Polémique autour de la théorie du genre, dérives communautaires, résultat catastrophique au classement Pisa, l'école Française est en crise. Dans votre dernière chronique pour le Figaro, vous écrivez, «l'école n'instruit plus, n'éduque plus, elle rééduque». Qu'entendez-vous par là?
Natacha Polony - Le vieux débat entre instruction et éducation est complexe. Pour les tenants de l'instruction, dont je fais partie, l'école doit transmettre des savoirs universels. C'était le projet de Condorcet qui est le premier à avoir pensé l'école de la République à travers ses cinq mémoires sur l'instruction publique. A l'époque, on parlait bien d'instruction et non d'éducation, cette dernière revenant aux familles. Certes, l'école transmettait aussi des valeurs, mais celles-ci passaient par l'histoire, la littérature, les textes. Et c'est en cela qu'elles étaient émancipatrices puisqu'elles étaient le fruit d'un savoir. Au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle cet équilibre a été bouleversé. Les savoirs ont peu à peu été abandonnés au profit de ce que les «pédagogistes» appellent le «savoir être». Dans le socle commun de connaissances et de compétences définit par l'Education nationale, les grands textes officiels du savoir sont mis sur le même plan que certaines «compétences» qui relèvent de l'éducation des familles tel que «le savoir vivre ensemble» ou «le savoir respecter autrui». La polémique autour de la théorie du genre, bien qu'elle ait été instrumentalisée par certains extrémistes, illustre la propension de l'école à vouloir concurrencer la vision du monde transmise aux enfants par leurs parents. Il me paraît plus urgent d'apprendre aux élèves à lire, écrire et compter. En tant qu'héritier des Lumières, Condorcet misait sur l'intelligence pour élever les esprits. C'est par là que passe le combat pour l'émancipation et non par un vague catéchisme moralisateur.
La focalisation de l'école sur les questions de société n'est-elle pas justement un moyen de masquer son échec sur l'apprentissage des savoirs fondamentaux?
Certainement, mais à l'inverse la focalisation sur les questions de société est aussi l'une des causes de la crise actuelle de l'école. En effet, un collégien de troisième d'aujourd'hui cumule deux ans de retard de cours de Français par rapport à un élève des années 1970. La volonté de l'école de tout faire, l'hygiène, l'antiracisme, la sécurité routière, l'éloigne de ses missions originelles. J'ai noté le cas concret d'une classe qui a fait appel à 11 intervenants extérieurs en une semaine. Dans ces conditions, comment dégager du temps pour apprendre aux élèves à lire? Il faut effectuer des choix. Cette focalisation sur les questions de société est aussi une manière de tromper les élèves sur leur niveau réel. Pour ne pas faire de sélection, l'école nivelle par le bas en sacrifiant les savoirs fondamentaux au profit de choix pédagogiques démagogiques et accessoires.
Hormis cette dérive sociétale, quelles sont les causes profondes de cette faillite de l'école de la République?
Il y a deux problèmes qui se conjuguent. Le premier dépend de l'école elle-même. Depuis les années 70, les pédagogies constructivistes, d'après lesquelles c'est l'enfant qui construit lui-même son savoir, ont pris le pouvoir dans l'enseignement. Par exemple en ce qui concerne l'apprentissage de la lecture, les neurosciences prouvent que la méthode syllabique est plus efficace que les méthodes mixtes ou globales. C'est pourtant ces dernières qui sont privilégiées par la majorité des enseignants. Pour lutter contre l'illettrisme, il faut revenir d'urgence aux méthodes classiques et arrêter de caresser les élèves dans le sens du poil.
Le second problème est le fruit de la société. Les parents qui ont une vision consumériste de l'école se déchargent de leurs responsabilités. Gavés de télévision, les enfants ne sont plus habitués à contrôler leurs pulsions et à obéir. Ils sont donc plus difficiles à gérer pour les professeurs. Comme l'explique Marcel Gauchet, l'évolution de l'individualisme contemporain rend très difficile la transmission. L'école est confrontée à ce délitement du lien républicain.
Avec le rapport puis la feuille de route sur l'intégration, la gauche a relancé le débat sur l'interdiction du voile et plus largement sur le multiculturalisme à l'école. Le risque n'est-il pas de faire de cette dernière l'otage de tous les communautarismes?
