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Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn et al.
From Under the Rubble
Boston: Little, Brown & Company (1975)
Shortly before being deported from the Soviet Union in 1974, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn contributed three essays to a volume that was later published in the West as From Under the Rubble. The title was a clear metaphor for dissident voices speaking out from beneath the rubble left by communism. The rubble itself represents the remains of the traditional and spiritual life of Solzhenitsyn’s Russia which had been destroyed by the October Revolution and its bloody aftermath. In this volume, Solzhenitsyn lays out what it means to be a nationalist and a dissident against the totalitarian Left. Remarkably little has changed.
Today’s Dissident Right will find a mirror image of its struggles in these essays — only needing to make a trivial adjustment of application. One would only need to exchange Solzhenitsyn’s references to Russia or Russians for today’s whites to find a near-perfect fit. Aside from the usual clarity, insight, and depth found in Solzhenitsyn’s work, it’s this familiarity which perhaps gives us the most comfort and inspiration when reading him. We think we have it bad today — Solzhenitsyn had it worse, and he persevered. And if he could persevere, so can we.
* * *
“As Breathing and Consciousness Return,” the first essay in the collection, begins by addressing Solzhenitsyn’s differences with fellow dissident Andrei Sakharov. It’s an illuminating contrast. Although both publicly opposed the repressive Soviets, it was Sakharov who ultimately championed the humanism and individualism of the West which so revolted Solzhenitsyn. Despite being abused and repressed by communism, Sakharov could not bring himself to condemn its socialist underpinnings. In this sense, Sakharov had much in common with the modern liberal. In a famous essay — to which Solzhenitsyn responded in this one — Sakharov had condemned “extremist ideologies” such as fascism, racism, and, most disingenuously, Stalinism. But Solzhenitsyn saw through this prestidigitation as simply a way to deflect blame away from Lenin and the other, supposedly purer, communists of the revolutionary period.
In response, Solzhenitsyn denies that Stalinism even existed. He points to the fact that there is no written Stalinist doctrine, not that Stalin himself had the intellectual horsepower to develop one. He then itemizes all the atrocities committed by Lenin and his cohorts that had little to do with Stalin (“What of the concentration camps (1918-1921)? The summary executions by the Cheka? The savage destruction and plundering of the Church (1922)? The bestial cruelties at Solovki (1922)? None of this was Stalin. . .”) He notes that Stalin’s main departure from Lenin was to inflict the same ruthless repression against his own party, as he did during the Great Terror of the mid-1930s. It’s almost as if Sakharov, who waxed about the “high moral ideals of socialism,” would approve of communism if only it did not devour its own.
Solzhenitsyn uncovers not only the moral shabbiness of liberalism, but the pie-in-the-sky ignorance which fuels it. Basically, we have intellectuals like Sakharov, who were not laborers, trying to convince their readers that “only socialism has raised labor to the peak of moral heroism.” Solzhenitsyn’s response is typically trenchant:
But in the great expanse of our collectivized countryside, where people always and only lived by labor and had no other interest in life but labor, it is only under “socialism” that labor has become an accursed burden from which men flee.
In peering beyond the strife of his age, Solzhenitsyn then distills Sakharov’s enlightened humanism down to what matters most to today’s dissidents: globalist anti-nationalism. It’s the inheritors of Andrei Sakharov who are dogging white ethnonationalists today, and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn saw this in clear relief as far back as 1974. Note the striking similarity between his assertion of nationalism and Greg Johnson’s, from chapter seven of Johnson’s White Nationalist Manifesto:
Solzhenitsyn:
Ah, but what a tough nut it has proved for the millstones of internationalism to crack. In spite of Marxism, the twentieth century has revealed to us the inexhaustible strength and vitality of national feelings and impels us to think more deeply about this riddle: why is the nation a no less sharply defined and irreducible human entity than the individual? Does not national variety enrich mankind as faceting increases the value of a jewel?
Johnson:
The ethnonationalist vision is of a Europe — and a worldwide European diaspora — of a hundred flags, in which every self-conscious nation has at least one sovereign homeland, each of which will strive for the highest degree of homogeneity, allowing the greatest diversity of cultures, languages, dialects, and institutions to flourish.
Solzhenitsyn also points out the double standard of progressives such as Sakharov who aim for greater freedom through greater state control. As a victim of state control himself, Solzhenitsyn argues that this can only lead to “hell on earth.” Sakharov wishes for the state to administer not only scientific and technological progress, but the psychological progress of its citizens as well. Solzhenitsyn finds this questionable, since such “moral exhortations” would be futile without coercive force.
And what would this freedom achieve for us anyway? Like many modern dissidents, Solzhenitsyn doesn’t disparage freedom, but realizes the danger when you have too much of it. Of course, being a devout Christian, he insists that freedom must serve a higher purpose. He pines for Tsarist autocracy in which autocrats were subservient to God. In such systems, the people are indeed freer. When leaders recognize no higher power, the likely outcome becomes totalitarianism, with nothing inhibiting governments from gross atrocity. Even in the so-called liberal democracies in the West, the corruption that must necessarily be birthed by two-party or parliamentary systems crushes the freedoms of the people:
Every party known to history has always defended the interests of this one part against — whom? Against the rest of the people. And in the struggle with other parties it disregards justice for its own advantage: the leader of the opposition . . . will never praise the government for any good it does — that would undermine the interests of the opposition; and the prime minister will never publicly and honestly admit his mistakes — that would undermine the position of the ruling party. If in an electoral campaign dishonest methods can be used secretly — why would they not be? And every party, to a greater or less degree, levels and crushes its members. As a result of all this a society in which political parties are active never rises in the moral scale. In the world today, we doubtfully advance toward a dimly glimpsed goal: can we not, we wonder, rise above the two-party or multiparty parliamentary system? Are there no extraparty or strictly nonparty paths of national development?
