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mardi, 27 janvier 2015

Laurent Obertone: “Le système retourne les faits à l’avantage de son utopie”

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Laurent Obertone: “Le système retourne les faits à l’avantage de son utopie”

FRANCE (NOVOpress via Valeurs actuelles)
Ex: http://fr.novopress.info

bb71fAuDhbXFL.jpgAvec “la France Big Brother”, Laurent Obertone nous livre un réquisitoire contre le conditionnement imposé aux Français. Dans cet entretien accordé au journal Valeurs actuelles, l’auteur explique notamment que “le système retourne les faits à l’avantage de son utopie”.

Voici quelques extraits :

La France subit trois attentats terroristes et nos élites lancent une campagne contre l’islamophobie. Comment l’expliquez-vous ?

C’est une démonstration de la capacité de manipulation de Big Brother, une démonstration de réécriture du présent, de double pensée, de retournement des faits à l’avantage d’une utopie. Les médias, en particulier, contrefont le réel, le filtrent, l’expurgent de tout ce qui nuit à leur morale progressiste et nous projettent une image du pays totalement falsifiée. À les entendre, des extrémistes indistincts n’ont attaqué que le “vivre-ensemble”, à peu près comme le fait, selon eux, Marine Le Pen. Cette dernière a d’ailleurs été accusée, sinon de monter les Français les uns contre les autres, du moins de « récupérer » l’affaire et d’en« profiter », quand Cazeneuve, Valls et Hollande ont connu un rebond de popularité spectaculaire… Tout est fait pour dissocier les effets des causes, il faut croire que ça fonctionne.

Les attaques des 7, 8 et 9 janvier marquaient la défaite d’un système complaisant envers le communautarisme, l’immigration et l’islamisation de la France. Comment ce système et ses acteurs ont-ils réussi à retourner leur échec en ce que vous qualifiez de “kermesse antiraciste” ?

Il faut une grande expérience en la matière. Aussi vite que possible, on évacue les faits, pour seriner les messages slogans : “pas d’amalgame”,“l’islam est la première victime”, “cela n’a rien à voir avec l’islam”. Ce sont les “valeurs” progressistes qu’on vise. À partir de là, tous ceux qui voulaient se révolter contre les terroristes islamistes, tous ceux qui voulaient s’interroger sur leur suivi, sur les soutiens dont ils bénéficient dans les banlieues, sur la balkanisation de la société française, étaient présentés comme des intolérants et des fascistes, complices des terroristes (pourquoi se gêner ? ).

Les gens perçoivent confusément le lien entre immigration massive, communautarisme et islamisation du pays. Pourtant, ce système ne doit pas être remis en cause. Pourquoi ?

L’immigration, le multiculturalisme, l’islam sont extrêmement valorisés par Big Brother. On prétend qu’ils amènent prospérité, enrichissement, qu’ils n’ont rien à voir avec l’insécurité et le terrorisme. La “légitimité” des promoteurs est donc suspendue aux faits : si les faits sont défavorables, les promoteurs seront montrés du doigt.

La puissante organisation dont personne ne parle: l'OSC

 

 

 

La puissante organisation dont personne ne parle: l'OSC

Auteur : The Wealth Watchman
Ex: http://zejournal.mobi

Le réel pouvoir fondateur derrière les BRICS.

Les BRICS, comme nous l’avons déjà traité par ailleurs, ont été formés en réponse à la fraude financière et aux malversations occidentales. Son plus grand objectif est de donner à l’Orient une véritable impulsion dans des domaines comme le commerce, les mesures de sécurité et la coopération économique, le tout au sein d’un cercle qu’eux seuls, et non Washington, peuvent contrôler.

Ils ont parcouru un long chemin en un court laps de temps, c’est vrai, mais ils sont encore « les petits nouveaux du quartier ». En fait, ils ne se sont même pas conceptualisés en tant qu’idée sérieuse avant Septembre 2006 ! Leur première rencontre officielle, sans l’Afrique du Sud, n’a été tenue qu’en 2009.

Cependant, il y a une autre organisation qui est apparue avant les BRICS et qui est encore plus influente qu’eux en quelque sorte! Une organisation dont les fondateurs ont fait naître en premier l’idée ouvertement pro-marchés émergents, tout comme les BRICS.

Cette organisation dont presque personne ne parle, est appelée l’ « Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai » (OCS).

Je vous avais dit que presque personne n’en parle! Laissez-moi vous présenter l’organisation la plus puissante aujourd’hui dont presque personne n’a entendu parler. Mais c’est pour bientôt!

L’histoire derrière sa fondation

Tout d’abord, l’OCS s’ést établi avant les BRICS, en fait, leurs fondations ont été posées une décennie plus tôt, en 1996. Le but de l’OCS est un peu différent de celui des BRICS, toutefois ils ont de nombreux objectifs parallèles. Tout d’abord, la création de l’OCS est l’idée d’une alliance partielle entre deux pays, la Russie et la Chine.

Pourquoi alors ont-ils été créés ?

C’est la vraie question. Afin de bien mettre nos têtes au clair sur ce sujet, faisons un rapide récapitulatif de l’histoire.

Au tout début des années 1990, lorsque l’Union Soviétique avait pratiquement perdu la guerre froide, de nombreuses garanties et traités ont été acceptés et signés, entre Gorbatchev et les États-Unis. L’un des principes directeurs était que la Russie accepte, afin de faire disparaitre pacifiquement l’Union Soviétique, que la nouvelle Allemagne Ouest et Est réunis, adhère à l’OTAN. Cependant, tout aussi important, en retour, la garantie avait été donnée au Ministre des Affaires Étrangères soviétique, Edouard Chevardnadze, que l’OTAN (une force militaire de dissuasion créée comme un contrepoids pour surveiller les forces soviétiques en Europe), n’utilise, en aucun cas, l’Allemagne pour faire un « saute mouton » et étendre sa composition plus à l’Est.

C’était un accord des plus raisonnable, et il constituait la base d’une grande paix … une paix qui aurait pu durer indéfiniment sans l’orgueil et l’arrogance de l’Ouest et des « banksters » mondialistes qui se sont hissés à sa tête. En fait, tout bêtement, le Dragon de la Banque a immédiatement commencé à revenir sur cette promesse fondamentale faite à la Russie, et a commencé à bâtir des plans pour étendre son alliance militaire de l’OTAN vers l’Est, vers le territoire russe.

La toute première admission publique faite par les mondialistes, montrant qu’ils visaient à rompre leurs promesses sur l’expansion de l’OTAN vers la Russie, fût faite par le président Clinton, en faisant un demi-tour complet en 1996. Par ailleurs, si vous vous souvenez, 1996 fût exactement l’année durant laquelle le groupe, qui deviendra l’OCS, a été formé (ce n’est pas une coïncidence).

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« Wile E. Brzezinski », Kissinger, et tous les magouilleurs de l’OTAN, ont immédiatement commencé à mettre leurs promesses dans la corbeille à papier! Dans tous les sens, et aussi vers l’Est, ils ont distribué des cartes d’adhérents à l’OTAN, à tout le monde et même à leurs animaux de compagnie!