La problématique du voile à l'école remonte à 1989 lorsque Lionel Jospin, alors ministre de l'éducation nationale, saisit le Conseil d'Etat après l'exclusion à Creil de deux collégiennes portant le tchador, puis publie une circulaire statuant que les enseignants ont la responsabilité d'accepter ou de refuser le voile en classe, au cas par cas. Or il existait déjà une circulaire, la circulaire Jean Zay du 15 mai 1937 qui rappelait la laïcité de l'enseignement public et demandait aux chefs d'établissements de n'admettre aucune forme de prosélytisme dans les écoles. Il y a donc eu carence de l'État. Le rôle des pouvoirs publics était d'affirmer la validité de cette circulaire et de faire respecter l'esprit et la lettre de la loi de 1905. Cela nous aurait évité de perdre un temps considérable et d'en passer par une nouvelle loi sur la laïcité en 2004. Venir réveiller cette question aujourd'hui est une bêtise effarante qui montre qu'une partie de la gauche a encore la tête farcie d'idées délirantes! Cette gauche-là a renoncé au projet d'intégration allant jusqu'à nier la préexistence du pays d'accueil, à nier son identité. Il n'y a plus d'hôte, plus d'accueilli. Or, une nation ne peut se perpétuer que lorsqu'elle transmet son héritage. Nous avons cessé de transmettre, pas seulement aux étrangers, à tous nos enfants.
Dans une interview accordé à Libération, Vincent Peillon en appelle pourtant à la défense de l'école républicaine… Qu'en dites-vous? Cela va-t-il dans le bon sens?
Vincent Peillon se veut un ministre philosophe et connaisseur de l'histoire de l'école. Mais il se paie de mots et se réfugie derrière les valeurs et les principes pour mieux pratiquer l'ambiguïté. Les grandes déclarations sont pour lui un moyen d'éluder les vraies questions qui sont la refonte du système des mutations, pour que les jeunes professeurs ne soient plus parachutés dans les classes les plus difficiles, et celle des méthodes d'apprentissage. Comme ses prédécesseurs, il préfère se concentrer sur des questions annexes et dérisoires: les rythmes scolaires, les 60 000 postes supplémentaires ou encore la théorie du genre. Pendant ce temps-là, l'école est incapable d'apprendre aux élèves à lire et à écrire. Elle ne fabrique plus des citoyens, plus des hommes libres, mais des incultes qui seront dépendants des discours les plus idiots! Si 80 % d'une classe d'âge va jusqu'au baccalauréat aujourd'hui, l'école est pourtant plus inégalitaire que jamais. Les statistiques sont terribles. Dans les années 60, 14 % des élèves des milieux défavorisés accédaient aux grandes écoles. Ils ne sont plus que 6 % aujourd'hui.
Natacha Polony (Le Figaro, 14 février 2014)
lundi, 03 mars 2014
Conférence sur l'ingénierie sociale à Paris
00:05 Publié dans Evénement | Lien permanent | Commentaires (0) | Tags : événement, paris, ingénierie sociale |
|
del.icio.us |
|
Digg |
Facebook
The Partitioning of Iraq

The Partitioning of Iraq: Will the Country Remain on the Map?
|
Ex: http://www.strategic-culture.org |
|
Recently news from Iraq has all but disappeared from the reports of world news agencies. As if on command, the largest Western media outlets have begun to strictly measure out coverage of events in this country. The multistage Iraqi scheme, which has required colossal expenses and huge casualties, is failing, and the situation is threatening to go completely out of control and progress in an entirely different direction than that which was scripted.
The occupation of Iraq in 2003 and the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and the Ba’ath party marked the beginning of massive repressions of those who had held more or less significant posts in the previous regime. However, soon minor functionaries began to be subject to persecution, and then ordinary citizens, mostly from among Sunnites. The ruling Shiite bloc of Nouri al-Maliki has conducted an openly discriminatory policy toward Sunnites throughout the years of its governance. More than once the state bureaucracy, the armed forces, the police and intelligence agencies have been purged of people who confess Sunni Islam. All attempts by various political forces, including on the parliamentary level, to start a dialog for the purpose of national harmony have been left unanswered by the authorities, and peaceful demonstrations all end the same way: with crackdowns and numerous casualties. Purges, raids and «preventative arrests» took on such proportions that a backlash was inevitable. Over 9,000 people were killed in Iraq in 2013, and over 1000 in January 2014 alone. Propagandistic attempts to blame everything on the machinations of outside forces and hosts of foreign al-Qaeda insurgents are no longer working: it is becoming obvious that the country is in the grip of a civil war. It is becoming increasingly more violent and is sweeping over more and more regions of the country, increasing casualties and limiting possibilities to choose a future. Iraq is experiencing a very dramatic period in its history, when the disintegration of the country could become a reality at any moment. Iraqi Kurdistan is already essentially no longer under Baghdad's control and is self-sufficient, with almost all of the agencies, symbols and attributes of an independent state. The situation with regard to security in the provinces of Baghdad, Salah ad-Din, Ninawa, Diyala and several others is extremely tense; the armed conflicts and terrorist attacks which take place each month number in the triple digits. The situation has become most acute in the country's largest province by area, al-Anbar. Since December of last year fierce battles have been being fought there between the government forces, which in Iraq are called the «Shiite Militia of al-Maliki» and local Sunnite tribes who have despaired of gaining equal rights through peaceful means. On December 28, commando and army forces conducted yet another operation to wipe out the tent camps of