What Solzhenitsyn maintains — and what many dissidents today understand — is that land trumps political freedom. People and peoples require land for true freedom. With land they own, people have obligations, self-worth, stability, and a chance at prosperity. And this leads to the most important freedom of all: freedom to think, the freedom to call a lie a lie — lies which require the surrender of our souls to swallow and then repeat. While land ownership helps preserve the physical health of a nation, this inner freedom to resist lies helps preserve its moral health.
Referring to the pre-moderns. . .
[T]hey preserved the physical health of the nation (obviously they did, since the nation did not die out). They preserved its moral health, too, which has left its imprint at least on folklore and proverbs — a level of moral health incomparably higher than that expressed today in simian radio music, pop songs, and insulting advertisements: could a listener from outer space imagine that our planet had already known and left behind it Bach, Rembrandt, and Dante?
Solzhenitsyn’s connection to today’s Dissident Right can be seen in how he places an almost mystical imperative upon the nation and one’s obligation to it through work and honest living. Human beings are weak, and when tempted with freedom, they will often give in to corruption or corrupt others. This can lead to either the decay of society (as Solzhenitsyn witnessed in the West) or its demise through totalitarianism (as he so famously experienced in the Soviet Union). Both outcomes threaten the health and future of nations. Andrei Sakharov recognized the danger of the latter, but not the former — indeed it was his globalist progressivism that has led the West even further into decadence and corruption in the years since From Under the Rubble was published.
To speak out against this makes one a dissident. Solzhenitsyn was not only a dissident against totalitarianism, he was also a dissident against Western decadence, the same Western decadence that has led to non-white immigration and the ongoing destruction of the civilizations that white people created millennia ago. Beneath this is the lie of racial egalitarianism, and modern whites are being fed this lie in nearly the same manner as which the Soviet people were fed the lie of class egalitarianism.
Solzhenitsyn teaches us to never give in to this lie.
And no one who voluntarily runs with the hounds of falsehood, or props it up, will ever be able to justify himself to the living, or to posterity, or to his friends, or to his children.
* * *
“Repentance and Self-Limitation in the Life of Nations” bears a much more obvious and direct connection to modern white dissidents than the previous essay. In it, Solzhenitsyn exhorts his fellow Russians to seek absolution and redemption for the sins of the Russian past. He is quite sincere about this, and believes that, to an extent, his people cannot move forward in friendship with other peoples (or with themselves) without contrite acknowledgment of past atrocities. “Repentance is the only starting point for spiritual growth,” he tells us. Since, as we discussed above, Solzhenitsyn believed in the distinct character of individual nations, he also believed that nations “. . . are very vital formations, susceptible to all moral feelings, including — however painful a step it may be — repentance.”
So far, so bad, today’s dissident might tell us. Is this not how whites are expected to behave in the face of endless waves of non-white immigration into their homelands? Such people, as well as blacks and Jews in the United States, demand repentance for colonialism, imperialism, slavery, the Jewish Holocaust, the list goes on. Aren’t these demands the weapons non-whites use against whites to usurp their very civilization?
Certainly, they are. Solzhenitsyn understood the abusive and one-sided nature of this relationship and concludes his essay with two points that redeem it entirely. One, that Russians have no obligations to repent unless those nations attempting to extract repentance also repent. For example, Solzhenitsyn readily accepts Russia’s guilt for past behavior, some of which he witnessed personally during World War II:
. . . but we all remember, and there will yet be occasion to say it out loud: the noble stab in the back for dying Poland on 17 September 1939; the destruction of the flower of the Polish people in our camps, Katyn in particular; and our gloating, heartless immobility on the bank of the Vistula in August 1944, whence we gazed through our binoculars at Hitler crushing the rising of the nationalist forces in Warsaw — no need for them to get big ideas, we will find the right people to put in the government. (I was nearby, and I speak with certainty: the impetus of our advance was such that the forcing of the Vistula would have been no problem, and it would have changed the fate of Warsaw.)
After this, however, he then offers up a prodigious list of atrocities that the Poles themselves committed in the past and explains that the Polish lack of repentance for them (both historical and contemporary) makes it difficult for him to unburden his heart to them.
Well then, has any wave of regret rolled over educated Polish society, any wave of repentance surged through Polish literature? Never. Even the Arians, who were opposed to war in general, had nothing special to say about the subjugation of the Ukraine and Byelorussia. During our Time of Troubles, the eastward expansion of Poland was accepted by Polish society as a normal and even praiseworthy policy. The Poles thought themselves as God’s chosen people, the bastion of Christianity, whose mission was to carry true Christianity to the “semipagan” Orthodox of savage Muscovy, and to be the propagators of Renaissance university culture.
In the face of this, Solzhenitsyn expects nothing less than “mutual repentance” for his ideas to become applicable. This is exactly the attitude white people should take in the face of non-whites living in their homelands. If American blacks demand whites repent over slavery, then they themselves must repent over the horrific surge of crime, corruption, rape, and murder that they have presided over since the abolition of slavery. If Jews demand whites to repent over the Jewish Holocaust then they themselves must repent over their leading role in the October Revolution, the Holodomor, the Great Terror, and the Gulag Archipelago, all of which resulted in tens of millions killed. All groups of people have atrocities in their past which were committed both against themselves and others (and, in many cases, against white people).
So if non-whites wish to make white people repent for the past, whites should follow Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s lead by saying two words:
“You first.”