La Hongrie, la République tchèque, la Pologne et même d’anciens satellites soviétiques, comme les pays baltes, ont été admis. Plutôt que de tenir leur promesse de ne pas étendre l’OTAN, ils ont carrément doublé le nombre d’adhérents, passant de 12 à 24 États! A l’heure actuelle, ils sont 28 membres. Ils sont même allés jusqu’à mettre quelques bases navales en Asie centrale.

Le principe élémentaire des ces traités a été violé, et Washington DC s’est mit en mouvement pour encercler militairement la Russie, pour mettre des « systèmes de défense antimissile » en place autour de leurs frontières. Tout cela a été accompli au cours d’une planification de pivot vers l’Asie, et même d’un déplacement vers les républiques d’Asie centrale. Le pouvoir vacant que l’Empire Soviétique en ruine avait laissé, allait bientôt être comblé par Brzezinski et les mondialistes occidentaux.

Quelque chose devait être fait pour contenir les agressions des États-Unis et de l’OTAN, et rapidement.

L’Orient Répond

La Russie et la Chine savaient ce que signifiait l’annonce du président Clinton sur les nouvelles adhésions à l’OTAN, et se sont immédiatement mis au travail. Dans la même année, ils ont mit en place une organisation, dans la ville de Shanghai, connue sous le nom de « Shanghai Five », car il avait cinq États membres à ses débuts. Plus tard, en 2001, avec l’admission de l’Ouzbékistan, il a été rebaptisé l’Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai.

Jetons un coup d’œil à la brève description que Wikipédia lui donne dans leur introduction: L’OCS est une organisation politique, économique et militaire eurasienne qui a été fondée à Shanghai par les dirigeants de la Chine, du Kazakhstan, du Kirghizistan, de la Russie et du Tadjikistan.

Arrêtons nous là un moment. Rappelez-vous les pays que nous avons examinés et que « Wile E. Brzezinski » avait désigné dans « Le Grand Échiquier » comme clés pour contrôler l’Eurasie? Oui, il s’agissait de l’Ouzbékistan, du Tadjikistan et du Turkménistan, etc. Il semble que la Russie et la Chine avaient un accord avec M. Brzezinski, sur la question de leur importance stratégique, parce que, dès l’instant où ils ont su que les promesses de l’OTAN étaient nulles et non avenues, ils ont commencé à bouger pour fermer l’Ouest par ce couloir particulier de façon définitive.

Ses six États membres couvrent 60% de la masse continentale de l’Eurasie, sans oublier de mentionner qu’ils représentent l’énorme quart de la population mondiale!

Cependant, si vous incluez les États «observateurs», qui sont en lice pour une adhésion officielle, alors tous ceux qui sont affiliés à cette organisation comprendraient pas moins de 50% de la population mondiale!

Eh bien, bénissez-moi, si tout ceci n’avait pas été préparé de longue date! Les seules parties ignorées sont l’Asie du Sud, le Caucase, le monde arabe et l’Europe! Presque tout le monde en Asie centrale et méridionale est soit un membre, soit un «observateur» en l’état actuel des choses!

Parlons des «observateurs» …

L’adhésion à l’OCS

Une nation ne peut pas simplement décider de rejoindre l’OCS. Ce n’est pas comme cela que ça fonctionne. L’OCS soumet un candidat à un processus de «filtrage» avant de l’accepter comme nouveau membre.

La première étape pour devenir un membre, traditionnellement, est de demander le « statut d’observateur ». Ensuite les membres tiennent une série de réunions de dialogue avec le demandeur, afin de déterminer si l’application de la nation serait un ajout positif au groupe. Le test décisif pour l’adhésion semble consister à savoir si l’application de la nation répondrait à quelque chose appelé « L’esprit de Shanghai ».

Dans leurs propres mots, pour satisfaire à « L’esprit de Shanghai », une nation candidate doit remplir ces caractéristiques : la confiance mutuelle, les avantages réciproques, l’égalité, la consultation, le respect de la diversité culturelle et la poursuite du développement commun.

Si un candidat ne peut pas répondre à la plupart ou la totalité de ces choses, il ne fait pas l’affaire. Afin d’être approuvé au « statut d’observateur », chacun des six pays membres doit vous donner le feu vert. Si le Tadjikistan pense que vous seriez un préjudice pour le groupe, alors ce que pensent la Chine et la Russie n’a pas d’importance: vous ne faites pas l’affaire! Il doit y avoir un accord unanime pour qu’un nouveau membre rejoigne les rangs.

La stratégie la plus évidente pour les États-Unis et l’OTAN ne serait-elle pas tout simplement de détruire cette nouvelle organisation de l’intérieur? Pourquoi ne rejoignent-ils pas tout simplement l’OCS, afin de contrecarrer toutes ses voix?

Les États-Unis ont déjà demandé le « statut d’observateur » à l’OCS! En fait, ils ont demandé il y a près d’une décennie, en 2006, et on leur a répondu « merci, mais non merci ».

Cela devrait cimenter, dans l’esprit de chacun, à quel point ils sont retranchés contre Washington et les élites occidentales.

Une organisation militaire

Toutefois, au cas où vous seriez tentés de penser que l’OCS est juste un groupe de gars « sympathiques », qui chantent « Kumbaya », et applique de la cire sur des propos de solidarité, de coopération et de commerce, détrompez-vous! Ne l’oublions pas, l’OCS n’est pas un « tigre de papier ». D’ailleurs, l’OCS a toujours été prévu pour des questions militaires depuis le début. Après tout, il a été construit pour offrir la sécurité aux frontières de ses États membres, à la fois contre le terrorisme et contre toute tentative de placer des systèmes de missiles autour de leur périphérie. C’était une réponse directe à l’empiètement de l’OTAN vers les frontières de la Russie.

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En fait, durant leur dernière réunion en Septembre, ils ont réaffirmé leur position catégorique à propos de tels comportements : « le renforcement unilatéral et illimité du système de défense antimissile par un quelconque État ou groupe d’états nuirait à la sécurité internationale et à la stabilité stratégique ».

Ils disent clairement à la fois à Washington et à l’OTAN, que de tenter de rajouter des systèmes de défense antimissile, serait considéré comme une menace directe à leur stabilité et à leur sécurité.

Mais, ils ne se sont pas contentés de simplement dire aux banquiers occidentaux de faire marche arrière, ils ont commencé à organiser certains exercices de guerre assez impressionnants. En fait, l’an dernier, ils ont tenu conjointement un exercice anti-terroriste qui a impliqué plus de 7000 soldats.

Comme vous pouvez le voir, ils ont clairement évolués du stade de « renforcement de la confiance » des premiers jours, vers une alliance militaire assurée et hautement synchronisée. Laquelle est capable de répondre rapidement aux menaces internes ou externes.

Le dernier recours des « banksters »

Cela a eu pour effet de terrifier les banksters. Après tout, leur truc habituel, depuis des siècles, a toujours été de «diviser pour régner». Ils ont été maîtres en la matière pour retourner les peuples et les nations les uns contre les autres, de sorte qu’ils puissent les manipuler et les contrôler, mais cette tactique « d’empêcher les barbares de se rassembler », à l’évidence ne fonctionne plus.

