Ce ne sont pas des gouvernements, ce sont des managers de la nouvelle classe dirigeante mondiale

Ce ne sont pas des gouvernements, ce sont des managers de la nouvelle classe dirigeante mondiale

José Vicente Pascual

Source: https://posmodernia.com/no-son-gobiernos-son-gestores-de-...

Emil Cioran a dit - et si Cioran l'a dit, cela doit être vrai - que les suicides préfigurent les destins lointains de l'humanité. Bien sûr, cet éloignement temporel de la catastrophe a été prédit il y a cinquante ans. Nous avons fait quelques progrès. Comme premier signe annonciateur de la fin - c'est-à-dire de la fin de la démocratie et du bien-être tels que nous les avons connus en Occident - nous voyons le renoncement des gouvernements nationaux à agir comme ce qu'ils sont censés être, c'est-à-dire des gouvernements, et, dans la foulée, pour devenir des employés techniques de l'ordre mondial globalisé. Le principe de la souveraineté nationale, intouchable, intangible jusqu'à il y a quelques décennies, est devenu, au nom du nouveau paradigme autodestructeur -suicidaire- de l'Occident, un détail bureaucratique-administratif qui peut être préservé dans certaines occasions, les moins graves, tandis que dans des scénarios complexes qui exigent des réponses efficaces, ce principe de souveraineté est présenté à la population comme inopérant, inutile pour la défense des intérêts communs et, en bref, comme un obstacle pour affronter les grands défis de notre temps.

De cette façon, les oligarchies mondialistes sont constamment occupées à générer des états d'alerte, d'urgence, de mettre en scène des problèmes qui seraient caractéristiques d'"un monde global" qui exigeraient le renoncement à la souveraineté des États - c'est-à-dire à celle des citoyens - afin de remettre le pouvoir de décision à des organismes supranationaux qui géreront chaque urgence selon des critères fixés par des "experts", par la "science" ou par des politiciens installés au sommet de l'exécutif international, aussi inconscients du bien quotidien de ceux qu'ils administrent que de toute velléité de s'en occuper. Pandémies, guerres, inondations migratoires, catastrophes climatiques, crises financières et énergétiques, pénuries de matières premières, montée du populisme et de l'"extrême droite", terrorisme de tous bords... La nouvelle classe dirigeante mondiale s'est spécialisée dans la création d'un état d'anxiété permanent au sein de la population, un sentiment perpétuel de calamité imminente, de ruine de la civilisation et de la planète, à moins que nous ne les écoutions et suivions aveuglément leurs directives, que nous leur obéissions et que nous normalisions le renoncement à la propriété de notre destin dans l'histoire en échange du sentiment d'être en sécurité, entre leurs mains. C'était le plan il y a longtemps. Petit à petit, sans relâche, ils le réalisent.

Le citoyen ordinaire - je parle toujours de notre environnement civilisationnel et culturel - a été convaincu que les libertés individuelles, le droit à la vie privée, l'équité dans la relation avec l'État et même le droit à son propre corps et à gérer sa santé comme bon lui semble sont de véritables entraves à la bonne administration du bien commun. Qu'un policier local puisse exiger un certificat de vaccination de n'importe quel citoyen pour le laisser entrer dans un bâtiment public est une aberration aussi grande qu'un voisin qui peut tout enregistrer avec son téléphone portable et dénoncer son voisin d'en face pour avoir promené son chien après dix heures du soir. Ces deux cas réels nous paraissent pourtant logiques - d'une logique atroce - dans un monde où la liberté et la dignité, la fierté d'être des citoyens à part entière, ne signifient plus rien, ne sont rien en comparaison des pouvoirs exorbitants que s'attribuent les gouvernants sous prétexte de se soucier du bien de la majorité. De plus, les cas d'ingérence décrits ci-dessus, aussi scandaleux qu'ils puissent paraître, sont insignifiants, presque une anecdote par rapport à l'essentiel de l'interventionnisme despotique à des niveaux supérieurs : l'économie, la géopolitique, l'utilisation stratégique de l'énergie, les politiques de santé mondialisées, les relations interpersonnelles, les adaptations successives des lois au profit criminel des privilégiés impunis, l'éducation...

Dans ces conditions, quel sens y a-t-il à supposer que nous sommes encore des citoyens libres, ayant le droit d'élire nos gouvernants et de leur demander des comptes sur leur gestion ? Non, et en aucun cas : nous n'élisons pas ceux qui nous gouvernent, mais ceux qui doivent gérer l'application impitoyable du plan à long terme défini par les élites et qui préfigure un destin sans visage et sans âme pour le gros de la piétaille humaine.

Dans le temps : nouvelles pandémies, nouveaux cataclysmes éco-environnementaux, nouvelles guerres et migrations sans fin, nouvelles recrudescences du terrorisme islamiste et de toute autre origine, nouvelles prophéties sur l'épuisement des ressources énergétiques, le réchauffement climatique, la fin du monde... Et quand nous irons voter, nous le ferons avec la trépidation de ceux qui cherchent d'urgence non pas ceux qui peuvent nous réveiller du cauchemar mais ceux qui sont capables de négocier une capitulation plus ou moins acceptable avec les monstres. Dans la lutte contre l'adversité, nous n'aspirons plus à gagner mais à mériter une capitulation qui nous fasse souffrir le moins possible. Nous avons normalisé le fait de ne pas joindre les deux bouts, d'avoir froid en hiver ou de payer des factures astronomiques d'électricité/gaz -qui peut encore le faire-, les rayons à moitié vides dans les supermarchés, les pensions de misère et les salaires de misère, les portes fermées des centres de santé, les listes d'attente intolérables pour toute démarche administrative, l'interdiction de circuler en voiture dans les centres-villes à moins de payer la redevance "écologique" correspondante... Nous avons normalisé l'acceptation de sociétés déstabilisées, sans fondement dans l'histoire et sans projet commun pour l'avenir, dans lesquelles chaque individu survit comme il peut tandis que le collectif aspire au baume de l'État comme seul remède. Et toutes ces normalités et bien d'autres qui nous conduisent au néant heureux du mendiant reconnaissant sont appelées "progrès" par les élites qui nous commandent et aussi par ceux qui nous gouvernent. Oui, en effet : les suicides préfigurent les destins lointains de l'humanité. Quoique, soyons pour une fois des optimistes avertis : pas si lointain.

Les 5 principales tendances géostratégiques du nouvel ordre mondial selon Biden

Les 5 principales tendances géostratégiques du nouvel ordre mondial selon Biden

Andrew Korybko 

Source: https://novaresistencia.org/2022/04/06/as-5-principais-tendencias-geoestrategicas-da-nova-ordem-mundial-de-biden/?amp=1#.Yk5vPxViPhU.twitter

Quiconque pense que les États-Unis ont tout simplement été vaincus dans le scénario actuel et qu'ils se retireront en Amérique du Nord se trompe. L'élite américaine est déjà en train de calculer ses pertes et de se réorganiser pour prendre la direction du monde post-Ukraine et post-pandémie.