Second, Solzhenitsyn underscores Russian suffering in the past. If a nation has been both victimizer and victim throughout history, then abject mea culpas simply become inappropriate. Solzhenitsyn understood historical Russian suffering well (and experienced its contemporary suffering firsthand as a Gulag zek in the 1940s and 1950s). There is no pulling the wool over his eyes. Quotes such as these say it all:
The memory of the Tartar yoke in Russia must always dull our possible sense of guilt toward the remnant of the Golden Horde.
And
Did not the revolution throughout its early years have some of the characteristics of a foreign invasion? When in a foraging party, or the punitive detachment which came down to destroy a rural district, there would be Finns, there would be Austrians, but hardly anyone who spoke Russian? When the organs of the Cheka teemed with Latvians, Poles, Jews, Hungarians, Chinese?
It may seem weak or effeminate for whites to play the victim card, but as the non-whites have shown, it is a powerful card. All whites must play it in order to counter it when played against them. As discussed above, tens of millions of whites were murdered, starved to death, or incarcerated by the Soviet system between the world wars. Whites must follow Solzhenitsyn’s logic and own this. For example, when American blacks demand repentance over slavery, whites need to point out that whites were brought to North America as slaves in similar numbers, under equally hazardous circumstances, and were in many cases treated worse than the blacks were. And if blacks wish to complain about contemporary racism or segregation, whites must counter with crime statistics and the undeniable fact that blacks victimize whites in these crimes many more times than the reverse.
Fortunately, Solzhenitsyn sees beyond all this and wants the endless finger-pointing to end.
Who has no guilt? We are all guilty. But at some point the endless account must be closed, we must stop discussing whose crimes are more recent, more serious and affect most victims. It is useless for even the closest neighbors to compare the duration and gravity of their grievances against each other. But feelings of penitence can be compared.
And compare we must. This is may not change the minds of the enemies of whites, but it will stiffen the resolve of white people. And what do a people need more than resolve in order to survive and thrive?
* * *
In “The Smatterers,” Solzhenitsyn’s final contribution to From Under the Rubble, our author outlines the defining characteristics of the Soviet intelligentsia to the point of creating a universal type. Thanks to Solzhenitsyn’s ruthless insight into human nature, all dissidents on the Right now have a reliable blueprint for their Left-wing, humanist oppressors. Several decades and thousands of miles may separate many of us from Solzhenitsyn’s Soviet dystopia, but in “The Smatterers,” one of his most prescient works, Solzhenitsyn shows us that his enemies are indeed our enemies. Nothing fundamental has changed with the Left. Its adherents today follow the same psychological pattern and ape the same grotesque behaviors of the Soviet and pre-Soviet elite which beleaguered dissidents throughout the twentieth century.
Some of these characteristics are itemized below:
Anti-Racism: “Love of egalitarian justice, the social good and the material well-being of the people, which paralyzed its love and interest in the truth. . .”
Passionate Intolerance: “Infatuation with the intelligentsia’s general credo; ideological intolerance; hatred as a passionate ethical impulse.”
Atheism: “A strenuous, unanimous atheism which uncritically accepted the competence of science to decide even matters of religion — once and for all and of course negatively; dogmatic idolatry of man and mankind; the replacement of religion by a faith in scientific progress.”
Anti-Nationalism: “Lack of sympathetic interest in the history of our homeland, no feeling of blood relationship with its history.”
Hypocrisy: “Perfectly well aware of the shabbiness and flabbiness of the party lie and ridiculing among themselves, they yet cynically repeat the lie with their very next breath, issuing ‘wrathful’ protests and newspaper articles in ringing, rhetorical tones. . .”
Materialism: “. . . it is disgusting to see all ideas and convictions subordinated to the mercenary pursuit of bigger and better salaries, titles, positions, apartments, villas, cars. . .”
Ideological Submission: “For all this, people are not ashamed to toe the line punctiliously, break off all unapproved friendships, carry out all the wishes of their superiors and condemn any of their colleagues either in writing or from a public platform, or simply by refusing to shake his hand, if the party committee orders them to.”
Arrogance: “An overweening insistence on the opposition between themselves and the “philistines.” Spiritual arrogance. The religion of self-deification — the intelligentsia sees its existence as providential for the country.” (Solzhenitsyn also points out how the Soviet intelligentsia of his day would give their dogs peasant names, such as Foma, Kuzma, Potap, Makar, and Timofei.)
With his typical wry sense of humor, Solzhenitsyn asks, “If all these are the qualities of the intelligentsia, who are the philistines?”
Seriously, however, could anyone have turned in a more accurate depiction of today’s Leftist avengers who use government and big tech corporations as weapons against the people? Yes, some of the above characteristics are shared by all decadent elites. And yes, today’s milieu has become far more degenerate than Solzhenitsyn’s (racial diversity, non-white immigration, feminism, gay rights, and transgenderism will do that). But the source of power behind both elites remains the same: “the maintenance of the obligatory ideological lie.”
As discussed above, in Solzhenitsyn’s day, the lie was class egalitarianism; today it is racial and gender egalitarianism. One must enthusiastically support and propagate such lies to become part of the country’s elite. There is no second path. In fact, for these elites, these smatterers, as Solzhenitsyn calls them, following any second path becomes anathema and must be swiftly punished. He draws a straight line from the “atheistic humanism” of the smatterers to the “hastily constituted revolutionary tribunals and the rough justice meted out in the cellars of the Cheka.”
This is how nations lose their souls. Forcing lies onto a nation’s elite warps them — it makes their minds inconsequential but their actions highly consequential.
Then millions of cottages — as well-designed and comfortable as one could wish — were completely ravaged, pulled down or put into the wrong hands and five million hardworking, healthy families, together with infants still at the breast, were dispatched to their death on long winter journeys or on their arrival in the tundra. (And our intelligentsia did not waver or cry out, and its progressive part even assisted in driving them out. That was when the intelligentsia ceased to be, in 1930. . .)