Puisque le pouvoir militaro/bancaire anglo-américain ne va sûrement pas s’en aller gentiment, ils se trouvent concrètement face à une seule option: essayer d’attirer l’un d’eux dans une guerre, avant que les concurrents arrivistes (OCS, BRICS, Eurasian Economic Alliance) ne puissent complètement se fondre ensemble. Si vous regardez tout autour, c’est exactement ce que vous verrez.

En essayant de lancer inutilement une guerre contre l’Iran (qui a le «statut d’observateur» à l’OCS), de renverser le gouvernement de l’Ukraine, et de tenter d’attirer la Russie dans une guerre dans la région du Dombass séparatiste, les États-Unis et Londres ont tenté d’entraver tout nouveau progrès de cette alliance résolument anti-dollar, anti-OTAN et anti-FMI.

Par ailleurs, en 2014, l’OCS a décidé de ne pas ajouter de nouveaux membres pour l’instant, bien qu’elle devait le faire. La raison est que l’OCS pensait que le fait que les banksters tentent d’attirer la Russie dans la guerre en Ukraine était si grave, que la majeure partie de la réunion de Septembre 2014 a porté sur l’élaboration d’un accord de paix sur cette situation.

En vérité, si vous voulez connaître les forces réelles derrière l’accord de Minsk, ne cherchez pas plus loin qu’un effort conjoint du Kremlin et l’OCS.

La tentative de mettre l’Ukraine toute entière hors des sentiers du commerce eurasien, n’a été que partiellement réussie. Après tout, l’Occident a perdu la Crimée, et à ce jour, a perdu le Dombass également. Cet échec à prendre la base navale russe de la mer noire, et à attirer la Russie dans un engagement, a fait grincer les dents de Wile E. Brzezinski et de ses marionnettistes mondialistes. Si vous ne me croyez pas, il suffit d’écouter cette interview avec le « coyote » lui-même (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrRPZ6CBvPw). Il est plus bouleversé que je ne l’ai jamais vu, et il a pourtant donné beaucoup d’interviews au cours des 6 derniers mois.

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Conclusion

« Wile E. Brzezinski » et les puissants « banksters » occidentaux sont désespérés et paniqués , en regardant, impuissants, leur plus grande crainte se dérouler devant eux. Une alliance eurasienne viable est en train de devenir réalité.

Dans cette nouvelle réalité, leurs anciens mécanismes de contrôle (le prêt à intérêt et l’esclavage par la dette du FMI et de la Banque Mondiale, ainsi que les incursions de « sécurité » des États-Unis et de l’OTAN) seront à la fois importuns et sans pertinence.

Le monde ne veut plus de leurs « services » voyous. Après tout, ils peuvent subvenir à leur propre sécurité!

Le monde n’a jamais eu besoin de cette drogue dette/monnaie des banksters, et grâce à la Banque des BRICS et d’autres mécanismes, ils vont bientôt avoir tout le capital dont ils ont besoin pour s’attaquer à leurs défis, libéré du contrôle de la Banque Dragon.

Les BRICS ont un énorme pouvoir, mais ils ont toujours été l’extension économique d’une précédente alliance militaro/sécuritaire, l’OCS. Jusqu’à ce point, l’OCS a préféré que les BRICS soient le visage public de l’alternative à la domination occidentale, mais l’OCS cherche à commencer à monter sur le devant de la scène, aux côtés des BRICS.

Tout cela conduit à des conjectures concernant une information récente qui a fait l’effet d’une bombe.

Est-ce que quelqu’un d’autre se souvient de l’annulation du South Stream, le gazoduc qui devait s’écouler à travers la Bulgarie et en Europe?

Qui est désormais le principal bénéficiaire de ce pipeline de gaz naturel à la place de l’Europe ?

La Turquie, un «observateur» de l’OCS, et (dans mon esprit) le joueur asiatique clé, pas encore totalement admis à bord. L’Eurasie ne peut pas bien fonctionner sans ce pays « passerelle » qu’est la Turquie.

L’abandon du South Stream à travers l’Europe est une énorme affaire, et cela m’amène à me demander: est-ce le prix à payer pour convaincre la Turquie (également membre-clé asiatique de l’OTAN) de changer de camp d’Ouest en Est? Seront-ils bientôt l’État surprise, qui passera de pays «observateur» de l’OCS, à membre à part entière au vote en 2015?

En outre, s’il devait rejoindre pleinement l’OCS, deviendrait-il le premier grand membre de l’OTAN … à quitter l’OTAN?

Cependant, qu’il soit inclus parmi les membres en 2015 ou non, une chose est certaine, ces nouvelles organisations de l’Eurasie sont en train de changer l’histoire si vite, que cela dépasse l’entendement. Le 21ème siècle ne ressemblera en rien à ses prédécesseurs. L’Asie (et progressivement l’Europe) semble être désireux de créer un monde nouveau, libéré des banksters « US/UK » et de leur contrôle militaire.

A quoi ressemblera la terre, une fois que tout le monde se sera rendu compte que la «nation indispensable» a toujours été complètement dispensable?

Enfin, qu’arrivera-t-il au dollar américain, et à ceux dont la richesse repose sur lui, une fois que cette nouvelle puissance mondiale sera prête à l’abandonner entièrement (comme ils le feront très certainement)?

Depuis plus d’un siècle, les banques occidentales ont volé la richesse et le destin des plus anciens, des dynasties de l’Est, et maintenant les peuples et les pouvoirs qui y sont situés, ont formé un partenariat aux dents solides pour une coopération sur leurs intérêts communs.

Désolé « Wile E. Brzezinski » et les amis mondialistes mais votre rêve de garder l’Eurasie divisée et sous votre pouce est bouleversé !


- Source : The Wealth Watchman

Cybergeopolitics: emergent set of practices, phenomenon and discipline

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Cybergeopolitics: emergent set of practices, phenomenon and discipline

Ex: http://www.geopolitica.ru
 
Geopolitics has gained a cybernetic factor in which the basic axioms still apply, but at the same time, which is also another level of reality with entirely new rules!

In recent times, we hear about the increasing role of cyberspace as a political tool or domain where confrontation takes place between the various political organizations, countries, and even alliances of states. Edward Snowden's case is indicative of the fact of how Internet communication and the interdependence of the social environment with politics, economics, and the military sector has become important and affects both the current agenda and the strategic planning of the leaders of the major world powers.