protesters by force. Casualties were numerous. The next day a member of parliament from the al-Anbar province who tried to act as a mediator in negotiations with Baghdad was arrested, despite his parliamentary immunity; the legislator received gunshot wounds when his house was stormed, and his brother and four bodyguards were killed. Local sheikhs issued a call to arms. Support arrived from other provinces to aid their brothers in faith. A day later the army and police had been driven from many districts and the armed opposition had taken control of almost all of the al-Anbar province, including the provincial capital Ramadi and the large city of Fallujah, which in Iraq is glorified as «the stronghold of the spirit and the symbol of resistance» - American troops were only able to enter the city a year and a half after their «declaration of victory», having lost over 400 men in battle. Despite the arrival of reinforcements (according to some reports, another 90,000 troops and policemen were deployed to the province), the many attempts by government forces, commando troops and the police to enter the cities did not meet with success, and in mid-January a siege began: the suburbs are completely blocked off, and residential neighborhoods are coming under intensive fire from artillery, tanks and helicopters. There have been numerous civilian casualties, but those who attempt to leave the battle zone cannot do so, as the bridges on the main highways which connect the cities with neighboring provinces have been blown up, and the back roads have been blocked by the army under the pretext of «preventing the spread of terrorism». The province is on the brink of a humanitarian disaster; On February 6 the head of the UN Mission in Iraq, Nikolai Mladenov, stated that international funds have started sending urgent deliveries of essential commodities to al-Anbar (the first delivery is to be enough for 45,000 people). On February 9 Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Saleh al-Mutlaq appealed to the European Union to immediately send humanitarian aid to al-Anbar… On April 30 there are to be parliamentary elections in Iraq, after which there will probably be some changes. The country has come to a dead end. The parliament is dysfunctional; many members do not participate in sessions as a sign of protest against the government's policies, and the lack of a quorum makes it impossible to make decisions. The draft of the country's 2014 budget has not yet been discussed, and many other important bills are in limbo as well. A huge number of vitally important projects which have not been confirmed and have not received funding remain on paper, while the giant revenues from oil and gas go into accounts opened in the U.S. Many in Iraq have a good idea of where this money goes after that; that is why the Ministry of Finance's refusal to observe a law passed in 2013 which was to increase the amount allocated to provincial budgets for oil extracted there from $1 to $5 per barrel for 2014 caused a storm of protest among local authorities. Governors and provincial councils started actively developing coordinated measures for influencing the government. Judging by official statements, provincial leaders are determined and intend to get the draft budget for 2014 revised by any means available. On January 11 in al-Diwaniyah, al-Qadisiyyah province, the «Middle Euphrates Convention» was convened with the participation of the governors of five provinces; the convention demanded «the fair distribution of revenues in proportion to the population». On January 25 in Basra, the capital of Iraq's oil extraction, a conference was held with the participation of official representatives of eight oil and gas producing provinces, as well as the parliament's petroleum committee. The next day the governor of Basra, Majid al-Nasrawi, announced that he had filed suit against the Ministry of Finance for its violation of the 2013 law. It is worth noting that the Basra provincial council gave official permission to hold meetings and demonstrations condemning the actions of the country's government and urged everyone to work toward securing «the lawful rights of the residents of the province, which has the richest resources in the country but is at the bottom of the list with regard to prosperity». According to many analysts, the personal authority, influence and political weight of Nouri al-Maliki and the State of Law Coalition he leads have dropped noticeably. Accusations of authoritarianism, wholesale corruption, inability to maintain security even in the center of the capital (the average number of terrorist attacks with human casualties in Baghdad has grown over the past three years from 70 to 110 per week), and a lack of desire to seek compromise, along with unceasing attempts to physically eliminate his opponents, all seriously reduce Nouri al-Maliki's chances to occupy the post of prime minister and supreme commander in chief for a third time. Iraqi leaders over the past 10 years have behaved like favored minions. Many former functionaries of the «new democratic government» have already found refuge in prestigious areas of London, starting with the first Minister of Defense, Hazim al-Shaalan (who was once accused of stealing one and a half billion dollars in just the first year in his post). Many current officials have also foresightedly acquired real estate there. According to data from the parliamentary anti-corruption committee, the amount of money embezzled from the treasury and sent abroad is approaching 200 billion dollars. Foreseeing developments which could be dangerous for them, the current authorities are seriously concerned about preserving the status quo (this is called «continuity of reforms») in order to prevent power from shifting into the hands of their opponents. Recently feverish attempts have been being made to get out of the crisis, including by generating