And not just in the Soviet Union. Smatterers in the West are equally consequential. Back in the early 1970s, Solzhenitsyn predicted the immigration crisis which is now ravaging Europe, and correctly blamed it on the “spirit of internationalism and cosmopolitanism” of these smatterers. The following passage is uncannily prescient:
In Great Britain, which still clings to the illusion of a mythical British Commonwealth and where society is keenly indignant over the slightest racial discrimination, it has led to the country’s being inundated with Asians and West Indians who are totally indifferent to the English land, its culture and traditions, and are simply seeking to latch onto a ready-made high standard of living. Is this such a good thing?
Solzhenitsyn’s answer to all of this, and the action he prescribes, is to simply reject the lie. This, to him, is more important than “our salaries, our families, and our leisure.” Even our very lives. This is what makes a dissident a dissident. Many in his day and ours justify accepting the ideological lie for the sake of their children. Solzhenitsyn responds by asking what kind of degenerate society will we bequeath to our children and grandchildren if we don’t stand up to these lies? Because Solzhenitsyn bears a blood identification with the Russian nation (as the Dissident Right today does with the white European diaspora), he believes that no personal gain or loss can outweigh the importance of rejecting ideological lies. This, as much as anything, preserves the spiritual and ultimately the physical health of a nation and a people.
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Les mots de grand usage nous trahissent, mais loin d’y renoncer ou de céder à la facilité du néologisme, il convient d’y revenir, de s’y heurter, voire de les reforger à notre guise, pour autant que l’écriture s’apparente à une métallurgie, forgerie et alchimie confondues dans la contemplation du minéral en fusion, en attente d’une forme que lui accordera le refroidissement de l’atmosphère. Ainsi en est-il des mots « avant-garde » et « tradition », qui disent tout et son contraire (qui fait également partie du tout) au point de ne plus rien vouloir dire du tout. Ce qui subsiste du sens de ces mots exige, pour être ravivé, ranimé, des œuvres décisives : pas moins, pour le mot de « tradition » que l’œuvre de René Guénon. Quant au mot (composé) « avant-garde », avec le vague ressouvenir d’une audace inquiétante, de quelques bannières guerroyantes emportées par les vent de l’Histoire, cette métaphore militaire appliquée étrangement à quelques mouvements artistiques et littéraires, et qui semble vouloir signifier exactement le contraire du mot « tradition », peut-être est-ce à lire l’œuvre de Biély que nous pourrons lui redonner du sens, non sans être amené à cette découverte étonnante, mais point si neuve , - tant il est vrai que le roulement du tonnerre vient après l’éclair qui nous éblouit : la Tradition et l’Avant-garde tiennent ensemble comme ces cordages dont les marins expérimentés assurent leurs voiles. 
Le récit, et nous verrons à quel point Andréi Biély redonne au sens du mot « récit » sa plénitude, son immensité récitative, s’inaugure par une rupture, une volte, un refus : il n’est plus possible, pour Biély, de raconter une vie humaine selon les seules étapes extérieures, selon l’exclusive visibilité externe, qu’elle soit psychologique ou sociologique ; il lui faut aller plus loin ou ailleurs. Les historicités connues, qu’il s’agisse de l’individu ou du collectif, ont fait leur temps. Le réalisme littéraire est mort et avec lui les déterminismes de l’inné et de l’acquis ; une autre langue demande à surgir pour dire la multiplicité des états de l’être et de la conscience à partir de leur racine, autrement dit de l’enfance. La radicalité avant-gardiste sera ainsi, pour Andréi Biély, le principe de la recouvrance métaphysique, traditionnelle, au sens initiatique du terme. Toute initiation est retour à l’enfance, nouveau silence d’avant les mots, à partir duquel inventer un nouveau langage comme on invente des terres et des cieux nouveaux. L’ingénu et le savant, l’extrême virtuosité du style et l’abrupteté de la méthode conjuguent ce dessein grandiose, y ajoutant, par l’amphibologie, la pointe d’ironie indispensable à toute profondeur.
Traditionnelle par son approfondissement du sensible et de l’intelligible des Symboles, par le parcours initiatique qui est au principe de ses récits, par l’élévation du sentiment religieux au resplendissement gnostique, l’œuvre de Biély se tient aussi à l’avant-garde d’une rébellion radicale contre cette restriction de l’entendement humain corrélative de l’appauvrissement du langage qui accompagne depuis deux siècles la marche du « progrès ». L’œuvre de Biély opère, sections par sections, à une prodigieuse réactivation des puissances de l’esprit laissées en jachère. Les êtres humains sont à eux-mêmes leurs pires ennemis, non point par leur empressement à courir à leur perte, à s’engager dans des entreprises hasardeuses ou funestes mais par leur consentement à voir, à sentir et à percevoir en-deçà d’eux-mêmes comme s’ils étaient morts ou presque. Les humains disposent, en général, d’un entendement, instrument prodigieux, un stradivarius, dont il usent comme d’un tambourin ou d’une tire-lire, non sans tenir cet usage comme réglementaire, conforme aux règles du temps ; ce qui les autorise à honnir et persécuter ceux-là, les rares heureux, les « fils de Roi », qui s’aviseraient à en faire un autre usage, ne fût-ce qu’en touchant l’une ou l’autre des cordes, - en s’émerveillant de sa résonance ! 