Le président américain Joe Biden a déclaré lundi : "Il va y avoir un nouvel ordre mondial, et nous devons le diriger, et nous devons unir le reste du monde libre pour le faire". Jusqu'à ce moment-là, l'expression même de "Nouvel Ordre Mondial" (NOM) était traitée comme une supposée "théorie du complot" et impitoyablement supprimée dans le discours médiatique hégémonique, bien que l'ancien président américain George H.W. Bush soit responsable de l'introduction du concept vers la fin de l'ancienne guerre froide. Cependant, maintenant que Biden a publiquement prononcé cette phrase, il n'est plus "politiquement incorrect" d'en parler. En effet, elle pourrait même faire partie du récit officiel dans un avenir proche. L'objectif de cet article est d'identifier les cinq principales tendances géostratégiques du Nouvel Ordre Mondial de Biden et de prédire sa trajectoire future.

Le bloc occidental dirigé par les États-Unis s'est consolidé

La réaction sans précédent et planifiée à l'avance de l'Occident dirigé par les États-Unis à l'opération militaire spéciale de la Russie en Ukraine a servi à consolider ce bloc sous l'hégémonie américaine. L'UE a sacrifié sa souveraineté stratégique à son mécène transatlantique sous le prétexte de "se défendre contre la menace russe", bien que cela entraîne d'énormes conséquences économiques, lesquelles sont auto-infligées. Ce résultat sera exploité par l'Axe anglo-américain pour chasser les concurrents de leurs entreprises, racheter certaines de celles qui restent et endommager définitivement la compétitivité globale du bloc dans un avenir prévisible. Le modèle hégémonique activement mis en œuvre par les États-Unis ces jours-ci pourrait également être utilisé pour réduire et finalement rompre les relations entre la Chine et l'UE.

La Russie accélérera sa réorientation stratégique majeure

La grande puissance eurasienne a réorienté son principal axe stratégique vers le Sud depuis le début des sanctions occidentales orchestrées par les États-Unis en 2014, mais elle va accélérer cette tendance car elle n'a littéralement plus le choix. À son crédit, cependant, la Russie a fait des progrès impressionnants dans la région non-occidentale au cours des huit dernières années. En bref, elle se coordonne avec la Chine en tant que moteurs jumeaux de l'ordre mondial multipolaire (OMM) émergent ; elle s'appuie sur la combinaison de son Pivot Oumma avec des pays à majorité musulmane comme le Pakistan et de son partenariat stratégique réaffirmé avec l'Inde, co-leader du Neo-NAM, pour éviter de manière préventive une dépendance disproportionnée vis-à-vis de la République populaire ; elle est devenue un faiseur de roi en Asie occidentale en raison de son rôle irremplaçable en Syrie ; et elle étend rapidement son influence en Afrique et en Amérique latine également.

La neutralité renaît

Le fait que la grande majorité de la communauté internationale ait refusé de sanctionner la Russie, malgré l'immense pression américaine en ce sens, témoigne de sa volonté de rester neutre sur le théâtre de la nouvelle guerre froide en Eurasie occidentale entre la Russie et les États-Unis. De grands pays comme la Chine, l'Inde, l'Iran et le Pakistan n'ont pas non plus voté contre la Russie à l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, tout comme certains pays africains. Le renouveau de la neutralité de principe dans les relations internationales, qui sera également pratiqué de manière prévisible lorsque le théâtre eurasien oriental de la nouvelle guerre froide entre l'Amérique et la Chine s'échauffera inévitablement sur le modèle eurasien occidental avec la Russie, prouve que les États-Unis ne sont plus en mesure d'exercer unilatéralement leur volonté sur tous les autres comme dans les années 1990 et au début des années 2000.

Les alternatives non occidentales seront privilégiées

L'armement des plates-formes et systèmes occidentaux contre la Russie dans le cadre de la guerre hybride à spectre complet menée par les États-Unis contre ce pays encouragera le reste du monde qui se trouve encore en dehors de la "sphère d'influence" américaine nouvellement formalisée (c'est-à-dire les pays non occidentaux) à donner la priorité au développement rapide d'alternatives non occidentales. En effet, ils craignent, à juste titre, de finir par devenir "la prochaine Russie" s'ils continuent à affirmer de manière indépendante leurs intérêts nationaux et à rester stratégiquement autonomes. L'effet à long terme de cette tendance est que la domination des États-Unis sur les plates-formes, les systèmes et les normes disparaîtra inévitablement, ce qui pourrait les inciter à initier la "balkanisation" du système international jusqu'ici largement mondialisé avant que cela ne se produise, dans une tentative désespérée d'instrumentaliser le chaos.

Les dimensions idéologiques et systémiques de la nouvelle guerre froide

La dernière tendance qui se dégage des quatre précédentes est la division incontestée du monde entre l'Occident du "milliard d'or", dirigé par les États-Unis, et le Sud global non occidental, qui s'efforce de réaffirmer l'hégémonie unipolaire déclinante de l'Amérique sur les relations internationales ou de mettre enfin en œuvre le Nouvel ordre mondial qui était inscrit dans la Charte des Nations unies mais n'a jamais eu la chance de se concrétiser en raison de l'ancienne guerre froide, puis du bref "moment unipolaire". Actuellement, l'ordre mondial transitoire peut être décrit comme bi-multipolaire selon le modèle introduit par Sanjaya Baru, qui place les superpuissances américaine et chinoise au sommet du système, suivies des grandes puissances comparativement plus petites de l'époque, mais on ne sait pas quelle sera sa forme future.

***

Les cinq tendances géostratégiques majeures identifiées dans cette analyse se manifestent également de manière importante dans le cadre de la "Grande Réinitialisation"/"Quatrième Révolution Industrielle" (GR/4IR) en cours, dont les processus de changement de paradigme à large spectre ont été accélérés par les efforts non coordonnés de la communauté internationale pour contenir la COVID-19 ("Guerre mondiale C"), que même la Russie a embrassée dans une certaine mesure conformément à ses propres intérêts tels que ses dirigeants les comprennent. Les observateurs ne doivent pas oublier ce contexte socio-économique, même si les questions géopolitiques et militaires priment aujourd'hui dans la conscience publique. Pris ensemble, ces facteurs vont tout remodeler et constitueront donc sans aucun doute le noyau du Nouvel Ordre Mondial dont Biden a parlé en début de semaine.

Source : Revue Orientale

Informatique et nouvel ordre mondial: un rappel de Claude Lévi-Strauss

Informatique et nouvel ordre mondial: un rappel de Claude Lévi-Strauss

Nicolas Bonnal

Le nouvel ordre mondial se met en place sur fond d’apparent effondrement américain : en réalité GAFA et oligarques se foutent du peuple américain, devenu un troupeau réductible et contrôlable comme un autre. Certains risquent d’être déçus par le comportement des Talibans qui se sont vus régaler le pays, relâchés par les Américains, et dont certains leaders ont été préparés par le Dr Seligman et les procédés de Guantanamo. 

En réalité on se prépare à la monstrueuse fourmilière électronique dans tous les pays, musulmans, chinois ou autre, et on cherche comme en France et en Europe à contrôler la masse par le « virus » et par cette informatique qui nous a réduits à l’état de bêtes ou pour mieux dire d’insectes (prédiction de Kojève, voyez mon texte). On a vu que le Ghana sera le premier pays à utiliser la biométrie sans contact dans le programme national de vaccination.

On ignore les corps, on attaque l’esprit, et cet esprit, conformément aux prédictions de Tocqueville (et de Thulsa Doom du film Conan) permet de faire agir le groupe de primates comme la colonie de fourmis.

