Le phare spirituel de l’Europe

par Georges FELTIN-TRACOL

Ex: http://www.europemaxima.com

« Il est des lieux où souffle l’esprit. Il est des lieux qui tirent l’âme de sa léthargie, des lieux enveloppés, baignés de mystère, élus de toute éternité pour être le siège de l’émotion religieuse. […] Illustres ou inconnus, oubliés ou à naître, de tels lieux nous entraînent, nous font admettre insensiblement un ordre de faits supérieurs à ceux où tourne à l’ordinaire notre vie. Ils nous disposent à connaître un sens de l’existence plus secret que celui qui nous est familier, et, sans rien nous expliquer, ils nous communiquent une interprétation religieuse de notre destinée. Ces influences longuement soutenues produiraient d’elles-mêmes des vies rythmées et vigoureuses, franches et nobles comme des poèmes. Il semble que, chargées d’une mission spéciale, ces terres doivent intervenir, d’une manière irrégulière et selon les circonstances, pour former des êtres supérieurs et favoriser les hautes idées morales. » Ces propos de Maurice Barrès, écrits en 1913 dans La Colline inspirée, concordent parfaitement avec la Sainte-Montagne plus connue sous le nom de Mont Athos.

Point culminant à 2033 m de la plus orientale des péninsules grecques de la Chalcidique, le Mont Athos devient dès la fin du VII^e siècle le lieu de retraite des ermites. L’endroit se couvre bientôt de monastères qui dépendent directement du patriarchat œcuménique de Constantinople. Très tôt, le territoire, dédié à la Vierge Marie, applique l’abaton (un terme grec signifiant « lieu pur ou inaccessible ») : l’accès y est interdit à toute personne de sexe féminin ainsi qu’à tout animal femelle, excepté pour des raisons pratiques les poules et les chattes.

L’actuelle hystérie féministe voit dans cette interdiction « anachronique » le caractère machiste, discriminatoire et sexiste de la Sainte-Montagne. Dès 2002, une socialiste député grec au Parlement européen avait réclamé de l’assemblée une ferme condamnation. Athènes s’y opposa avec vigueur. En effet, la Grèce garantit les spécificités de ce « Tibet chrétien » reconnues par le traité de Lausanne en 1923 et par les différents traités européens.

Héritier de l’Empire byzantin dont il a gardé l’étendard doré à l’aigle impériale bicéphale, le Mont Athos est un État monastique autonome de 2 250 habitants qui se répartissent entre les vingt monastères d’origine grecque, russe, bulgare, roumaine, serbe, géorgienne et arménienne. Organe délibératif, sa Communauté sacrée réunit les représentants de chaque monastère. Quatre moines choisis pour un an forment la Sainte-Épistasie, l’instance exécutive présidée par un Protos.

Classé au Patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO en 1998, le Mont Athos concilie avec une harmonie certaine spiritualité, tradition et écologie. Des éoliennes discrètes et des panneaux solaires fournissent aux monastères leur propre électricité. Tandis que le Mont Saint-Michel croûle sous le tourisme de masse et que le Rocher de Saint-Michel d’Aiguilhe au Puy-en-Velay connaît pour l’instant une fréquentation somme toute supportable, le Mont Athos reste encore ce grand phare spirituel de l’Europe.

Georges Feltin-Tracol

• « Chronique hebdomadaire du Village planétaire », n° 58, diffusée sur Radio-Libertés, le 22 décembre 2017.

Cette entrée a été publiée dans Chronique hebdomadaire du Village planétaire sur Radio-Libertés, EN PREMIÈRE LIGNE. Sauvegarder le permalien.

The Geopolitics of Athos

Ex: http://www.katehon.com

The first thing with which the word “Athos” is associated is the sacred place. In every religion, there are especially revered places linked to the cult of ancestors, the energy of strength and grace, theophany (the incarnation of a deity), as well as a special, spiritual organization of space. Unlike the ancient polytheistic and even monotheistic such places, the peninsula of Athos has been associated with a spiritual component since ancient times - not only as a space, but also as a time, since the Byzantine times continue to flow by in both a literal as well as figurative sense on Mount Athos. Only the Julian calendar (which is also used in the liturgical cycle of the Russian and Serbian Orthodox Churches) is used at Athos.