If geopolitics already developed a scientific apparatus and definitions which are used by politicians, experts, and scholars, cyberspace in some sense is a “terra incognita”, and there is an active struggle for the domination of this space. Extremely significant in this confrontation are the positions of different states on the regulation of the Internet domain. A dichotomy in this field literally repeats the mega-civilizational break that runs through the countries and peoples belonging to the Sea and Land Powers. The U.S., EU countries, and their satellites are in favor of a free Internet service that is obvious hypocritical (because of the hidden manipulations with social networks, the PRISM program, and so on), while Russia, Iran, China, India, and some other states require that the Internet be a sovereign space and under the jurisdiction of international law, precisely the International Telecommunication Union under the United Nations. The Summit on Cyberspace held in December 2012 in Dubai showcased the exacerbated contradictions of international telecommunications when the United States refused to sign the new treaty regulating the right of all states to engage in management of the Internet. This separation clearly fits into the scheme of Carl Schmitt, which is a reliable indicator of the politically dual categories of friend or foe. These categories are not moral, but technical, features that manifested themselves in the positions over the view of the functioning of the Internet space.

Geography of Cyberspace

First, we need to define the term cyberspace. Researchers attributed the authorship of this word to science fiction writer William Gibson, who used it in the story “Burning Chrome”, published in 1982, and two years later, he developed this theme in his famous 1984 cyberpunk novel “Neuromancer”, where the author described cyberspace as a "consensual hallucination"[1]. Cyberspace has a significant difference from the land, sea, air, and space - it was created not by nature, but as an artificial construct that has components that may change over time. Different countries have their own definition of cyberspace. In the U.S.’s 2003 paper “The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace”, it was stated that “Our nation’s critical infrastructures are composed of public and private institutions in the sectors of agriculture, food, water, public health, emergency services, government, defense industrial base, information and telecommunications, energy, transportation, banking and finance, chemicals and hazardous materials, and postal and shipping. Cyberspace is their nervous system—the control system of our country. Cyberspace is composed of hundreds of thousands of interconnected computers, servers, routers, switches, and fiber optic cables that allow our critical infrastructures to work. Thus, the healthy functioning of cyberspace is essential to our economy and our national security”[2].

In the “National Cyber Security Framework Manual” issued by NATO in 2012, we can read that "cyberspace is more than the internet, including not only hardware, software and information systems, but also people and social interaction within these networks”[3].

Hence, it is clear that cyberspace is directly related to actual geography, which, together with politics (or the governance of power), is a key element of the science of geopolitics.

First, all the routes of communication and technical server nodes that are an essential part of the Internet are geographically localized. Secondly, cyber domains have a national identity in the sense of domain zones, state control, and the language used. Third, cyberspace emphasizes physical geography in a special way – sensors of various services, navigation devices, technical gadgets, and mobile devices embody an interactive map from the cross-flow of information, technology, and people.

Cyberspace fixes and homogenizes the physical space in a particular way – thus, globalization, with the assistance of GPS technology and other tools, permeates the most secluded corners of the planet.

As such, digital technologies reconfigured the mapping experience into something altogether different that Bruno Latour and his colleagues called “the navigation platform”, characterized by the presence of:

- Databanks;

- Some interface for data handling, i.e. calculation, treatment, and retrieval;

- A dashboard for mutual interfacing between users;

- Many different outputs tailored to a great variety of users – one of the outputs being paper printouts.[4]

The traditional role of the map is revised, there are various emerging schools associated with the description of the political and institutional relations of mapping, the map becomes performance-based, and it is understood as having emerged through a diverse set of practices.

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Mapping the Internet space becomes a priority for a number of research centers and universities. There are enough in limited quantities, but every year we have more and more specialized publications, the works of governmental departments, scholarly institutions, and divisions in various think tanks that have been monitoring cyberspace and recording its changes – whether it is the emergence of new technical nodes, the issue of new laws, or criminal activities in the network.

Based on the above, we see that cyberspace is not uniform and has several levels. David Clark has proposed a model in which there are four levels of cyberspace.

From the top down in order of importance:

• The people who participate in the cyber experience — who communicate, work with information, make decisions, and carry out plans, and who themselves transform the nature of cyberspace by working with its component services and capabilities.

• The information that is stored, transmitted, and transformed in cyberspace.

• The logical building blocks that make up the services and support the platform nature of cyberspace.

• The physical foundations that support the logical elements.[5]

Actually, the people’s (social) layer includes government, private sector, and civil society actors, as well as subjects of the technical community. Nevertheless, they all share the traits of people in the "real" world (outside of cyberspace), in that they can ultimately be identified by their unique DNA codes, thereby making the attribution of the network much more difficult (inside cyberspace). In contrast to the "carnal" world, people in cyberspace facilitate the creation of multiple identities for the user, resulting in a virtual personality that can have multiple human users (e.g. the same online office account of the newspaper "The New York Times" is used by different employees). This is not only important in terms of safety or the protection of copyrights, but also raises interesting questions about how the cyber world is affecting the real world[6].

In addition, the terminology previously used in cybernetics is also adequate for the geopolitics of cyberspace. Until now, it was decided to talk only about two types of cybernetics – the first and second order. If first-order cybernetics has been associated with the observed systems, the second-order cybernetics is the actual observing of the systems[7].

This remark indicates a high organizational nature of a new wave of cybernetics, although some definitions are quite reminiscent of geopolitical theory and disciplines about power.

Internet Governance

If we talk about cyberspace as a political activity, there are two main models related to this new area of human activity at the moment. The first is e-government. This term should be understood as the implementation of special services which facilitate relations between the authorities and citizens and provides different services such as electronic payments, virtual receptions, and processing queries through remote access. All of these actions are designed to facilitate and simplify the lives of taxpayers in the country where the use of post-modern communication technologies is prevalent.

The second is the use of cyberspace as a medium and a tool for the dissemination of certain political cultures. Highly significant in this respect are the efforts by the U.S., where the government uses the Internet as a new means to achieve their goals. This is furthered not only by the civilian sector, but also via different law enforcement organizations and special agencies.

In 2011, it became known that the U.S. military launched a program associated with the manipulation of social networks. As the British “Guardian” noted: “The discovery that the US military is developing false online personalities – known to users of social media as "sock puppets" – could also encourage other governments, private companies and non-government organisations to do the same. Centcom spokesman Commander Bill Speaks said: "The technology supports classified blogging activities on foreign-language websites to enable Centcom to counter violent extremist and enemy propaganda outside the US."[8]

At the end of 2011, the White House announced the creation of a virtual embassy in Iran for "strengthening ties with the Iranian people"[9]: http://iran.usembassy.gov/. It is significant that at the same time, the U.S. Congress had taken various measures to ease ties with Iranian officials and the imposition of sanctions is damaging the Iranian economy. Before that, the United States had opened a virtual consulate for Gaza.[10]

Actually, there are several terms used by the U.S. government to designate innovative ways to influence a foreign society through the Internet: digital diplomacy, Internet diplomacy, Twitter diplomacy, public diplomacy, and Web 2.0. The most common term among the establishment of the United States engaged in foreign policy issues and determining influence over other countries is the latest one.

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The technology of Web 2.0 unleashed for the interaction of political activists by Internet technologies was effective during the mass protests in Tunisia and Egypt, as well as for coordination and self-organization of various opposition political groups in Russia.

Threats of Cyberspace

As we can see, cyberspace is not a utopia, as earlier science fiction writers had claimed. This is a new domain of human activity where there are limitations, disasters, epidemics, and flaws, although they do not directly affect people's lives – it all depends on the choice of the individual. If someone is so carried away playing computer games that they become unable to adequately perceive reality, does this not make the scourge of cyberspace the virtual equivalent of real-world drug addiction[11]?