Il existe ainsi, face au « progrès » homaisien, un contre-progrès, qui n’est pas une opposition réactionnaire au progrès mais un aiguisement de forces de résistance à la restriction de l’entendement humain, une résistance, ou mieux encore, une contre-attaque, contre la destruction de l’Ame. Tel est, en effet, le paradoxe, qu’à mesure que s’accomplit la destruction de l’âme, destruction ourdie, systématique, planétaire, se précisent, en même temps, des forces contraires, d’autant plus lumineuses, exaltantes, et artistiquement accomplies, qu’elles se trouvent être plus directement menacées. Face au « progrès » de la marchandise, de la technique, du grégarisme et de la vulgarité, un contre-progrès progresse à même vitesse dans l’invisible, alliant avec une vigueur méconnue jusqu’alors « l’élégance, la science, la violence ». La formule fameuse de Rimbaud, « il faut être résolument moderne », dit ce heurt, ce jaillissement d’étincelles et d’escarbilles rayant la nuit. Etre contre-moderne, c’est être, d’une certaine façon, ultra-moderne, par la recouvrance du plus archaïque, au point d’user des mots comme un chamane, au point de restituer au langage cette originelle puissance d’évocation qui fut celle des premiers voyants, les Rishis, auteurs des premiers hymnes des védas. 
L’œuvre de Biély opère à une « rejuvénation » du Logos et de l’âme. L’écriture de Biély est une écriture des crêtes, hérissée de glaciers soleilleux. Les ardeurs et les froidures extrêmes s’exacerbent : « Là-bas, le diamant de la neige… Là-bas, de là-bas, te fixe, le même être (qui est-il ? Tu ne le sais pas) et il a le même regard (ce regard inconnaissable) dont il déchire les voiles de la nature : et en toi, il suscite quelque chose d’infiniment proche, intime, inoubliable… ». La recouvrance du Logos, répond à un appel lointain, un paysage hyperboréen, une crête éblouissante qui nous regarde, qui nous donne la mesure d’un silence terrifiant, propre à stupéfier toute parole, mais dont sont issus tous les mots que nous devons écrire. Car en amont de toutes ses définitions (logique, discours, imagination, raison) le Logos est resplendissant de silence. La descente dans les profondeurs, la géologie de l’âme, ne peut se dire que par l’écriture des crêtes et des abysses ; le voyage au centre incandescent requiert les aiguilles de glace, la brûlure du froid qu’environne l’aurore boréale de la mémoire. Dire la « mémoire de la mémoire », c’est dénouer l’entrelacs du Logos, et le renouer autrement, comme l’aurore dénoue la nuit qui fut elle-même le dénouement du jour. 
En materia de sufrimiento Fiodor M. Dostoyevski no hablaba de oídas.
Un individuo resentido, cicatero, cruel. Una risotada brutal que procede de la noche de los tiempos. El “hombre del subsuelo” es el primer antihéroe de la historia de la literatura. Con él Dostoyevski comienza a ser Dostoyevski. Décadas antes de Sigmund Freud el autor ruso desciende al sótano del subconsciente y da la palabra a ese hombrecillo oculto, aherrojado en los grilletes de la civilización y del progreso. Un individuo que se revela como un reaccionario salvaje. Y que la emprende contra una de las manías favoritas de la modernidad y del progreso: ¿a qué viene esa obligación de ser, a toda costa, felices? ¿Es eso de verdad lo que queremos?
El sueño del progreso produce monstruos
El homúnculo vive de espaldas a la “auténtica vida”, a la “vida viva”: dos conceptos clave para Dostoyevski. “No hay nada más triste para el autor de Memorias del subsuelo – señala Bela Martinova – que una persona que no sabe vivir; que un hombre que ha perdido el instinto, la intuición certera de saber dónde habita la “fuente viva de la vida”. Dostoyevski es uno de los primeros que olfatea ese progresivo distanciamiento entre el hombre europeo y la realidad primigenia, ese ocultamiento de lo real. Dostoyevski ya había calado al urbanita de nuestros días, desarraigado y alienado, perdido en una realidad virtual de necesidades inducidas, arrancado de la “vida viva”. El hombre del subsuelo agarra al ese hombre por las solapas, lo zarandea violentamente y le obliga a mirarse en el espejo: ¡Ecce Homo Festivus!
Estas palabras resumen a la perfección los sentimientos de su autor frente a Europa. Dostoyevski fue un ferviente y apasionado patriota europeo. Frente a la imagen que suele tenerse de los eslavófilos como chauvinistas antieuropeos, el autor de Crimen y Castigo dedica sus páginas más tiernas y vehementes a hacer el elogio de Europa en términos que pocos occidentales han empleado jamás.
El mesianismo del autor de Crimen y castigo es grandioso, resplandeciente, místico, apasionado, paradójico… y totalmente utópico. Es decir, está más allá de cualquier análisis racional. Parece además contradictorio con otras posiciones de su autor. ¿Acaso no se rebelaba el “hombre del subsuelo” contra los cánticos a la armonía universal? ¿Acaso no era Dostoyevski – señalábamos antes – partidario de un pluralismo de los valores, absolutamente contrario a cualquier forma de imposición hegemónica? ¿Cómo se concilia eso con su idea del pueblo ruso como agente mesiánico-universal?
Limonov fut pour moi une « révélation ». J’ai toujours eu un tropisme pour l’Est. Ma découverte de la Mitteleuropa dans un premier temps, puis un passage par la Sibérie dans un second temps, sur les pas de Michel Strogoff, de Corto Maltèse et de Sylvain Tesson ne feront que le confirmer ! 
Still, he was secure in his wildly successful record as prime minister. In the Russia he loved, the economy was strong, people were working, and the threat of revolution which had haunted the Romanovs for decades had finally subsided. War was also no longer on the horizon. Recently, he had convinced the Tsar not to mobilize against Austria-Hungary over a pesky affair in the Balkans. Foreign policy was so easy for Stolypin; he never understood why people struggled with it. As Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn tells us in the expanded version of August 1914:
When Solzhenitsyn first published August 1914 in 1971, he hadn’t included the Stolypin and Bogrov chapters. When he did, slightly more than a decade later — after having gained access to Western libraries during his exile from the Soviet Union — he added ten chapters and nearly 200 pages, much of which was in small type and dealt with the minutiae of Stolypin’s interactions with the Duma. If Solzhenitsyn’s nationalism and his Judeo-skepticism had been in any doubt before he published the expanded version of August 1914, this was the work that began to remove it.