Legends of the pre-Christian era

The Athos peninsula became independent from Persia in 492 during the Greco-Persian Wars begun by King Xerxes. According to legend, when the further expansion of the Persians came, one of Xerxes’ war lords, Mardonius, did not dare lead a military squadron south of the Athos Cape. But then it was decided that a canal would be dug in the area of Acantha, which would give the Persians the opportunity to henceforth divide their forces, sending one portion of their soldiers to Aegean Macedonia, and the other by the sea along Halkidiki. The Persians invaded Thessaly and marched farther to Attica, from which the road to Athens ran.

Later, when Alexander the Great, inspired by the Persian example, created his empire, his architect, Dinocrates, suggested that he make a statue out of Mount Athos. The statue was to be an image of Alexander himself, with a city placed in one of his hands and in the other a cup from which water collected from mountain springs would flow into the sea. Alexander liked the idea, but he refused to implement it, so Dinocrates realized another project, the construction of the city of Alexandria on the Mediterranean coast which would become the capital of the ephemeral empire of Alexander the Great.

Thus, Athos became a symbolic link between Hellenistic culture and philosophy on the one hand and the imperial tradition of Persia on the other.

The rise of Christianity and monasticism on Mount Athos

Athos was a sparsely populated part of Halkidiki. In the year 49, the ship upon which the Virgin Mary and Apostle John the Theologian sailed washed up on the peninsula in the place where the Iviron monastery is now located. The Virgin Mary requested this place for herself in the presence of God and received the following reply: “Let this place be your inheritance, your garden, Paradise, and a harbor of salvation for those who wish to be saved.”

In 676, Emperor Constantine Pogonate gave the entire peninsula  in perpetuity to the monks inhabiting it. But the truly monastic republic of Athos began only after the Qunisext Council (The Council in Trullo) in Constantinople in 692. The council established rules for ascetics and, given the large amount of wanderers at the time in part due to the Muslim invasion, these people rushed to Athos en masse.

In 883, Emperor Basil the Macedonian affirmed Athos to be a place for the exceptional residence of monks. From that time on, the peninsula became a state only for men (even female animals are forbidden on Mount Athos) and a place in which there are only deaths, no births. This important, solar-vertical symbolism remains Athos’ slogan to this day. “Orthodoxy and Death” is not said, but implied (not to be confused with the famous slogan “Orthodoxy or Death”). Just as how Christ himself “overcame death by death”, the monks of Athos are likened to angels in their spiritual endeavor and overcome Second Death.

The ideas of monasticism spread to other countries and regions from Mount Athos, albeit of different trends, such as Egyptian monasticism of the deserts and the Syrian tradition of the Stylites. The founder of the Kiev Pechersk monastery, Anthony, was tonsured at Athos, where he received the instruction from God to return to Russian lands. In 1028, Anthony returned to Kiev where he lived as a hermit in a cave. Once he had gained disciples, they dug a new cave together where they built cells and a church. Thus was built the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.

In 1144, Emperor Alexios Komnenos granted special privileges to Athos and affirmed in the Charter of the Monastery of Great Lavra: “Henceforth Athos will always be called the Holy Mountain.”

The third institution

From the first centuries of Christianity, monks were already a serious political force, which is evidenced by numerous incidents at the first councils. In huge number with clubs in hand , monks could show up to defend their point of view at the house of any bishop or at any gathering where delicate metaphysical questions were being discussed.

It is also important to note that monasticism became the third institution of the Church. Priests represent the institution of the clergy, while politicians (earlier emperors, now heads of states) belong to the laity. Taken together, this is the symphony of powers which existed in Byzantium. The monks were excluded from this hierarchy, but the uniqueness of the Athos state lies in that it synthesizes both powers in the third institution of the monks.

Moreover, unlike the Vatican, to whom any tourist, including a woman, can go, Athos remains male, albeit open to the outside world for pilgrims of any confession.

The Athonite monastic tradition remains nearly uninterrupted since its very beginning. Even after Byzantium’s occupation by the Turks in the 15th century, Athos continued to enjoy many privileges. During the period of repressions following the Greek uprising in 1821, the monks were forced to settle on the islands for some time, but the Russian Empire played a leading role in ending the Turkish occupation and returning the monastic estates, as reflected in the Peace Treaty of Adrianople of 1829.