Cyber dependence is linked not only with professional duty or entertainment; it is the very nature of the Internet. The American contemporary philosopher of anarcho-primitivism John Zerzan, for example, noted that the human psyche, after having used the Internet as least once, is subject to irreversible consequences.[12]

The same concept can be applied to "disease" in this "world". In 1983, Fred Cohen deliberately developed a program that can infect other programs by modifying them so that they evolve their possible evolutional copy, as he noted in his dissertation. Based on a biological analogy, he called this new program a “virus”.

The term "worm" was coined by John Brunner in his novel "Shockwave Rider", issued in 1975. While viruses are just an infected computer program (or file), worms "crawl" forward and copy themselves between systems. Using the vulnerability of computers known as the back doors, worms spread without the help of inconsiderate users. In 1988, the Morris worm penetrated and infected about 60,000 hosts of the Arpanet nascent network, which was the prototype of the current Internet. Robert Morris himself, the creator of the worm, was the first person prosecuted and convicted in accordance with the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986[13].

If we have quarantine measures against dangerous diseases in the physical world and there are even international conflicts involving epidemics or deliberate infections (biological weapons), should this not be the case in cyberspace? The history of the last decade demonstrates such phenomenon. The most illustrative cases were:

- Cyber attacks in 2007 on Estonian government websites;

- Actions of hacktivists in August 2008 during the attack of Georgia on South Ossetia and the peacekeeping operation of Russia;

- Impact of the Stuxnet worm on computer systems of Iran's nuclear power plant;

- Numerous actions of hacktivist groups such as Anonymous, Syrian Cyber Army, etc.;

- Leaks carried out by Julian Assange and Edward Snowden, with an indirect impact on U.S. and international politics.

According to experts, the number of such attacks will only increase and the methods of hackers will improve in the future. This is forcing many governments to reconsider their policies regarding the Internet and take special measures to protect this domain.

Cyberconflicts

Of course, cyberspace is both a medium for conflict and a tool. If classical geopolitics uses the concepts of power by the sea (Sea Power) and power by the land (Land Power), and Air Power and Space Power developed in their wake, then Cyber Power is the most recently talked about new domain of control. The U.S. military places special significance upon it.

Robert M. Lee from the US Air Force wrote that “Cyber power will be as revolutionary to warfare as airpower, but the current vectoring of the domain will determine which nation will hold cyber dominance and to what effect. In the early years of the cyberspace domain, the United States primarily considered cyber power a means of establishing broad command and control across the war-fighting domains. Cyberspace focused on communication; indeed, operational success depended upon maintaining the lines of communication. As the domain grew, it assumed additional roles to provide a support force to traditional military operations while experts explored other roles—a process that occurred at the highest levels of secrecy. Many of the first cyberspace leaders realized that cyber assets offered a number of options for attack, defense, and exploitation never before afforded to military commanders. In a highly connected world where substantial advancements in technology were common, the capabilities and weapons in cyberspace became even more impressive”[14].

Cyber operations can be carried out in all areas of warfare: in the air, space, cyberspace, and on land and sea. Furthermore, despite the immaturity of operational doctrines for cyberspace, doctrines for air and space remain relevant and applicable to the field of cyberspace. In other words "cyber operations are just another set of tools from the arsenal of a commander".[15]

U.S. Cyber Command was first created in 2010, although attention was paid to this new domain earlier than that. For example, in December 2005, cyber operations were included in the basic manual about the service and the mission of the U.S. Air Force.[16]

China, Iran, and other countries rushed to develop their own cyber military capabilities with relevant doctrines and strategies. Budgets for cyber security also begin to increase rapidly. U.S. Cyber Command stated in January 2013 that its staff of personnel will be increased by five times. Britain also hurried to upgrade its cyber arsenal and argued that the country needs network security due to the fact that 6% of Britain's GDP is earned through transactions that are somehow connected to the Internet.

John Arquilla, the famous expert on network wars, writes that the "exploits of cyberwars on a small scale may eventually reach large sizes, given the clear vulnerability of advanced military and various communication systems that every day more and more cover the world. He believes that cyberwar is destined to play a more prominent role in future wars.[17]

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Arquilla believes that there is an opportunity to possibly develop a certain code of conduct, e.g. the prohibition of cyberattacks against purely civilian targets, at least between states. Some shadow networks, i.e. radical political groups, may also follow a certain code. The second thesis is hardly likely, as in the case of terrorist actions, the aim of such groups is to intimidate the population in order to achieve their political goals, and cyberspace is a prime opportunity for this.

Because cyberpower can quickly hit networks and information systems worldwide in a special war, eroding the frontline of combat, this feature, combined with its destructive power, generates fear among the population because cyberpower’s capabilities may be as strong as those experienced from terrorist attacks.[18]

Therefore, to underestimate its power to influence public opinion and politics would be a serious mistake. Even if we consider only the military aspect of cyber conflict, it still differs greatly from the war on land, sea, air, and space. Freedom of action is a characteristic of superiority in cyberspace. A rough summary for supremacy in cyberspace can be "freedom of action during the time of attack" (i.e. the ability to act, even during and after the attack).[19]

But there is another point of view, according to which, on the contrary, cyber assets utilized in conflicts actually "soften" their nature and minimize the damage to the enemy and the costs incurred on the attacking side. Naval Postgraduate School Defense Analysis Distinguished Professor Dorothy Denning believes that "if you can achieve the same effects with a cyber weapon versus a kinetic weapon, often that option is ethically preferable ... If an operation is morally justifiable, than a cyber route is likely preferable, because it causes less harm".[20]

On the question of ethics in cyberspace, we can address the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, which have become the subject of public debate in the United States and other countries. Proponents of a massive use of drones in the U.S. suggest three main reasons why this industry needs to be developed: (1) UAVs can carry out tasks that people are not capable of due to psychological constraints (e.g. duration of operations and extreme maneuvers); (2) the preservation of the pilot's life during hazardous missions and a reduced political risk (which would be heightened in the case that a downed pilot is captured); (3) reduction of costs incurred in connection with the systems required to maintain the functions of the pilot (oxygen, climate control, ejection seats, etc.) and the possibility of using a more basic design than the one that is needed for aircraft designed for on-board team operations[21] There is a tendency that drones in the future may even replace actual strategic bombers in the U.S. Air Force.

Another part believes that the use of drones violates international law and leads to a large number of civilian casualties. The report of the New American Foundation stated that for the first two years that Obama was president, he ordered four times as many UAV bombings than George W. Bush did during his eight year tenure. This report gives the approximate number of people killed in Pakistan as being between 1489 to 2297 (April 2012).[22]

The Bureau of Investigative Journalism also shows interactive maps on its website that mark the spot where U.S. drone attacks occurred, as well as statistical data such as the names of the killed civilians.[23]

All in all, the deadliest man-machine interface (the UAV) is the most visible demonstration of how cyber asserts can be utilized for military purposes.