En France on comprend enfin que leur Informatique sert à recréer des castes. Ceux qui ne seront pas vaccinés seront traités un certain temps comme des sous-hommes en attendant leur extermination par une élite qui, comme Enthoven, les trouve fous et dangereux.

Il faut donc revoir le fondamental texte de Lévi-Strauss sur les origines de l'écriture: comme l’informatique, l’écriture a servi au contrôle et à l’esclavage, pas à faire de la littérature et de la poésie – qui elles-mêmes auront surtout servi à sélectionner des profs et des élèves. Pour Lévi-Strauss, « la fonction primaire de la communication écrite est de faciliter l'asservissement. »

Elle ne fut pas facteur de progrès cette écriture, tout comme cette informatique qui accélère l’effondrement culturel, musical, politique, cinématographique ou autre de notre ex-civilisation:

  « Inversement, depuis l'invention de l'écriture jusqu'à la naissance de la science moderne, le monde occidental a vécu quelque cinq mille années pendant lesquelles ses connaissances ont fluctué plus qu'elles ne se sont accrues. On a souvent remarqué qu'entre le genre de vie d'un citoyen grec ou romain et celui d'un bourgeois européen du XVIIIe siècle il n'y avait pas grande différence. Au néolithique, l'humanité a accompli des pas de géant sans le secours de l'écriture ; avec elle, les civilisations historiques de l'Occident ont longtemps stagné. Sans doute concevrait-on mal l'épanouissement scientifique du XIXe et du XXe siècle sans écriture. Mais cette condition nécessaire n'est certainement pas suffisante pour l'expliquer. »

Esclavage, castes, contrôle, voilà la fonction de l’écriture (et de l’informatique des techno-féodaux dont je parlais il y a vingt ans avant d’être plagié) :

  « Si l'on veut mettre en corrélation l'apparition de l'écriture avec certains traits caractéristiques de la civilisation, il faut chercher dans une autre direction. Le seul phénomène qui l'ait fidèlement accompagnée est la formation des cités et des empires, c'est-à-dire l'intégration dans un système politique d'un nombre considérable d'individus et leur hiérarchisation en castes et en classes. Telle est, en tout cas, l'évolution typique à laquelle on assiste, depuis l'Égypte jusqu'à la Chine, au moment où l'écriture fait son début: elle paraît favoriser l'exploitation des hommes avant leur illumination. Cette exploitation, qui permettait de rassembler des milliers de travailleurs pour les astreindre à des tâches exténuantes, rend mieux compte de la naissance de l'architecture que la relation directe envisagée tout à l'heure. Si mon hypothèse est exacte, il faut admettre que la fonction primaire de la communication écrite est de faciliter l'asservissement. »

Ne pas trop se faire d’illusions sur la poésie : « l'emploi de l'écriture à des fins désintéressées, en vue de tirer des satisfactions intellectuelles et esthétiques, est un résultat secondaire, si même il ne se réduit pas le plus souvent à un moyen pour renforcer, justifier ou dissimuler l'autre. »

Rappelons-nous que Platon dans le dialogue Phèdre tort aussi le cou à l’écriture. Le pharaon Thamous déclare au dieu Thot qui vient de l’inventer:

Le roi répondit : Industrieux Theuth, tel homme est capable d’enfanter les arts, tel autre d’apprécier les avantages ou les désavantages qui peuvent résulter de leur emploi ; [275a] et toi, père de l’écriture, par une bienveillance naturelle pour ton ouvrage, tu l’as vu tout autre qu’il n’est : il ne produira que l’oubli dans l’esprit de ceux qui apprennent, en leur faisant négliger la mémoire. En effet, ils laisseront à ces caractères étrangers le soin de leur rappeler ce qu’ils auront confié à l’écriture, et n’en garderont eux-mêmes aucun souvenir. Tu n’as donc point trouvé un moyen pour la mémoire, mais pour la simple réminiscence, et tu n’offres à tes disciples que le nom de la science sans la réalité ; car, lorsqu’ils auront lu beaucoup de choses [275b] sans maîtres, ils se croiront de nombreuses connaissances, tout ignorants qu’ils seront pour la plupart, et la fausse opinion qu’ils auront de leur science les rendra insupportables dans le commerce de la vie. »

Revenons à Lévi-Strauss qui voit aussi les pièges de l’alphabétisation au dix-neuvième siècle:

« Si l'écriture n'a pas suffi à consolider les connaissances, elle était peut-être indispensable pour affermir les dominations. Regardons plus près de nous : l'action systématique des États européens en faveur de l'instruction obligatoire, qui se développe au cours du XIXe siècle, va de pair avec l'extension du service militaire et la prolétarisation. La lutte contre l'analphabétisme se confond ainsi avec le renforcement du contrôle des citoyens par le Pouvoir. Car il faut que tous sachent lire pour que ce dernier puisse dire : nul n'est censé ignorer la loi. »

Et notre grand esprit de comprendre que tout le monde copie les Occidentaux ne fût-ce que pour les remplacer :

« Du plan national, l'entreprise est passée sur le plan international, grâce à cette complicité qui s'est nouée, entre de jeunes États - confrontés à des problèmes qui furent les nôtres il y a un ou deux siècles - et une société internationale de nantis, inquiète de la menace que représentent pour sa stabilité les réactions de peuples mal entraînés par la parole écrite à penser en formules modifiables à volonté, et à donner prise aux efforts d'édification. En accédant au savoir entassé dans les bibliothèques, ces peuples se rendent vulnérables aux mensonges que les documents imprimés propagent en proportion encore plus grande. »

L’instruction serait un mensonge ? Mazette...

Sources:

Claude Lévi-Strauss, Tristes tropiques, 1955, p. 346-347.

https://www.amazon.fr/Internet-nouvelle-initiatique-Nicol...

https://www.dedefensa.org/article/levi-strauss-et-la-civi...

https://olivierdemeulenaere.wordpress.com/2021/08/16/la-r...

https://fr.sputniknews.com/blogs/201610091028072465-kojev...

http://ww2.ac-poitiers.fr/philosophie/sites/philosophie/I...

H.G. Wells’ Dystopic Vision Comes Alive With the Great Reset Agenda

H.G. Wells’ Dystopic Vision Comes Alive With the Great Reset Agenda

 

Matthew Ehret

 

Ex: https://www.strategic-culture.org

 

In the Time Machine, society one million years in the future has evolved into two separate species called Morlocks and Eloi. The Morlocks represent the ugly dirty producers who by this future age, all live under ground and run the world’s manufacturing. The Eloi are the effect of the inbreeding of the elite, who by this time are simple-minded, Aryan, above-ground dwellers living in idleness and consuming only what the Morlocks produce. What was the trade off?

The Morlocks periodically rise above ground in hunting parties to kidnap and eat unsuspecting Eloi in this symbiotically vicious circle of life.

This famous story was written by a young British writer in 1893 whose ideas and pioneering work in shaping new techniques of cultural warfare which profoundly affected the next 130 years of human history. These ideas led to the innovation of novel techniques of “predictive programming”, and to mass psychological warfare. In contrast to the optimistic views of mankind and the future potential envisioned by the great science fiction writer Jules Verne earlier, Wells’ misanthropic tales had the intended effect of reducing the creative potential and love of humanity that Verne’s work awoke.