Political status

The autonomous governance of Athos was instated under Emperor John Tzimiskes in 927, who published the Chrysobull (or “golden bull”) on this matter. The echoes of this first charter were later confirmed in the Lausanne Treaty of 1923 according to which Greek sovereignty over the peninsula was established.

The current constitution of the Holy Mountain, the 1924 Statutory Charter of the Holy Mount Athos, was ratified on September 10th, 1926 and has the force of state law in Greece.

The special status of the Holy Mount is enshrined in Article 105 of the current Greek constitution.

During the Balkan Wars, Athos’ status was contested by different parties. At the London conference in December 1912 - January 1913, Russia offered to grant Athos the status of “an autonomous monastic republic” under the protectorate of the six Orthodox states of Russia, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro, but this project was rejected by the Greek monks.

Athos has its own legislative and judicial bodies and a special council is convened two times a year. Executive power is vested in the Sacred Council consisting of the representatives of the 20 monasteries.

Spiritual authority

Although Athos territorially belongs to the Republic of Greece, the church jurisdiction is different, as it is subordinate to the Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 1312) located in modern Istanbul. Nevertheless, different monasteries and sketes exist on the peninsula. The vast majority are Greek, but there are also Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, and Georgian ones. However, they should be understood not in ethnic and national terms, but according to their belonging to the Universal Orthodox Church. The ethnocentrism of the ordinary citizen is erased as soon as he vows allegiance to the Athonite state.

An interesting nuance associated with spiritual hierarchy is that the Iviron monastery has no abbot, since the Mother of God herself is considered to be its head.

As befits the state, Athos has its own “embassy.” In this case, Athonite ecclesiastical embassies (metochion) exist in Greece, Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, and France, the latter being of particular interest since, according to the Athonite Charter, worship services on Athos are to be held in French.

Although the number of monks on Mount Athos greatly diminished over the 20th century, the influence of the spiritual culture and traditions of Athos remains enormous. The point is not even Athos’ Byzantine legacy, the teachings of its many holy fathers (such as St. Gregory Palamas’ Hesychasm), or the prophecies it has yielded. New generations of monks regularly visit the land of the Holy Mountain, and the constant circulation of pilgrims, including both clergymen and laymen, are living testimonies of the piety of Mount Athos stretching to all corners of the Earth.

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Ex: http://ww.katehon.com

The special status

Mount Athos has a special status within the Orthodox world. Under the Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus, the Athos monastic republic gained autonomy from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Athos enjoyed self-rule even under the Ottomans. In modern Greece, Athos, as the "Autonomous monastic state of the Holy Mountain", also enjoys a special status. Athos, from a geopolitical point of view, is a unique state-like entity that does not fit in the territorial order of national states of the modern era. For traditional society, the special self-governing status of the holy places, marked by the special presence of the sacred, is a rather normative phenomenon. Modernity takes the issue differently. It unifies polity and deprives everything connected to religion of special status. It is called securitization. Even the ultra-religious Saudi Arabian Mecca, the holy city of Muslims, is devoid of autonomous status under the control of the Hashemite clan, which it enjoyed for more than 700 years. Athos is still a state within a state.

In the period between the First Balkan War of 1912-1913 and the signing of the Lausanne Peace Treaty of 1921, which recognized the sovereignty of Greece on the Athos peninsula, the transformation of Mount Athos in the territory under the control of all the Orthodox nations was actively discussed. The main engine of this idea was Russia. The fact that special attention was paid to Athos by the Russian Empire until 1917 is no accident, as well as the increased interest of the Russian authorities to the Holy Mountain after Vladimir Putin became Russian President.

Empire of the spirit

The legal specialness of Athos is a phenomenon unique in the modern world, reflecting its spiritual nature. Athos is important as the center of Orthodox spirituality and the region, which is under the direct control of God. This place brings together earthly and heavenly dimensions. From the point of view of secular geography - it's just a mountainous peninsula in northern Greece, but for the orthodox believers all over the world - this place has a universal, ecumenical significance. Athos is the universal Orthodox monastic republic. On its territory you can meet representatives of all the Orthodox nations: Russian, Greeks, Romanians, Serbs, Bulgarians, Arabs, Albanians, Macedonians, as well as who took the Orthodox representatives of other nations and cultures and visit Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, and Georgian monasteries.