Conclusion

All these factors suggest that geopolitics has gained a cybernetic factor in which the basic axioms still apply, but at the same time, which is also another level of reality with entirely new rules.

Careful analysis and monitoring of cyberspace and the development of appropriate rules are imperative for today. This requires a revision of classical political categories and a revaluation from the current moment. We must remember that cybernetics is word first created thousands of years ago, but its meaning was somewhat different. The word “cybernetics” (κυβερνητική) was first mentioned by Plato in his work "Laws".[24] It is translated as "the art of the helmsman". In his third to last book, believed to be the most solid in terms of the arrangement of the works of the ancient Greek philosopher, the state is compared with a ship, and its helmsmen are God, fate, and good time. Despite the enthusiastic attempts from the first creators of the Internet to make cyberspace a zone of free creativity without political interference, cyberspace remains political and the thesis of Plato is still actual and relevant.




[1] William Gibson, Neuromancer. New York: Ace Books, 1984

[2] The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace, Washington, DC: White House, 2003.

[3] Alexander Klimburg (Ed.), National Cyber Security Framework Manual, NATO CCD COE Publication,

Tallinn 2012 P. 8 http://www.ccdcoe.org/publications/books/NationalCyberSecurityFrameworkManual.pdf

[4] Valerie November, Eduardo Camacho-Hubner, Bruno Latour. Entering a risky territory: space in the age of digital navigation. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2010, volume 28, p.583.

[5] David Clark, Characterizing cyberspace: past, present and future, MIT/CSAIL Working Paper,

12 March 2010, P.1

[6] Alexander Klimburg, Philipp Mirtl. Cyberspace and Governance – A Primer. The Austrian Institute for International Affairs, Working Paper 65 / September 2012

[7] Heinz von Foerster. Cybernetics of Cybernetics. University of Illinois, Urbana 1979

[9] Mutter, Paul. Few Virtues to "Virtual Embassy in Iran". December 23, 2011. http://www.fpif.org/blog/few_virtues_to_virtual_embassy_in_iran

[10] http://gaza.usvpp.gov/about_econsulate.html

[11] Dene Grigar. Lara Croft: Cyber Heroine. Leonardo June 2006, Vol. 39, No. 3, Pages 269-270.

[12] John Zerzan. Twilight of the Machines, 2008

[13] A Better Way to Battle Malware. November 22, 2011. Winter 2011, Issue 65. http://www.strategy-business.com/article/11403?pg=all

 

[14] Robert M. Lee. The Interim Years of Cyberspace.// Air & Space Power Journal, January–February 2013, Р. 58

[15] Eric D. Trias, Bryan M. Bell. Cyber This, Cyber That . . . So What?//Air & Space Power Journal. Spring 2010, Р. 91

[16] Hon. Michael W. Wynne, Flying and Fighting in Cyberspace, Air and Space Power Journal 21, no. 1, Spring 2007: 3, http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj07/spr07/spr07.pdf

[17] Arquilla J. Cyberwar Is Already Upon Us. MarchH/April 2012. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/27/cyberwar_is_already_upon_us

[18] Robert M. Lee. The Interim Years of Cyberspace.// Air & Space Power Journal, January–February 2013, Р. 63

[19] Eric D. Trias, Bryan M. Bell. Cyber This, Cyber That . . . So What?//Air & Space Power Journal. Spring 2010, Р. 96-67

[20] Kenneth Stewart. Cyber Security Hall of Famer Discusses Ethics of Cyber Warfare. America's Navy, 6/4/2013 http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=74613

[21] Policy Options for Unmanned Aircraft Systems. A CBO Study. June 2011. Congress of U.S. Congressional Budget Office. Р. 3.

[22] Masters, Jonathan. Targeted Killings.// CFR, April 25, 2012.  http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/targeted-killings/p9627?cid=nlc-dailybrief-daily_news_brief-link14-20120426

[23] Interactive map. August 10th, 2011 http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/08/10/google-map/

[24] Plato: Laws, Books 1-6 (Loeb Classical Library No. 187) by Plato and R. G. Bury, 1926

 

Terre & Peuple magazine n°62

Sommaire

TP Mag n°62

 

 

Against Terrorism -- But for What?

 

 

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Against Terrorism -- But for What?

By

Ex: http://www.lewrockwell.com

Following the Charlie Hebdo massacre, Prime Minister Manuel Valls said that France “is at war with terrorism, jihadism and radical Islamism.” This tells us what France is fighting against.

But what is France fighting for in this war on terror? For terrorism is simply a tactic, and arguably the most effective tactic of the national liberation movements of the 20th century.

Terrorism was used by the Irgun to drive the British out of Palestine and by the Mau Mau to run them out of Kenya. Terrorism, blowing up movie theaters and cafes, was the tactic the FLN used to drive the French out of Algeria.

The FALN tried to assassinate Harry Truman in 1950 at Blair House, shot up the House of Representatives in 1954, and, in 1975, blew up Fraunces Tavern in New York where Washington had bid his officers farewell. The FALN goal: Independence from a United States that had annexed Puerto Rico as the spoils of war in its victory over Spain.

What did the FLN, FALN, Mau Mau, Irgun and Mandela’s ANC have in common? All sought the expulsion of alien rule. All sought nations of their own. All used terrorism for the same ends as Uighurs do in China and Chechens do in the Caucasus.

Osama bin Laden, in his declaration of war upon us, listed as his casus belli the presence on the sacred soil of Saudi Arabia of U.S. troops and their “temple prostitutes.” He wanted us out of his country.

What are Valls’ terrorists, jihadists and radical Islamists fighting for? What are the goals of ISIS and al-Qaida, Boko Haram and Ansar al-Sharia, the Taliban and al-Shabab?

All want our troops, our alien culture and our infidel faith out of their lands. All seek the overthrow of regimes that collaborate with us. And all wish to establish regimes that comport with the commands of the Prophet.

This is what they are recruiting for, killing for, dying for. We abhor their terror tactics and deplore their aims, but they know what they are fighting for. What are we fighting for?

What is our vision that will inspire Muslim masses to rise up, battle alongside us, and die fighting Islamists? What future do we envision for the Middle East? And are we willing to pay the price to achieve it?

Comes the reply: America is fighting, as always, for democracy, freedom and the right of peoples to rule themselves.

But are we? If democracy is our goal, why did we not recognize the election of Hamas in the Palestinian territories, or of Hezbollah in Lebanon? Why did we condone the overthrow of the elected regime of Mohammad Morsi in Egypt? Why do we not demand democracy in Saudi Arabia?

But hypocrisy is the least of our problems.

The real problem is that hundreds of millions of Muslims reject our values. They do not believe all religions are equal. They do not believe in freedom of speech or the press to blaspheme the Prophet. Majorities in many Islamic countries believe adulterers, apostates, and converts to Christianity should be lashed, stoned and beheaded.

In surveys, the Muslim world not only rejects our presence and puppets, but also our culture and beliefs. In a free referendum they would vote to throw us out of the region and throw the Israelis into the sea.

For many in the Mideast collaboration with America is a betrayal. And our presence spawns more terrorists than our drones can kill.