To restate the technique more clearly: By shaping society’s imagination of the future, and embedding existential/nihilistic outcomes within his plotlines, Wells realized that the entire zeitgeist of humanity could be affected on a profound level than simple conscious reason would permit. Since he robed his poison in the cloth of “fiction” the minds of those receiving his stories would find their critical thinking faculties disengaged and would simply take in all trojan horses embedded in the stories into their unconsciousness. This has been an insight used for over a century by social engineers and intelligence agencies whose aim has always been the willing enslavement of all people of the earth.

While he is best known for such fiction works as The War of the Worlds, The World Set Free, The Invisible Man, The Island of Doctor Morrow, and The Time Machine, Wells’ lesser-known non-fiction writings like The Open Conspiracy, The New World Order, The Outline of History, The Science of Life and The World Brain served as guiding strategic blueprints for the entire 20th century war against sovereign nation states and the very idea of a society built on the premise of mankind made in the image of God.

Thomas Huxley’s Revolution

The members of the London-centered oligarchy to which Wells had devoted himself at an early age had found themselves stuck in a rut by the turn of the 19th century. These inbred families and retainers who managed the dying British Empire had long been encrusted by the vices of decadence by the time a young man of low breeding and high talent arose amidst the London-ghettos treating syphilis patients as a surgeon’s assistant. This young surgeon’s name was Thomas Huxley.

Huxley possessed a sardonic wit, a deep misanthropy, and an intelligence that were soon discovered by powerful patrons, and by his mid-20’s, this young man found himself a rising star in Britain’s Royal Academy of Science. Here he quickly became a leading creative force, shaping Britain’s powerful X Club, serving as Darwin’s bulldog promoting popular debates featuring himself against literalist members of the clergy. In these debates he argued for Darwin’s chaos-bound interpretation of evolution. He also founded Nature magazine as a propaganda instrument which has been used to enforce scientific consensus favorable to a world empire to this very day.

Huxley chose his opponents carefully, ensuring that he could easily and publicly obliterate the arguments of simple-minded Anglican clergy, and thus convince all onlookers that the only choice they had to account for the evolution of new species was either literal Biblical creationism or his brand of Darwinian evolution. The many alternative scientific theories of the 19th century (such as those found in the works of Karl Ernst von Baer, Georges Cuvier, Lamarck and James D. Dana) which accounted for both the evolution of species, and the harmonics of all parts to a whole, as well as creative leaps were forgotten amidst this false dichotomy which this author unpacked in a recent interview.

https://youtu.be/5yAitkCMvP0

Wells Picks up Huxley’s Torch

During his later years, Huxley mentored a young H.G. Wells, together with a whole generation of new imperial practitioners of the arts of social engineering (and social Darwinism). This social engineering soon took the form of Galton’s eugenics quickly becoming an accepted science practiced across the western world.

Wells was himself the son of a lowly gardener, but, like Huxley, exhibited a strong misanthropic wit, passion and creativity lacking in the high nobility, and he was thus raised from the lower ranks of society into the order of oligarchical management by the 1890s. During this moment of vast potential- and – it cannot be restated enough- the oligarchical order that had grown overconfident during the 200+ years of hegemony were petrified to see the nations of the earth rapidly breaking free from this hegemony thanks to the under the international spread of Lincoln’s American System across Germany, Russia, Japan, South America, France, Canada and even China with Sun Yat-sen’s 1911 republican revolution.

As outlined in Cynthia Chung’s ‘Why Russia Saved the USA’, the oligarchy just no longer seemed to have the creative vitality and sophistication required to snuff out these revolutionary flames.

Wells described this problem in the following terms:

“The undeniable contraction of the British outlook in the opening decade of the new century is one that has exercised my mind very greatly… Gradually, the belief in the possible world leadership of England had been deflated by the economic development of America and the militant boldness of Germany. The long reign of Queen Victoria, so prosperous, progressive and effortless, had produced habits of political indolence and cheap assurance. As a people we had got out of training, and when the challenge of these new rivals became open, it took our breath away at once. We did not know how to meet it…”

The science of population control advanced by Huxley, Galton, Wells, Mackinder, Milner and Bertrand Russell was the basis for a new scientific priesthood and “world government” that would put a stop to the startling disequilibrium unleashed by the electric spread of sovereign nation states, protectionism and commitment to scientific and technological progress.

Fabians, Round Tablers and Coefficients: New Think Tanks Emerge

H.G Wells, Russell and other early social engineers of this new priesthood organized themselves in several interconnected think tanks known as 1) the Fabian Society of Sidney and Beatrice Webb which operated through the London School of Economics, 2) the Round Table Movement begun by the fortunes left to posterity by the racist diamond magnate Cecil Rhodes which also gave rise to the Rhodes Trust, and Rhodes Scholarship programs established to indoctrinate young talent in the halls of Oxford, and finally 3) the Co-Efficients Club of London. As noted by Georgetown Professor Carol Quigley, in his 1981 The Anglo-American Establishment, membership in all three organizations was virtually interchangeable.

Wells described the rise of these original think tanks and documented the inner elite’s inability to meet the challenge of the times saying: “Our ruling class, protected in its advantages by a universal snobbery was broad-minded, easy going and profoundly lazy… Our liberalism was no longer a larger enterprise, it had become a generous indolence. But minds were waking up to this. Over our table at St Ermin’s Hotel wrangle Maxse, Bellairs, Hewins, Amery and Mackinder, all stung by the small but humiliating tale of disasters in the South African war, all sensitive to the threat of business recession, and all profoundly alarmed by the naval and military aggressiveness of Germany.”

Fearful of the prospect of a US-Russia-China alliance outlined in depth by Fabian/Roundtable members Halford Mackinder and Lord Alfred Milner, the solution was simple: kick over the chess board and get everyone to just slaughter each other. Accounts of the British imperial efforts to orchestrate this war have been told in many locations, but none as efficiently as the 2008 documentary 1932: Speak Not of Parties.

In the wake of the destruction which left 9 million dead on all sides and ruined countless lives, Wells, Russell and the Milner Roundtable became leading voices for world government under the League of Nations (c. 1919) advocating “enlightened cosmopolitanism” to replace the era of “selfish nation states”.

The Battle For World Government

A decade after its founding, the League was less successful than Wells and his co-thinkers would have liked, with nationalists from around the world recognizing the evil hand of empire lurking behind the apparent language of “liberal values and world peace”. Sun Yat-sen, among many others was among the anti-Wellsian voices and warned his fellow Chinese in 1924 not to fall into this trap saying:

“The nations which are employing imperialism to conquer others and which are trying to maintain their own favored positions as sovereign lords of the whole world are advocating cosmopolitanism [aka: global governance/globalization -ed] and want the world to join them… Nationalism is that precious possession by which humanity maintains its existence. If nationalism decays, then when cosmopolitanism flourishes we will be unable to survive and will be eliminated”.

In response to this patriotic resistance across the world, a new strategy had to be concocted. This took the form of H.G. Welles’ 1928 The Open Conspiracy: Blueprint for a World Revolution. This little-known book served as a guiding blueprint for the next century of imperial grand strategy calling for a new world religion and social order. According to Wells:

“The old faiths have become unconvincing, unsubstantial and insincere, and though there are clear intimations of a new faith in the world, it still awaits embodiment in formulae and organizations that will bring it into effective reaction upon human affairs as a whole.”