Solzhenitsyn’s critics also overlooked how Solzhenitsyn took a similar approach with his depiction of his near-psychotic Lenin in 
August 1914 also contains one of the few wholly positive Jews in Solzhenitsyn’s fiction: Ilya Isakovich Arkhangorodsky. Based on a real-life benefactor of Solzhenitsyn’s mother, this character is a wealthy and well-respected engineer who embodies the conundrum of nationalism among racial minorities. To whom should the minority pledge its allegiance? To its nation or to its nation within a nation? The middle-aged Ilya Isakovich belongs in the former category. Late in the book, during the early days of the war, he entertains an engineer friend over lunch with his family. Included are his radical daughter Sonya and her friend Naum — both fervent believers in revolution.
Stolypin saw Christianity as being historically bound with Russia, and saw that adhering to Russia’s historical principles would be the antidote to rootless socialism. He saw patriotism as a necessary virtue. He was also a great defender of the Autocracy and its divine mandate. Most of all, he was a Russian who believed that ethnic Russians should control Russia — just as many white nationalists in the West today believe that whites should remain in control of their ancient homelands.
Le rejet de la religion est-il vraiment la source de tous les maux de l’Occident ?
Zinoviev décrit très bien le redoutable mondialisme qui naît du défunt et redouté communisme :
A la fin des années 90 les socialistes sont de pures canailles (voyez aussi les excellents pamphlets de Guy Hocquenghem et de mon éditeur Thierry Pfister qui datent des années 80) :
« En littérature, c’est la même chose. La domination mondiale s’exprime, avant tout, par le diktat intellectuel ou culturel si vous préférez. Voilà pourquoi les Américains s’acharnent depuis des décennies à faire baisser le niveau culturel et intellectuel du monde : ils veulent baisser au leur pour pouvoir exercer ce diktat. »
His first Russian literary publications, signed with pseudonym Syrin (the name of the mythological paradise bird), were printed by emigrant press (“Mashenka”, “The Defence”). Some short stories and lyrical poems where he depicted the drama and tragedy of the Russian refugees, the downfall of their first hopes and their despair (an emigrant chess-player Luzhin in “The Defence” committed a suicide by jumping out of the window) were accepted with understanding by readers. One of them was Ivan Bunin, the Noble Prize winner for literature and one of Nabokov’s authorities of that time.
“The Gift” ’s author doesn’t say many words about his favorite writers in a direct way. You just see their reflections or allusions to their aesthetics, feel their invisible breathing. At the same time he dedicates the whole chapter 4 to the biography of Nikolai Chernyshevskiy, a famous revolutionary-populist (narodnik) and a spiritual father in the person of Lenin that becomes the negative center of the novel. Nabokov follows the example of Dostoevskiy’s “Demons” and gives a caricature portrait of the revolutionary, but he makes it in a different manner. Not to be boring, Nabokov retells the Cherdyntsev’s utilitarian and socially limited ideas in the black ironic verse.
He finished the book of memories – its first title “Conclusive Evidence” (1951) – later changed into “Speak, Memory” by the author -, where he described in a pure classic manner his happy childhood in a family village Rozhdestveno near St. Petersburgh, portrayed with infinite tender his parents and represented the general life atmosphere of a good old pre-revolutionary Russia.
Nabokov tried to defend himself. He said that “Lolita” couldn’t be considered as anti-American. While composing the story, he tried to be an American writer. What one should bear in mind he was not a realistic author, he wrote fiction. It had taken Nabokov some forty years to invent Russia and Western Europe. And at that moment he faced the task of inventing America. He didn’t like Humbert Humbert. Indeed that character was not an American citizen, he was a foreigner and an anarchist. Nabokov disagreed with him in many ways, besides, nymphets like his, disagreed, for example, with Freid or Marx.
Nabokov’s critical biography by Nikolai Gogol (a non-Christian interpretation of a Christian author were the first books, published in the Soviet Union. But his “Lectures on Russian Literature”, “Lecture on Literature” (on Western Europe), “Strong Opinions” where he collected some interviews, letters and articles were unknown until post-soviet times.
Rozanov développe sa pensée religieuse : elle n’est pas directement centrée sur l’Eglise orthodoxe, qu’il n’abandonnera toutefois jamais, car, malgré ses lacunes et ses travers, elle réserve pour ses fidèles un espace de chaleur inégalée : on y enterre ses parents, ses proches, on y marie ses enfants. Le corps de l’Eglise, ce sont ses rites qui rythment la vie, celle du foyer, du nid. D’emblée, on le voit, la critique antireligieuse de Rozanov n’est pas celle des positivistes et des libéraux, dont il perçoit les idées comme également pétrifiées ou en voie de pétrification. Le noyau central de sa critique de l’orthodoxie russe est vitaliste. La doctrine chrétienne est hostile à la vie, au désir. Elle s’est détachée de l’« arbre de la vie », alors que l’Ancien Testament, qu’il revalorise, y était étroitement attaché. L’Evangile, qui, pour lui est un poison mais non au sens où l’entendait Maurras, véhicule une profonde tristesse, un deuil permanent. Il n’est pas tellurique, encore moins phallique. Il méconnait le rire et l’amour charnel, seul amour véritable. Mais fidèle à sa manière de dire aussi, et dans la foulée même de ses écrits provocateurs, le contraire de ce qu’il vient d’affirmer, Rozanov chante les vertus du monachisme européen, générateur d’un être hermaphrodite et monacal, qui est parvenu à sublimer à l’extrême les instincts vitaux et, par là même, à générer la civilisation en Europe. Ce monachisme créateur a toutefois cédé le pas à l’infertilité évangélique en Europe, si bien qu’à terme tout deviendra « ombre ». Ce n’eut pas été possible si la religion avait été plus charnelle, plus solaire, plus fidèle aux cultes antiques de la fertilité, dixit Rozanov, l’inclassable, car le soleil est là, est l’élément le plus patent du réel (sans double), sans lequel aucune vie, ni élémentaire ni monacale n’est possible, sans lequel les liturgies cycliques n’ont aucun sens. Comme David Herbert Lawrence, Rozanov réclame un retour de la religion au cosmos pour que la théologie ne soit plus un grouillement sec de radotages syllogistiques mais la voix du peuple paysan qui chante le retour du printemps. 