This week Valls conceded there are “two Frances,” adding, “A territorial, social, ethnic apartheid has spread across our country.”

Have her five million Muslims become an indigestible minority that imperils the survival of France? Have France and Europe embraced a diversity more malignant than benign, possibly leading to a future like the recent past in Palestine, Cyprus, Lebanon, Sri Lanka and Ukraine?

T. S. Eliot said, to defeat a religion, you need a religion.

We have no religion; we have an ideology — secular democracy. But the Muslim world rejects secularism and will use democracy to free itself of us and establish regimes that please Allah.

In the struggle between democracy and Allah, we are children of a lesser God. “The term ‘democracy,'” wrote Eliot, “does not contain enough positive content to stand alone against the forces that you dislike — it can easily be transformed by them. If you will not have God … you should pay your respects to Hitler or Stalin.”

Germany used democracy to bring Hitler to power. Given free elections from Morocco to Mindanao, what kind of regimes would rise to power? Would not the Quran become the basis of law?

If Charlie Hebdo were a man, not a magazine, he would be torn to pieces in any Middle East nation into which he ventured. And what does a mindless West offer as the apotheosis of democracy?

Four million French marching under the banner “Je Suis Charlie.”

Whom the gods would destroy …

Culture and “engagement”: French and English perspectives

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Culture and “engagement”: French and English perspectives

by Adrian Davies

Ex: http://www.traditionalbritain.org

Adrian Davies critiques artistic and cultural involvement on the Right in England and France.

 

A talk by Adrian Davies to the Traditional Britain Group on 18th October 2014

This morning I shall talk to you about differing perspectives upon the involvement of artists and writers in politics in France and England. Why France and England? Partly because it is necessary to keep this talk in some bounds, partly because I know a little more about the relationship between high culture and low politics in France than in Germany or Italy or Spain, and will stick to what I know, often a prudent course.

The concept of “engagement”

Jean-Paul Sartre is at first blush an odd choice to cite at a rightist meeting, but on further consideration, he is a strange hero for the left. After 1940, he did not merely accommodate himself to prevailing circumstances, which might be unheroic, but very human, rather he appears thoroughly to have enjoyed himself: “We were never so free as under the occupation.” Not a sentiment that would have endeared him to post-war bien pensant opinion.

But I am not here to discuss Sartre’s life, his works, his politics or even his philosophy in general, interesting though all those subjects might be, but only his idea of engagement, which I shall loosely but not I think inaccurately translate as commitment.

Engagement as a philosophy suggests that the exponents of high culture, whether in literature, music or the visual arts should by no means think themselves above and hold themselves aloof from politics.

This is not an universally accepted view. Théophile Gautier, famous for advocating l’art pour l’art, art for art’s sake, vividly expressed the contrary view in the preface to his story Mademoiselle de Maupin: «Il n’y a de vraiment beau que ce qui ne peut servir à rien, tout ce qui est utile est laid.» “Only that which has no practical purpose can be truly beautiful. Whatever is useful is [also] ugly”.

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Les Néréides de Théophile Gautier

But while I greatly admire Gautier as a literary figure, he was exaggerating, perhaps for effect, perhaps in reaction to the romantic movement, which had been much preoccupied with political questions.

The romantics were caught up in the nationalist movement that transformed European politics in the nineteenth century, moving away from earlier dynastic and denominational models of the state to the ideal of the nation state, about which I have to say that I am less enthusiastic now than once I was. The reasons why would involve a digression that I must resist with a thirty minute slot, though as we mark the centenary of the horrors of 1914, they are not so difficult to guess, and I shall touch upon them briefly when I speak about one of the great French literary exponents of engagement in the early part of the 20th century, Maurice Barrès.

The arch-romantic, Victor Hugo, certainly demonstrated how different French thought is from Anglo-Saxon liberalism, which has for too long placed the liberty of the individual above the common good, in the immortal words of the hero of Les Misérables, Enjolras: citoyen, ma mère, c’est la république! “Citizen, the state is my mother”.

I do not think that Randians would applaud this sentiment, but then I sometimes think that for the English classical liberal, Ezra Pound’s reproach to the business class in the closing lines of the famous 38th Canto “faire passer ses affaires avant celles de la nation” “putting your own interests before those of the nation” appears to be not blameworthy, but a natural right.

The Parnassians returned to classical models in reaction to romanticism, but in this respect their classicism scarcely reflects the ancient world, where Virgil and Horace were fulsome in their praise of Augustus’ vision of Rome, echoing a time long before them, when Simonides, who was not a Spartan, launched the cult of things Lacadaeomian with his epitaph upon the Spartan dead at Thermopylae.

Indeed, they themselves were the exponents of an ideology of a kind:

«Le culte du travail est l’un des éléments fondamentaux du parnasse. Il est souvent comparé au sculpteur ou au laboureur qui doit transformer une matière difficile, le langage, en beau par et grâce à un patient travail.

«Chez Lemerre, on observe la vignette d’un paysan avec inscrit au-dessus : «Fac et Spera », ce qui signifie : « agis et espère ». Cela témoigne de la volonté d’atteindre la perfection, en remettant vingt fois sur le métier son ouvrage, atteindre la perfection grâce à un patient et long travail.»

“The cult of work is an essential element of what it means to be a Parnassian writer. The writer is often compared with the sculptor or craftsman, who has to transform a difficult raw material, language into something beautiful by patient work.

“Lemerre made a vignette of a peasant inscribed fac et spera, which means, ‘act and hope’. It bears witness to the will to attain perfection by essaying the work in hand twenty times over so as to attain perfection by a long, patient effort.”

We are much indebted to the heretical Italian Communist Gramsci for the valuable idea of hegemony and the mastery of discourse in the world of ideas.

Gramsci may have been a hideously ugly, grotesquely misshapen dwarf, but when he expired in one of Mussolini’s insalubrious gaols, the world lost an original thinker, who, rather ironically, would most certainly have suffered a similar or worse fate in the Gulag, had he succeeded in fleeing to the Soviet Union.

For all its supposed love of non-conformity, the world of high culture is no less susceptible to fashion and to hegemonistic discourse than low politics.

By way of example, I well recall seeing the marvellous retrospective on Jean-Léon Gérome at the Getty Centre in Los Angeles 2010 - as the cataloguist frankly admitted, a far more gifted painter than most of the impressionists but long neglected because his extreme neo-classicism in both style and subject matter did not conform to the vogue for the impressionists that had become received thinking in the art world by the end of the 19th century.

Naturally this tendency is redoubled when art serves a political cause outside the narrow parameters of permitted debate under totalitarian liberalism, which is not a contradiction in terms, but a correct description of the soft tyranny under which we live.

A very vivid example that I remember was the astonishing exhibition called Art and power: Europe under the dictators at the Hayward Gallery so long ago, I shudder to realise (tempus fugit!) as 1995. Much of the art then on display has merit, but it is not generally shown, because it served ideologies that differ from bourgeois liberalism, and is condemned on that account, regardless of its intrinsic merit, which of course involves a tacit denial of the concept of intrinsic merit.