In his book, Welles outlines the need for a new scientific gospel to supersede the Judeo-Christian faiths of the western world. This new gospel consisted of a series of tomes which he and his colleague Julian Huxley composed, entitled: 1) The Outline of History (1920) where Wells re-wrote all of history wishing this analysis to replace the book of Genesis, 2)The Science of Life (1930), co-written with Sir Julian Huxley (Thomas Huxley’s Grandson who continued the family tradition along with Aldous), and 3) The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind (1932).

Part of this immense project to create a new coherent synthetic religion to re-organize humanity involved a re-packaging of a Darwinism that was falling out of favor with many scientists of the 1920’s. They recognized its failure to account for obvious features of nature such as directionality in evolution, spirit, intention, ideas and design.

This re-packaging took the form of the “New Evolutionary Synthesis” which attempted to save Darwin’s theory and its eugenic corollaries using Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin’s doctrine of the “Omega Man”. De Chardin’s system synthesized the foundation of Darwinian assumptions with an acknowledgment of evolutionary directionality, the possibility of spirit, and the existence of mind as a force of nature. The destructive slight of hand used by Chardin was that all of these “transcendent” features of design- spirit, mind, reason, etc.- were: 1) bound to a finite future point of no change which dominated and guided all apparent change in living space time, and 2) binding the world of mind and spirit to the forces of the material world. The Chardin-Huxley-Wells remix kept Darwin’s laws relevant and kept science compatible with imperial modes of social organization.

Outlining the aims of The Open Conspiracy, Wells writes: “Firstly, the entirely provisional nature of all existing governments, and the entirely provisional nature therefore, of all loyalties associated therewith; Secondly, the supreme importance of population control in human biology and the possibility it affords us of a release from the pressure of the struggle for existence on ourselves; and Thirdly, the urgent necessity of protective resistance against the present traditional drift towards war.”

By 1933, the planned Bankers’ Dictatorship, meant to solve the four years’ long great depression and organized during the months-long London Conference, was on the verge of being sabotaged by the recently-elected American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. It was then that Wells published a new manifesto in the form of a fiction book called ‘Shape of Things to Come: The Ultimate Revolution’. This book (soon made into a Hollywood movie), served as an early tool of mass predictive programming showcasing a world destroyed by decades of global war, pandemic, and anarchy- all caused by… sovereign nation states.

The “solution” to these dark ages took the form of a masonic society of social engineers who descended from planes (Wells’ ‘Benevolent Dictatorship of the Air’) to restore order under a world government. Wells had his main character (a social psychologist) state “while the World Council was fighting for and directing and carrying on the unified World State, the Educational Control was remoulding mankind”. The social psychologists managing the World Government were “becoming the whole literature, philosophy and general thought of the world… the reasoning soul in the body of the race.”

The greatest problem to overcome, stated Wells, was “the variability of mental resistance to direction and limits set by nature to the ideal of an acquiescent cooperative world.”

Wells’ hero, Gustav de Windt, was “pre-occupied by his gigantic schemes for world organization, had treated the ‘spirit of opposition’ as purely evil, as a vice to be guarded against, as a trouble in the machinery which was to be minimized as completely as possible.”

In 1932, Wells gave an Oxford speech championing a global order run by liberal fascists saying: “I am asking for liberal Fascisti, for enlightened Nazis”. This was not paradoxical when one realizes that the rise of fascism was never a “nationalist” phenomenon as popular history books have asserted for decades but rather was the artificial consequence of a supranational financier-oligarchy from above who wished to use “enforcers” to bend their societies to a higher will.

The World Brain

By the time World War II began, Wells’ ideas had evolved new insidious components that later gave rise to such mechanisms as Wikipedia and Twitter in the form of “The World Brain” (1937) where Wells calls for reducing the English language to a “basic English” of 850 accepted words which would make up a world language. In this book, Wells states that “thinkers of the forward-looking type whose ideas we are now considering, are beginning to realize that the most hopeful line for the development of our racial intelligence lies rather in the direction of creating a new world organ for the collection, indexing, summarizing and release of knowledge, than in any further tinkering with the highly conservative and resistant university system, local, national and traditional in texture, which already exits. These innovators, who may be dreamers today, but who hope to become very active organizers tomorrow, project a unified, if not centralized, world organ to pull the mind of the world together.”

By 1940, Wells wrote the The New World Order which again amplified his message. In writing this,  he coordinated his efforts with the many Fabians and Rhodes Scholars who had infiltrated western foreign policy establishments in order to shape the the war, but more importantly, the post-war global structure. These were the networks that hated Franklin Roosevelt, Vice-President Henry Wallace, Harry Hopkins and other genuine “New Dealers” who wanted nothing more than to destroy colonialism once and for all in the wake of the war.

Wells insists that the “new age of brotherhood” that must guide the new United Nations must not tolerate sovereign nation states as FDR dreamed (and as was formally enshrined in the UN Charter) but must rather be guided by his caste of social engineers pulling the levers of production and consumption within a system of mass “collectivization” saying:

“Collectivisation means the handling of the common affairs of mankind by a common control responsible to the whole community. It means the suppression of go-as-you-please in social and economic affairs just as much as in international affairs. It means the frank abolition of profit-seeking and of every device by which human beings contrive to be parasitic on their fellow man. It is the practical realisation of the brotherhood of man through a common control”.

If Wells’ outlines look similar to those ideas recently made public by the World Economic Forum’s Great Reset, then don’t be surprised.

Wells’ Death and the Continuity of a Bad Idea

With Wells’ 1946 death, other Fabians and social engineers continued his work during the Cold War. One of the leading figures here being Wells’ associate, Lord Bertrand Russell, who wrote in his 1952 The Impact of Science on Society:

“I think the subject which will be of most importance politically is mass psychology…. Its importance has been enormously increased by the growth of modern methods of propaganda. Of these the most influential is what is called ‘education’. Religion plays a part, though a diminishing one; the press, the cinema and the radio play an increasing part… it may be hoped that in time anybody will be able to persuade anybody of anything if he can catch the patient young and is provided by the state with money and equipment.”

“The subject will make great strides when it is taken up by scientists under a scientific dictatorship. The social psychologists of the future will have a number of classes of school children on whom they will try different methods of producing an unshakable conviction that snow is black. Various results will soon be arrived at. First that the influence of home is obstructive. Second that not much can be done unless indoctrination begins before the age of ten. Thirdly verses set to music and repeatedly intoned are very effective. Fourth that the opinion that snow is white must be held to show a morbid taste for eccentricity. But I anticipate. It is for future scientists to make these maxims precise and discover exactly how much it costs per head to make children believe that snow is black, and how much less it would cost to make them believe it is dark gray.”

Although the bodies of Wells, Russell and Huxley have long since rotted away, their rotten ideas continue to animate their disciples like Sir Henry Kissinger, George Soros, Klaus Schwab, Bill Gates, Lord Malloch-Brown (whose disturbing celebration of the Coronavirus as a golden opportunity to finally restructure civilization) should concern any thinking citizen. The idea of a “Great Reset” expounded by these modern mouthpieces of history’s bad ideas signals nothing more than a new Dark Age which should turn the stomach of any moral being.

It is here useful to hold the words of Kissinger in mind who had channeled the spectre of Wells telling a group of technocrats in Evian, France in 1992:

“Today, America would be outraged if U.N. troops entered Los Angeles to restore order. Tomorrow they will be grateful! This is especially true if they were told that there were an outside threat from beyond whether real or promulgated, that threatened our very existence. It is then that all peoples of the world will plead to deliver them from this evil. The one thing every man fears is the unknown. When presented with this scenario, individual rights will be willingly relinquished for the guarantee of their well-being granted to them by the World Government.”