La disparition du cadre doux du domostroï et l’a-cosmicité, l’anti-vitalisme, de la religion officielle sont les vecteurs du déclin final de la civilisation européenne. Sans vitalité naturelle, une civilisation n’a plus l’énergie d’agir ni la force de résister. Elle a perdu toute étincelle divine. Lev Gumilev, qui déplore la disparition des passions, Edouard Limonov, récemment décédé, qui parle d’un Occident devenu un « grand hospice », Alexandre Douguine, qui développe sa critique particulière de l’Occident, sont des échos lointains de ce vitalisme de Rozanov. Préfigurant également Heidegger, Rozanov déplore l’envahissement de nos foyers par l’opinion publique/médiatique, qui décentre nos attentions et disloque la cohérence de nos nids. Nous sommes dans un processus de « sociétarisation » qui détruit les communautés archaïques, dissout les ciments irrationnels et les remplace par un bla-bla intellectuel pseudo-rationnel. La politique est dès lors dominée par cet intellectualisme infécond et tout ce qu’elle produit comme idéologies ou comme programmes mérite le mépris. Rozanov formule donc un credo apolitique. Si la révolution bolchevique, survenue pendant la rédaction des Feuilles tombées, réussit à bouleverser de fond en comble l’édifice impérial tsariste, c’est parce qu’elle est portée par la vitalité des moujiks qui se sont engagés dans l’Armée Rouge. La révolution est une manifestation de la jeunesse, écrit-il, qui veut autre chose qu’un empire sclérosé. 
In 1975, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn excised the several Lenin chapters from his massive and unfinished Red Wheel epic and compiled them into one volume entitled Lenin in Zürich. At the time, only one of these chapters had been published — in Knot I of the Red Wheel, known as August 1914 — while the remaining chapters would still have to languish in the author’s desk drawer for decades before appearing as part of The Red Wheel proper (November 1916 and March 1917, specifically). In order to save time and make an impression on his contemporaries, many of whom in the West still harbored misplaced sympathies for Lenin, Solzhenitsyn decided to share with the world his eye-opening and unforgettable treatment of the Soviet Revolutionary.
A man known as Parvus appears foremost among the Jews in Lenin in Zürich. Born Izrail Lazarevich Gelfand, he comes across, at least to Lenin, as an enigmatic and somewhat unscrupulous capitalist and millionaire who, for some reason, dedicates his life to socialist causes. Either this, or he wishes to destroy Russia while exhibiting a suspicious allegiance to Germany. Parvus, along with his protégé Leon Trotsky, had tried and failed to overthrow the Tsar in 1905, and now offers a new plan: With his deep contacts in the German government, he will arrange for the Bolsheviks’ to travel through Germany in order to re-enter Russia where they can foment revolution against a weakened Tsar. This would serve not only Lenin but Parvus’ German friends as well by knocking Russia out of the war. Suspicious of Parvus’ outsider status, and especially of his tolerance of Lenin’s detested Mensheviks, Lenin at first refuses. However, he cannot shake his respect and fascination for this mysterious benefactor.
Another Jew who figures prominently in Lenin in Zürich is Radek (born Karl Berngardovich Sobelsohn). Lenin has tremendous respect for Radek as a writer and propagandist — that Radek had become one of the Soviet Union’s most prominent journalists years after Lenin’s death certainly justifies Lenin’s esteem. In all, he is clever and resourceful and the only person to whom Lenin would voluntarily surrender his pen. After the February Revolution in Russia, as Lenin prepares for travel back to his home country according to Parvus’ plan, Radek contrives ingenious solutions to formidable logistical problems that threaten to sink the enterprise. This makes Lenin, for one of the few times in the book, truly happy.
Comme Tocqueville, on prévoit un troupeau bien doux et obéissant :
Nikolai Berdyaev in The Russian Idea affirms what Spengler describes:
TARAS BULBA
Reduce God to the attribute of nationality?…On the contrary, I elevate the nation to God…The people is the body of God. Every nation is a nation only so long as it has its own particular God, excluding all other gods on earth without any possible reconciliation, so long as it believes that by its own God it will conquer and drive all other gods off the face of the earth. …The sole ‘God bearing’ nation is the Russian nation… (Dostoyevsky, 1992, Part II: I: 7, 265-266).