The peninsula is under the omophorion of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, but is autonomous from it and condemns all its recent ecumenical innovations. Athos is a republic of the monks, as it is often called, and at the same time it is the universal Orthodox spiritual empire in miniature form. In this comparison there is nothing paradoxical, as the Byzantines inherited the Roman Empire and the Roman Republic, and at least formally retained some of the attributes of the former republican Rome. Getting to Mount Athos and becoming a monk, monastery worker, pilgrim, or a novice does not lose its former ethnic and national identity, but acquires a new, Byzantine one - universal and imperial. Athos is an orthodox empire of the spirit, which further contrasts against the background of the small peninsula, the symbol and embodiment of universal Orthodox spiritual unity.

This explains why so much attention was paid to Athos by sovereigns of countries applying for continuity of Byzantium, fallen under the blows of the Turks in 1453. Moldavian and Wallachian princes and rulers in Moscow sent rich gifts. But only the last, in the end, won the right to the Byzantine imperial status. Vladimir Putin was the first Russian ruler who visited Athos in history in 2005, thereby restoring the interrupted communication not only with the Russian imperial past, but also with the Byzantine heritage. The Russian President and the Patriarch’s joint visit to Athos demonstrates its Katehonical nature as a force orientated to the preservation of the Christian faith and Christian values in a godless world in the face of impending apostasy. Can you imagine that Western, nominally Christian leaders can undertake something like that?

Athos and Katehon

Russia since its Christianization has always been closely connected with the spiritual life of Athos. The founder of Russian monasticism in Russia and the first monastery of Kiev Pechersk Lavra, Anthony of the Caves, for a long time lived on the Holy Mountain. From there the Athos tradition of eldership and tacit prayer spread throughout Russia. Its relationship with Russia Athos, as Ivan Kontsevich in his famous work "The acquisition of the Holy Spirit in the ways of ancient Rus' noted, was a fruitful source of spiritual activity in Russian monasteries themselves. The times when this relationship was weakened (XVII-XVIII), was characterized by religious discord in Russia itself (but not without the influence of the Greek and the participation of some afonites).

At the time when in Russia there was high a risk the emasculation of the inner spiritual essence of Orthodoxy, the substitution of Hesychasm by the purely external ritual side of Church life, or even secularization of Church and empire ascetics like the Nile of Sora and later Paisius Velichkovsky, associated with the Athos, restored delicate balance between the internal and external imperial power of the state, and the wealth of the church and the living experience of Orthodoxy, the epitome of which was the institution of eldership. St. Paisius’ threads of spiritual succession are already drawn to the Elders of Optina and St. Seraphim of Sarov. Thus, if we recognize that Russia was (and still is) Katechon, the force holding the world from the coming of the Antichrist, the Athos performed a Katehonical function in relation to Russia preserving the inner prayer of heart as a core and essence of Orthodoxy.

Athos and Russian Logos

The flowering of Russian monasticism on Mount Athos began since the second half of the 19th century, and peaked during the reign of the last Russian Tsar. It is significant that disputes on the place of worship were at that time the focus of public attention, and even issue of the state policy. The "gunboat diplomacy", solution to the complex theological issue may be not the best method, however, it demonstrated the seriousness of the problem for the whole Russian society at the time - that Russia lived in religious philosophy, and Russian Athos lived in it. This Russian Athos, among other things, gave us a the wonderful Saint Silouan the Athonite and many other devotees, such as Archimandrite Sophronius Sakharov or Elder Tikhon (Golenkov), and mentor Saint Paisius Athonite. Spiritual activity in Russian Athos continued during the Bolshevik persecutions in Russia. Thus, Athos for modern Russia is a link with its own history, culture, and spirituality. Unlike most of us, Athos is not post-Soviet, it is namely Russian.

The geopolitical significance of the Russian president and Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church’s visit to Mount Athos lies not in the strengthening of Russian presence on Athos, but in the imparting of an explicitly imperial, Orthodox, and Byzantine meaning to foreign state and Church policy, and the acceptance of the Athonite imperial mission and Athonite zeal in faith in opposition to Western liberalism and lukewarm ecumenism. The joint symphonical Byzantine visits of the head of the Russian state and the Patriarch symbolically steers the movement in this direction.

Related links

Russian President and the Patriarch on Mount Athos

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