Le naufrage de l’ordre libéral mondial

par Leonid Savin

Ex: https://www.geopolitica.ru

Il y a quelques semaines, le président du think tank Council on Foreign Relations, Richard Haass, a publié un article intitulé « Ordre mondial libéral, RIP ». Il y établit que la menace actuelle contre l’ordre mondial libéral ne provient pas d’Etats-voyous, de régimes totalitaires, de fanatiques religieux ou de gouvernements obscurantistes (des termes spéciaux employés par les libéraux en référence à des pays qui ne s’alignent pas sur le modèle de développement capitaliste), mais de son architecte principal – les États-Unis d’Amérique.

« Nous assistons à l’émergence d’ordres régionaux. Les tentatives de construction de cadres mondiaux sont en train d’échouer. »

Haass écrit : « Le libéralisme recule. Les démocraties ressentent les effets de la montée des mouvements populaires. Les partis des extrêmes politiques gagnent du terrain en Europe. Le vote britannique en faveur de la sortie de l’Union atteste de la perte d’influence de l’élite. Même les USA subissent des attaques sans précédent de la part de leur propre président contre les médias du pays, les cours de justice et les institutions de maintien de l’ordre. Les systèmes autoritaires, y compris la Chine, la Russie et la Turquie ont acquis de l’influence. Des pays comme la Hongrie et la Pologne semblent indifférents au sort de leurs jeunes démocraties…

« Nous assistons à l’émergence d’ordres régionaux. Les tentatives de construction de cadres mondiaux sont en train d’échouer. »

Haass avait déjà publié des affirmations alarmistes, mais cette fois, il emploie cette rhétorique pour souligner la nature mondiale du phénomène. Bien qu’entre les lignes, on puisse aisément lire, d’abord un certain degré d’arrogance – l’idée que seuls les libéraux et les mondialistes savent vraiment comment administrer la politique étrangère – et ensuite, un certain complotisme.

« Les autres grandes puissances d’aujourd’hui, y compris l’UE, la Russie, la Chine, l’Inde et le Japon pourraient être critiquées pour ce qu’elles font, pour ce qu’elles ne font pas ou pour les deux. »

Cette liste pourrait probablement s’étendre à un certain nombre de pays d’Amérique latine, plus à l’Égypte qui signe des contrats de ventes d’armes avec la Corée du Nord en violation des sanctions de l’ONU, et au nouvel axe chiite Iran-Irak-Syrie-Liban.

Mais Haass est navré parce que c’est Washington elle-même qui change les règles du jeu et semble totalement indifférente à ce que vont faire ses alliés, partenaires et clients dans divers coins du monde.

« La décision de l’Amérique d’abandonner le rôle qu’elle joue depuis sept décennies marque ainsi un tournant. L’ordre mondial libéral ne peut pas survivre de lui-même, parce que les autres manquent soit d’intérêt, soit de moyens de le maintenir en vie. Le résultat en sera un monde qui sera moins libre, moins prospère et moins paisible, pour les Américains comme pour les autres. »

Un confrère de Haass au CFR, Stewart Patrick est d’accord avec lui sur le fait que les USA sont en train d’enterrer l’ordre mondial libéral. Ils ne le font toutefois pas seuls, mais avec la Chine. Si les USA avaient auparavant entretenu l’espoir que le processus de mondialisation allait graduellement transformer la Chine (et possiblement la détruire, comme dans le cas de l’Union Soviétique plus tôt), alors les Américains doivent avoir été très surpris de ce qui s’est en fait produit. Le pays s’est modernisé sans s’occidentaliser, une idée qui avait été également préconisée par le leader de la révolution islamique iranienne, l’Ayatollah Khomeini.

Aujourd’hui, la Chine étend son influence en Eurasie dans le respect de son modèle, et elle est généralement bien accueillie par ses pays partenaires.

Mais cela a été un processus douloureux pour les USA, parce qu’elle grignotait progressivement et irrévocablement son hégémonie.

« Son ambition à long terme est de démanteler le système des alliances des USA en Asie, pour le remplacer par un ordre régional de sécurité plus bienveillant (dans la vision de Pékin), dans lequel elle aurait une place d’honneur, et idéalement une sphère d’influence proportionnelle à sa puissance. L’initiative Belt and Road (nouvelle Route de la soie) fait parie intégrante de cet effort, en offrant non seulement des investissements (hautement bienvenus) dans des infrastructures pour les pays voisins, mais aussi la promesse d’une plus grande influence politique dans le Sud-Est, le Sud et l’Asie Centrale. Sur un ton plus agressif, la Chine continue de réclamer scandaleusement pour elle-même la presque intégralité de la Mer de Chine méridionale, où elle continue à bâtir ses îles artificielles, et aussi à mener des actions de provocation contre le Japon dans la Mer de Chine orientale, » écrit Patrick.

Quant aux USA, « Les États-Unis, pour leur part, sont un titan las, qui ne veut plus assumer la charge du leadership mondial, que ce soit économiquement ou géopolitiquement. Trump traite les alliances comme un racket mafieux de protection et l’économie mondiale comme une arène de compétition à somme nulle. Le résultat en est un effilochage de l’ordre libéral international sans champion prêt à investir dans le système lui-même. »

On peut tomber d’accord avec les analyses des deux auteurs sur le changement de comportement d’un secteur de l’élite américaine, mais il est lié à beaucoup plus que Donald Trump (qui est si imprévisible qu’il s’est entouré de créatures du marécage même qu’il disait vouloir drainer) ou la classe populaire nord-américaine. Il faut regarder bien au delà.

Dans son livre Nation of Devils:  Democratic Leadership and the Problem of Obedience, Stein Ringen, un politicien norvégien fort d’une longue carrière dans des institutions internationales, note, « Aujourd’hui, l’exceptionnalisme démocratique américain est défini par un système qui est dysfonctionnel à tous les niveaux nécessaires à des règlements amiables et à la loyauté… Le Capitalisme s’est effondré dans une crise due à une orgie de dérégulations. L’argent s’ingère dans la politique et mine la démocratie elle-même. » Et, en citant son confrère Archon Fung de la Harvard Kennedy School, « La politique américaine n’est plus caractérisée par le vote de l’électeur moyen, si cela avait jamais été le cas. Aujourd’hui, dans l’Amérique contemporaine, le capitaliste moyen règne, et les partis démocrate et républicain ajustent leurs politiques à des intérêts d’argent pour les attirer. » Et finalement, Mr Ringen ajoute, « Les politiciens américains réalisent qu’ils ont sombré dans un bourbier de corruption, mais ils sont piégés. »

Trump ne fait que refléter la dysfonction et les contradictions internes de la politique américaine. C’est le Gorbachev américain, mais qui a lancé la perestroïka au mauvais moment. Il doit être malgré tout concédé que si Hillary Clinton était devenue présidente, l’effondrement des USA n’en aurait été que plus douloureux, surtout pour les citoyens du pays. Nous aurions vu des réformes encore plus calamiteuses, un afflux accru de migrants, un déclin encore plus prononcé de la base industrielle du pays, et encore plus d’incitations à de nouveaux conflits. Trump tente de garder le corps de la politique nationale américaine à peu près en vie à l’aide de rustines, mais ce qu’il lui faut est une restructuration majeure, avec des réformes politiques de grande portée qui permettraient à ses citoyens de penser qu’ils peuvent jouer un rôle dans la destinée du pays.

