” which thrives on hatred and fear. Indeed, in Syria video evidence survives which makes it clear that the Western and Islamist “marriage of convenience” is now spreading this dangerous ideology within this country. Therefore, mainstream Islam and religious minorities have much to fear in Syria. However, like usual political leaders in London, Paris and Washington will support any form of barbarity providing it meets their geopolitical ambitions.”

The nation of Syria welcomed the fleeing Palestinians and took in over one million refugees from Iraq irrespective if the refugees were Christian, Sunni Muslim, Shia Muslim or whatever. Syria is a multi-religious nation and secular based. Also, it is abundantly clear that no evidence can be provided which shows massacres by the government of Syria before outside nations sponsored sectarianism, terrorism and sedition against this nation. Therefore, the armed forces of Syria are doing their upmost to protect the people of Syria and preserve the independence of this nation. After all, which side is kidnapping Christian bishops, kidnapping UN personnel, killing Sunni Muslim clerics, beheading Alawites, butchering the Shia, murdering journalists and so forth? Despite this, major Western and Gulf powers alongside Turkey are intent on destroying the fabric of Syrian society and these nations care little about creating another failed state – after all, look at the track record of Afghanistan, Kosovo, Libya and Iraq.

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http://moderntokyotimes.com

R. Steuckers : Identité(s) Européenne(s) et actualité internationale

 

Entretien accordé au "Cercle des Volontaires"

Robert Steuckers :

Identité(s) Européenne(s) et actualité internationale

 

Le Cercle des Volontaires est allé à la rencontre de Robert Steuckers, grande figure de ce qu’on appelle la « Nouvelle Droite », ancien membre du mouvement GRECE et fondateur du mouvement « Synergies européennes ».

 

Voici les sujets qui ont été traités par Robert Steuckers :
- L’identité européenne
- L’identité européenne influencée à travers les relations avec les autres peuples
- Une ou des identités européennes ?
- Une identité menacée ?
- Puritanisme américain et néoconservatisme
- Ukraine/UE et l’Axe Paris-Berlin-Moscou
- Nucléaire iranien et bouclier anti-missiles de l’OTAN

 

Nous vous signalons que nous publierons dans les prochains jours une version écrite de cet entretien et qui sera illustrée par énormément de documentation afin d’aller plus en profondeur dans l’analyse des sujets traités.

Anass

Attack the System: Who Are the Power Elite?

by Keith Preston • Attack the System radio

Keith Preston dissects the American ruling class.

Topics include:

• The difference between power elite analysis and conspiracy theories.
• Power elite analysis versus theories of democratic pluralism.
• Classical elite theory as developed during the interwar period of the 1920s.
• C. Wright Mills as the godfather of power elite theory.
• James Burnham and the managerial revolution.
• William Domhoff and the role of ideological institutions.
• Robert Putnam and the role of technological elites.
• Thomas Dye and the development of consensus among elites.
• How the power elite uses demographic, cultural, and class conflict to protect its own position of dominance.

File type: MP3
Length: 1:14:02
Bitrate: 32kb/s CBR

Download (right click, ‘save as’)

Email Keith:
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