Nor is it only Fascist or National Socialist art that has disappeared down the memory hole, or at least been veiled from public view except on special occasions, such as the Hayward exhibition.

The official art of the Soviet Union is not viewed with favour in the West to-day, because it followed the representative tradition, which has been derided by self-styled cognoscenti since the days of the Impressionists, as I have noted.

Yet Socialist Realism in art and literature had many merits. Even Joseph Stalin was not wrong about everything. Modern western commentators generally assume not only that Stalin was wrong to interfere with artistic freedom by compelling Shostakovich to recant his atonalist tendencies and return to a more classical style of composition, and more fundamentally that Stalin’s criticisms of the score of Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (1934) betray a lack of taste on the Vozhd’s part. Yet Stalin had watched the opera with careful attention, and his criticisms of the music are not lightly to be dismissed.

For myself, whatever Stalin’s terrible crimes, amongst the very worst of all times, still I am with the Vozhd on that question, and generally approve of the conservative tendencies in art, literature and music that were increasingly manifest under his rule.

More damaging even than the liberal hegemony of aesthetics is the liberal hegemony of discourse that would, if it only could, altogether exclude from the literary canon the great writers of the twentieth century in support of the lying fable that artists, writers and intellectuals are predominantly if not exclusively of the left.

barr281028232.pngThis lie is manifestly not sustainable for French literature, where engagement in politics was as common on the right as on the left. The names of Maurice Barrès and Charles Maurras will certainly live for so long as there is a French nation. Both attained the highest levels of literary aesthetic, though neither is nor should be immune from criticism. Maurice Barrès’s desire to see his native Lorraine returned to France led him to impassioned public support of the bloodshed of the First World War that won him the terrible sobriquet of le rossignol des carnages (the nightingale of carnage), and was not an advert for nationalism, while Maurras wished to see an end to the Republic, but failed to provide decisive leadership at a crucial moment in February 1934, when the conjunction of political circumstances was favourable to his wishes, so demonstrating that he was not the man of destiny that his followers thought him.

I need say no more about the literature of collaboration than to observe that some of the greatest writers of the time were committed collaborators. Some, such as Brasillach, who was executed, and Drieu La Rochelle, who succumbed to depression and committed suicide, paid for their engagement with their lives, others, such as Céline, whose extremism embarrassed even the Germans, were capriciously amnestied and continued with their writing after the Second World War, quite unrepentant.

But it would be a mistake to think that writers and artists of the right were not to be found in England and the English speaking world.

Wyndham Lewis

Of Canadian and American parentage, Wyndham Lewis studied art in Paris in the early years of the 20th century. He was one of the leaders of the so-called Vorticist movement in art, and served with honour in the First World War as an artillery officer, seeing action in the third battle of Ypres and amongst his Canadian compatriots on the Vimy ridge. He was made an official war artist and stayed in the front line to sketch out what would become his canvasses.

Happily he survived the war less traumatised than many, and combined painting with writing in the interwar years.

It is certainly remarkable that just as Wyndham Lewis reached the peak of his creativity and success as a portraitist, he also became a force to be reckoned with in literature, notably with his satirical novel, The Apes of God, mocking the Bloomsbury Set to which he had at first been attracted, but with which he had eventually broken.

There was a strong, even strident political theme in his writing. He vehemently opposed the left wing orthodoxy that already dominated intellectual circles in the 1930s. Probably his best novel, The Revenge for Love (1937) set in the period leading up to the Spanish Civil War, expressed utter loathing for the Communists in Spain and profound contempt for their British and fellow-travellers, while his painting the Surrender of Barcelona celebrates the nationalist victory, not a politically correct theme at all.

He thought little of post-war Britain, his last major work entitled Rotting Hill "the capital of a dying empire." That was 1952. What he would think of the degenerate stew of modern London passes even my imagining.

Roy Campbell

roycampbell.jpgWhile undoubtedly the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War attracted more writers and artists than did the cause of national Spain, there were some notable supporters of the Francoist cause. Unsurprisingly Ezra Pound was parti pris on the right side. Pound merits a whole talk of his own and I will not attempt the hopeless task of precising his life and work in the time available to me this afternoon. I will however mention Roy Campbell.

Campbell, a South African poet and sometime friend of Laurie Lee of Cider with Rosie fame. Campbell, a Catholic convert, was one of the few literary figures strongly engaged on the Nationalist side. Methuen published his long poem, the Flowering Rifle, the author’s foreword to which would certainly not be published by any main stream publisher to-day, so much less free is the England of 2014 than the England of 1939.

“Humanitarianism invariably sides where there is most room for sentimental self-indulgence in the filth or famine of others. It sides automatically with the Dog against the Man, the Jew against the Christian, the black against the white, the servant against the master, the criminal against the judge. It is a form of moral perversion due to overdomestication, protestantism (sic) gone bad”.

Just in case you have not got the picture, the foreword concludes ¡Viva Franco! ¡Arriba España!

Interestingly, Laurie Lee was visiting Campbell in Toledo when the war in Spain broke out. Lee, shocked by the poverty of the Andalusian peasantry, fought in the International Brigades, but Campbell, horrified by the Communist massacres of the clergy of Toledo, made propaganda for Franco. In such ways do the same events affect even friends differently.

Campbell was a staunch anti-Nazi, who went on to fight in the British Army in the Second World War, but still could not work his passage back into literary London afterwards. “It made no difference that one fought as willingly against Fascism as one had done against Bolshevism previously” he complained. “Even if you killed ten times as many Fascists as you had previously killed Bolsheviks in self-defence, you still remained a Fascist”.

Given the tone of the foreword to the Flowering Rifle, it is surprising that he thought that he might be forgiven in the post-1945 climate.

Henry Williamson

lettres,lettres françaises,lettres anglaises,littérature,littérature française,littérature anglaiseHenry Williamson was another author who was deeply politically engaged in the most controversial way, but whose reputation has been somewhat sanitised by excessive focus on his nature writing, especially his great success, Tarka the Otter, rather than his deeply political and semi-autobiographical cycle of novels A Chronicle of Ancient Sunlight. It tells the story of his South London boyhood, his experiences at the front in the First World War veteran, and his progressive evolution into that apparent contradiction in terms, a pacifiist and a fascist, and his complex relationship with Sir Oswald Mosley, an idealised version of whom appears as Sir Hereward Birkin, the leader of the Imperial Socialist Party, based on the British Union of Fascists.

Williamson is a curious example of a green fascist, but he was not the first: that distinction surely belongs to William Henry Hudson, born in Argentina of British stock, who went on to become the most significant English language writer on South America, the first to espouse green issues, almost a century before Silent Spring.

Hudson was also an unrepentant apologist for the proto-fascist and archetype of the charismatic caudillo, General Rosas, who ruled Argentina with an iron hand for nineteen years, and is, with his twentieth century equivalent, General Peron, still dear to the hearts of the common people of that far away land, unlike most of their rulers.

But the story of the proto-green and the great caudillo is too long and too interesting to tell in the short time remaining, so I will tell it another day.

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