Ces développements se sont étendus à de nombreux pays d’Europe, un continent qui, à cause de son engagement transatlantique, était déjà vulnérable et susceptible de turbulences géopolitiques dans le contexte actuel – dont l’émergence, au passage, est une des principales conséquences des politiques néolibérales elles-mêmes.

Stein Ringen continue sur ce sujet, « Les services financiers mondiaux exercent un pouvoir de monopoles sur les politiques nationales, sans une seule entrave de la part de la moindre apparence de pouvoir politique mondial. La confiance s’évapore, l’Union Européenne, la plus grande expérience historique en démocratie supranationale, est en train d’imploser… »

Il est intéressant de noter qu’une panique s’est emparée l’Europe de l’Ouest et les USA – la maison-mère de l’atlantisme, bien que diverses versions de cette recette de libéralisme aient été appliquées dans d’autres régions – par exemple, Singapour et le Brésil. Mais ils ne semblent pas aussi paniqués là-bas que dans l’Occident. C’est probablement parce que le modèle occidental de néolibéralisme n’accorde pas de liberté réelle de commerce, d’expression ou d’activité politique, mais impose plutôt un régime de soumission inscrit dans un cadre clairement défini. De sorte que la destruction du système actuel implique la perte de tous les dividendes précédemment acquis par les élites politiques libérales de l’Occident, qu’elles obtenaient en spéculant en bourse, par les mécanismes des paiements en devises étrangères (le système du dollar) et à travers les instruments des institutions supranationales (l’ONU, l’OMC et la Banque mondiale). Et, bien sûr, il y a des différences fondamentales dans la variété des cultures mondiales.

Dans son livre Le Dieu caché, Lucien Goldmann tire quelques conclusions intéressantes, qui suggèrent que les fondations de la culture occidentale ont des origines rationalistes et tragiques, et qu’une société immergée dans ces concepts qui a « aboli Dieu et la communauté… [voit rapidement]… la disparition de toutes les normes externes qui peuvent guider l’individu dans sa vie et ses actions ». Et, parce que de par sa nature intrinsèque, le libéralisme doit continuer, mécaniquement, à « libérer » l’individu de toute forme de structure (classes sociales, église, famille, société et genre, jusqu’à libérer l’homme de sa propre individualité), en l’absence de normes communes dissuasives, il est très logique que le monde occidental ait été destiné à se trouver en crise. Et la montée de mouvements populaires, de mesures protectionnistes et des politiques conservatrices dont Haass et d’autres mondialistes libéraux parlent ne sont rien de plus que des exemples de l’instinct d’auto-préservation de ces nations.

Aucun besoin de concocter des théories du complot sur l’ingérence de la Russie ou de Poutine dans les élections américaines (que Donald Trump a également niée, se contentant de noter que le seul soutien de la Russie s’est porté sur Hillary Clinton, et il est absolument vrai qu’une partie de son financement provenait de Russie). Les décisions politiques prises par l’Occident obéissent à la logique interne de la crise actuelle : comme toujours, les élites occidentales ont besoin d’un bouc émissaire. Ce bouleversement géopolitique a commencé en Occident à cause de la nature du projet occidental lui-même, qui portait les germes de sa propre destruction.

Mais comme des scénarios de développement alternatifs existent, ils érodent le système actuel. Et d’autres projets politiques commencent à remplir le vide idéologique qui résulte de l’échec de la vision libérale – à la fois dans la forme et sur le fond.

Il est donc assez probable que la crise actuelle du libéralisme enterrera définitivement le système de l’hégémonie unipolaire occidentale.

Et les mouvements populaires naissants, et le protectionnisme régional peuvent servir de base à un nouvel ordre mondial multipolaire.

___

Traduction Corinne Autey-Roussel pour Entelekheia.

https://wp.levilainpetitcanard.be/le-naufrage-de-lordre-l...

Related links

La Chine et la multipolarité

La multipolarité – définition des concepts utilisés

Ralph Peters: the concept of constant conflict

Alexandr Bovdunov

 

Ex: http://www.katehon.com

Retired Lieutenant Colonel of United States Army Ralph Peters, over the course of his military career, was in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff Intelligence and was responsible for the development of methods of future wars. Before becoming head of the department of Eurasia, he worked exclusively on finding solutions to problems of tactics. Graduating from the College of Command and General Staff of the US Armed Forces, the military expert has a master’s degree in international relations. During his service, Peters visited both professionally and personally more than 50 countries, including Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Ossetia, Abkhazia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Pakistan, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Mexico, and the Andean highlands. During the Cold War, he worked as an officer of US military intelligence for 10 years in Germany, after specializing in the Soviet Union. In retirement, he was released in 1998. Peters is known not only as an expert in the field of national and global security, intelligence, military strategy, and tactics, but also as a writer of fiction on military subjects, and as a rule he writes dystopia novels, reflecting, albeit in a different form, as well as in research papers on his visions for the near future.

The most interesting thing about the point of view of the military expert is that it directly intersects with Alexandr Dugin’s comprehension of contemporary American hegemony as “Chaord” (Chaos+order) hegemony. Moreover, recent developments in the Arab world are directly related to these concepts, and Peters is exactly in line with his ideas about US policy in the region and the world at large. The article "Constant conflict", which most clearly reflecting Peters’ approach to analysis of modern geopolitics, came in 1997 in the "Options" military magazine.

Peters describes the situation after the end of the Cold War as growing instability. The world is becoming involved in more and more conflict; no end of history is expected. Moreover, along with the processes of globalization and the process of development, a global tribalization emerges. In the article "Return of the tribes", published in the Weekly Standard magazine, he shows that while globalization creates a new global aristocracy, billions of people who have no place in this system cannot find themselves but through a new trend, which is the antithesis of globalization - tribalization which is manifested in ethnic and religious aspects. There is also the multi-million class of "soldiers": terrorists, guerrillas, members of voluntary, and clandestine groups, mercenaries operating outside the organized armies of national systems that challenge as nation-states US domination of the world. The world is becoming more dangerous and unstable.

The result of the globalization process will be the polarization of the world, strengthening its division into a winning minority and a losing majority. The last category includes not only all the countries of the "poor South", but a significant part of the population of the "rich North", where the differences in income and welfare between the rich and poor will only increase. In the article "Culture of a future conflict," Peters explains that future wars and conflicts will be determined by the inability of national governments to become effective system of distribution and control of resources. Whole cultures will play a role as competition. As a result, the class war is of such a magnitude that Marx could not imagine, and it will be combined with intercultural conflicts. They will be an integral feature of this century, defining the style and direction of conflict in the 21st century, just as the confrontation of ideologies did in the 20th.

Further computerization of society has not only positive but also negative effects. For the first time, an idea can spread faster than the most dangerous and deadly epidemics; by contaminating the mind they give rise to a new type of epidemic.

In the context of an ever-increasing flow of information, the accessibility and speed of communication processes of some societies, such as Russia, Serbia, Black Africa, and the Middle East, did not demonstrate sufficient flexibility in its assimilation and the ability to share a variety of quality information, and they will inevitably lose. And since, as Peters noted in the "Constant conflict", a country’s place in the global hierarchy of today is determined by how culture works with information, or more precisely as it adapts to the Post-Modern situation and information society, "the main task is to manage the information”. Societies that are in fear and therefore cannot control the free flow of information will not be competitive. They may own western technology for watching videos, but the West write the scripts, produce them, and collect royalties.