Suite à une affectation paternelle, le garçon grandit dans la ville industrielle de Kharkov aujourd’hui en Ukraine. Ce surdoué fut d’abord « un lecteur assidu, dévorant tout ce qui [lui] tombait sous la main (1) ». Au collège, il joue au garnement insupportable avec des résultats scolaires décevants. À la fin de l’adolescence, il commet des larcins mineurs. Mortifié d’être exempté du service militaire, ce myope ne supporte plus la pesante ambiance sous Khrouchtchev et Brejnev. Incontrôlable et provocateur, il quitte l’Union soviétique en 1974. Quelques plumitifs y ont vu l’indice que derrière une apparente attitude dissidente culturelle et artistique, Limonov aurait été un agent clandestin du KGB au même titre d’ailleurs que l’« arctiviste onanophobe » Piotr Pavlenski…
Libéré, Limonov se rapproche de l’opposition libérale anti-Poutine. Il purge alors diverses peines de détention administrative en tant que principal animateur de la contestation en 2010 – 2011. Il se ravise en 2014 et se sépare des libéraux quand le président russe soutient indirectement la révolte de Donetsk et de Lougansk, et annexe la Crimée. Ses livres, Le Vieux (Bartillat, 2015) et Kiev Kaputt, justifient ce surprenant revirement, car « Poutine ne s’est pas réconcilié avec Limonov (9) ». S’il salue la diplomatie du Kremlin, il continue néanmoins à s’opposer au poutinisme intérieur, économique et sociale. Il affirme « être plus radical et plus à droite que le pouvoir dans le domaine de la politique extérieure (10) ». En revanche, « je suis beaucoup plus à gauche que le pouvoir en politique intérieure, poursuit Limonov. J’exige la nationalisation de l’industrie gazière et pétrolière. J’exige la confiscation des biens des grosses fortunes, la privation pour celles-ci de la citoyenneté russe et leur expulsion de Russie (11). »
Il confirme à Axel Glydén qu’« en Occident, vous êtes vieux, archaïques et vous allez tous mourir, au sens intellectuel du mot. À force de ressasser le passé, vos cerveaux sont encombrés d’interdits. Et vous allez faire du surplace pendant des siècles. Les intellectuels français sont manichéens. Hantés par le passé, ils sont enfermés dans des dogmes (14) ». Ayant connu la « stagnation » brejnévienne du début des années 1970, Édouard Limonov perçoit une stagnation mortifère qui imprègne à son tour l’Occident.
D'une poignée de main ferme, il accueillait les visiteurs sans manières dans son appartement de 100 mètres carrés à la déco minimaliste: quelques chaises, un bureau en formica, un fauteuil en skaï et, sur les murs gris, trois ou quatre photos où l'on reconnaissait le maître des lieux, pour la plupart des clichés pris à Paris, dans le Marais, où il avait vécu au début des années 1980, et devant Notre-Dame. 
Cette manière de parler peut être déstabilisante. Elle est aussi rafraîchissante. Car, au moins les propos de Limonov procédaient-ils d'une pensée réellement personnelle, hors sol et hors cadre, qui a le mérite d'interroger les certitudes. Tout en l'écoutant énoncer ses vérités dégoupillées, il fallait toujours se demander si elles étaient à prendre au second ou au troisième degré. Tout bien réfléchi, c'était au premier. 
Qui, parmi les lecteurs contemporains, souhaite encore lire de pareilles formules, et qui, parmi les marchands qui font profession de fournir de la matière imprimée, aurait encore envie de fourguer une telle camelote ? Non, soyons sérieux, ce genre de sortie, et plus encore le comportement qu'elle suppose, datent d'une autre époque, époque, fort heureusement, révolue pour nous, qui sommes gens évolués et accomplis. En outre, le bonhomme eu l'impudence de critiquer Dostoïevski ! Du moins, ce qui à notre époque revient au même, certaines idées avancées par l'auteur des Frères Karamazov. Ainsi l'obscur et impudent, à propos de Crime et châtiment, a-t-il osé écrire que «Sonia... n'a pas lu les Pères de l'Église» ! Voilà qui le rend «suspect» et par trop réactionnaire, même pour les chrétiens ! Pourtant Leontiev ne dit pas là autre chose que Chesterton lorsque celui-ci écrit qu’«En dehors de l'Église les Évangiles sont un poison», proposition raisonnable et si juste de la part d'un Britannique. «Toutes les idées modernes sont des idées chrétiennes devenues folles» : là encore, l'amateur éclairé opinera du chef et se régalera d'une telle sagacité bien audacieuse. Mais que ce grand Russe, petit écrivain compromis par sa «proximité avec le régime», se permette d'écorcher, pour les mêmes motifs, ce que la Russie nous a donné de meilleur, qu'il s'en prenne à ce style psychologique qui a fait, justement, le régal des belles âmes, voilà ce qui est proprement impardonnable. 
Et puis surtout, que pourrions-nous bien en faire de ce furieux vieux bonhomme qui a osé écrire 
Selon lui, cette loi quasi cyclique s'observe dans tous les domaines des civilisations historiques. Et, ce que nous appelons unanimement progrès, il le distingue très nettement de ce processus de développement, le nommant «diffusion» ou «propagation» et l'attachant à cette phase dissolvante de «simplification syncrétique secondaire» : «[…] l'idée même de développement correspond, dans les sciences exactes d'où elle a été transférée dans le champs historique, à un processus complexe et, remarquons-le, souvent contraire au processus de diffusion, de propagation, en tant que processus hostile à ce mécanisme de diffusion» (4).
On reprend donc Raskolnikoff dans ces pages immortelles :
« En un mot, je démontre que non seulement les grands hommes, mais tous ceux qui sortent tant soit peu de l’ornière, tous ceux qui sont capables de dire quelque chose de nouveau, même pas grand-chose, doivent, de par leur nature, être nécessairement plus ou moins des criminels. »
Does this sound like it was written by an anti-Semite? Maybe it does to someone as dishonest and as blinkered as Cathy Young. Maybe it does to someone who wishes to enforce a program of mandatory philo-Semitism among the goyim. But to everyone else, it just seems like it was written by the same man who thirty years earlier told Russians they should “err . . . on the side of exaggeration” when it comes to repentance . . . but only if that repentance is mutual.