rather unexpected initiatives. For example, in Baghdad they have officially began talking about redrawing the administrative map of the country, increasing the number of provinces from 18 to 30. Their willingness to do this is supported by a number of official statements, one of which (dated January 21, on the formation of 4 new provinces) was unexpected even for the residents of the municipal district of Fallujah itself, to say nothing of the leadership of the al-Anbar province. The cunning of the idea of fragmentation is that it simultaneously accomplishes several aims, namely: - dismembering «rebellious» provinces with mostly Sunnite populations while at the same time attempting to bring representatives of the tribes which have joined the Sahwa («Awakening») movement to power; in particular, it has already been decided to turn a number of municipal districts in the provinces of al-Anbar, Salah ad-Din and Ninawa into provinces; - knocking some of the trumps out of the hands of the leaders of Iraqi Kurdistan by turning 4-5 municipal districts into separate provinces, which would lead to a reduction in the territory and population of the current autonomous region and a diminishing of its weight and influence on the country's political arena. And this regards not only the disputed territories in the provinces of Wasit, Diyala, Ninawa and Kirkuk, but also the «traditionally Kurdish» Dohuk and as-Sulaymaniyyah; - changing the overall alignment of forces in the country by putting loyal people into the leadership of the newly formed provinces. At the municipal elections in 2013 the ruling coalition lost gubernatorial posts even in such strategically important provinces as Baghdad and Basra, retaining fewer than half of the gubernatorial seats, and that with restrictions. However, considering the weakness of the state machinery and the growing centrifugal tendencies of the local authorities, the process could get out of control, and the repartitioning of territories could bring about the opposite effect, causing entire regions to split off and create autonomous regions (following the example of Kurdistan). For example, the governor of the Ninawa province has already stated that if practical steps are taken to split municipal districts off from the province as has been announced, all efforts will be made to turn the province into an autonomous territory. This statement received widespread support, including from the oil-rich South. In the provinces of Basra and Maysan there have already been demonstrations in support of giving the status of provinces to several municipal districts, including those located in oil-producing regions, with the subsequent formation of a «Southern Confederacy» on the model of Kurdistan. Today practically all the conditions have been created for the transformation of Iraq into a federative state with dozens of provinces grouped into 3-4 autonomous territories (tentatively Shiite, Kurdish and Sunnite ones) on the basis of tribal connections, religious affinity and economic interests, with severe restriction of the powers of the Center. Outwardly such a program seems difficult to implement; in order to legislatively formalize such decisions there will need to be parliamentary conciliatory commissions, committees, secondary legislation, etc., to say nothing of amendments to the country's constitution. However, if one looks at the matter more attentively, the thought arises that perhaps that is the common interest of the key players who are influencing developments. The West, headed by the United States, as well as Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and obviously Israel, have an interest in keeping Iraq from ever again rising to the position of a powerful regional state; they need it to remain a manageable supplier of high-quality petroleum with minimal costs for extraction and export, and also to serve as a bargaining chip in resolving problems of another order. Most likely the future state structure of Iraq and the country's fate are being decided now not in Baghdad, but in back room negotiations between «very interested parties»... There have been many examples in the history of the Middle East where states appeared or disappeared from the political map during a game of bridge, and the borders between them were drawn with an ordinary ruler. In spite of all the technological achievements of the past decades, in geopolitics and geo-economics little has changed since then. _________________________________ * The Sahwa movement was created by the U.S. in the beginning of the occupation by paying off tribal sheikhs in exchange for their non-resistance. Many Iraqis to this day see the members of Sahwa as traitors and collaborators, and they are one of the main targets of armed attacks. |
00:05 Publié dans Actualité, Géopolitique | Lien permanent | Commentaires (0) | Tags : irak, actualité, géopolitique, politique internationale, moyen orient, mésopotamie, monde arabe, monde arabo-musulman |
|
del.icio.us |
|
Digg |
Facebook
L'école ne fabrique plus des hommes libres, mais des incultes!...
L'école ne fabrique plus des hommes libres, mais des incultes!...
Ex: http://metapoinfos.hautetfort.com
Nous reproduisons ci-dessous un entretien avec Natacha Polony, cueilli dans le Figaro et consacré à la crise de l'école. Journaliste et agrégée de lettres modernes, Natacha Polony est l'auteur d'un essai critique sur la politique scolaire, Le pire est de plus en plus sûr (Mille et une nuits, 2011).

00:05 Publié dans Actualité, Ecole/Education | Lien permanent | Commentaires (0) | Tags : école, éducation, enseignement, france, europe, affaires européennes |
|
del.icio.us |
|
Digg |
Facebook
La Batalla de Pavía
La Batalla de Pavía
por José Luis Álvarez
00:05 Publié dans Histoire | Lien permanent | Commentaires (0) | Tags : histoire, italie, 16ème siècle, charles-quint, françois i, espagne |
|
del.icio.us |
|
Digg |
Facebook