That is, the current globalization processes, contrary to liberal mythology, promotes dominance of some cultures and chaos and degradation of other cultures. Peters frankly calls democracy "a cleverly-liberal form of imperialism."

The resistance to the United States will become increasingly fierce.

"Those humans, in every country and region, who cannot understand the new world, or who cannot profit from its uncertainties, or who cannot reconcile themselves to its dynamics, will become the violent enemies of their inadequate governments, of their more fortunate neighbors, and ultimately of the United States. We are entering a new American century, in which we will become still wealthier, culturally more lethal, and increasingly powerful. We will excite hatred without precedent."

According to the American strategist, one of the defining conflicts of the future will be a conflict between information masters and its victims. US’ main weapon here is American mass culture, brands, followed by, should it be necessary, military intervention.

“Contemporary American culture is the most powerful in history, and the most destructive of competitor cultures. While some other cultures, such as those of East Asia, appear strong enough to survive the onslaught by adaptive behaviors, most are not. The genius, the secret weapon, of American culture is the essence that the elites despise: ours is the first genuine people's culture. It stresses comfort and convenience--ease--and it generates pleasure for the masses. We are Karl Marx's dream, and his nightmare.”

Shows, series, movies, most despised by intellectual elite - showing extreme brutality and the most frank sex - is America’s most popular cultural weapon, and whether it is bought or pirated, it is replicated everywhere. Thus, cultural horizons of humanity are established and American hegemony and its ideology thrive.

In Peter’s world of constant conflict and informational domination of the US, the main thing is not to maintain order, but the violent suppression of the competitor; a place of long-term and global strategy takes local and tactical calculation. From the point of view of Peters, we will not have to deal with conventional wars, such as realpolitik, but the conflicts posed by collective emotions, local interests, and systemic collapses.

“There will be no peace. At any given moment for the rest of our lifetimes, there will be multiple conflicts in mutating forms around the globe. Violent conflict will dominate the headlines, but cultural and economic struggles will be steadier and ultimately more decisive. The de facto role of the US Armed Forces will be to keep the world safe for our economy and open to our cultural assault. To those ends, we will do a fair amount of killing.”

In his 2008 work “Never Quit the Fight”, Ralph Peters notes that new wars will lead the United States into a war of attrition, where “wars of attrition” are a continuous war until the total destruction of the enemy. In order to win the general postmodern war, he believes it is necessary to abandon the maxim "if you break something, it belongs to you," abandon the responsibility for what happens in areas where war is being waged.

However, in the general chaos, Peters insists that America should not only be limited to local actions to maintain its superiority. America has a mission, and this mission of democratization should not be sidelined, even if a certain authoritarian regime demonstrates dedication and loyalty to the United States. The US must carry democracy, but connecting all the global information networks is not a particularly democratic way of thinking about the implications for other countries.

Another idea is redrawing the boundaries of the world's borders. Peters is the author of the famous phrase "Greater Middle East", which is published in his article "Blood borders: How a better Middle East would look" in the ‘US Armed Forces Journal’, with comments from Ralph Peters.

Of all the world leaders who are a main enemy of the United States, according to Ralph Peters, a long time has been spent specializing on Russia and Putin. In the article "Why Putin should scare us", he calls him the most effective national leader belonging to the traditions of Russian aggressive nationalism. Putin restored the imperial power of Russia, and therefore should be eliminated.

Summing up the theoretical provisions of Peters about the future state of the world of conflict, his position on democratization, the need to eliminate imperially orientated leaders who are for the redrawing of boundaries, the violation of national sovereignty, the sovereignty of (a word he often uses as a quote) - it all sounds pretty ominous. In principle, one could perceive them as mere mental theoretical constructs, generated by an extravagant US military thinker and writer, but the analysis of what Obama and previous Bush administrations did shows a similar picture of the world. Peters’ expressive texts are key to the decisions of the current American leadership tediously written in diplomatic language. Ralph Peters rightly predicted the postmodernist-chaos oriented model of behavior. It’s very strange that today he criticizes Obama for the realization of his own ideas.

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Vers un Nouvel Ordre Mondial?

Vers un Nouvel Ordre Mondial? Mais, il est déjà là!

Auteur : Bryan MacDonald

Ex: http://zejournal.mobi

Poutine a exprimé le souhait d'un « nouvel ordre du monde » capable d'assurer la stabilité de la planète. Il trouve que les États-Unis abusent de leur rôle de leader mondial. Ce qui n'a pas été suffisamment signalé nulle part, c'est que les piliers de « l'ancien régime » s'écroulent depuis des années.

Tout était pourtant si simple. Le monde était partagé en deux camps – l'Occident et le reste. Et « l'Ouest » était vraiment « the best ». Il y a 20 ans, six des économies les plus puissantes faisaient partie du camp pro-Washington.

Le leader – les USA eux-mêmes – était si loin en tête, que son Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB) était quatre fois plus grand que celui de la Chine et valait neuf fois celui de la Russie.

Le pays le plus peuplé du monde – l'Inde – avait presque le même revenu que la comparativement minuscule Italie et que le Royaume Uni. L'idée que cet ordre de choses allait changer aussi dramatiquement en à peine deux décennies aurait fait rire n'importe qui.

Aux yeux des Occidentaux, la Chine et l'Inde étaient des pays arriérés, et il leur faudrait un siècle au bas mot pour devenir des rivales potentielles. La Russie, elle, était perçue comme un cas désespéré, un pays à genoux, en proie au chaos. De telles notions, dans les années 90 étaient parfaitement justifiées.

L'économie mondiale dans les années 1990 et aujourd'hui

Tableau des dix économies mondiales les plus importantes, ajustées selon la Parité en Pouvoir d'Achat (PPA).

1995 ( en milliards d'US$)

1. USA 7.664
2. Japon 2.880
3. Chine 1.838
4. Allemagne 1.804
5. France 1.236
6. Italie 1.178
7. Royaume-Uni 1.161
8. Inde 1.105
9. Brésil 1.031
10. Russie 955

2015 (Prévisions du FMI)

1. Chine 19.230
2. USA 18.287
3. Inde 7.883
4. Japon 4.917
5. Allemagne 3.742
6. Russie 3.643
7. Brésil 3.173
8. Indonésie 2.744
9. France 2.659
10. Royaume-Uni 2.547

Le soleil couchant US

Maintenant, c'est l'Occident qui fait les frais de la plaisanterie. Le Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) estime que, dès 2015, les quatre plus puissantes économies du monde seront des membres du club connu par son acronyme, BRICS (Brésil, Russie, Inde, Chine, Afrique du Sud), et la Chine sera tête de file à la place des USA. C'est même probablement déjà le cas, les chiffres, en économie, ayant tendance à traîner derrière les faits.

L'Italie, homme malade de l'Europe, ne fait plus partie des dix du peloton de tête, et le Royaume-Uni, lanterne rouge, peine à s'y accrocher. Londres prétend toujours au titre de place financière centrale. Les seuls qui le croient encore sont les petits Anglais (« the little Englanders »). Le Royaume Uni est devenu la Julie Andrews de la géopolitique : une étoile en voie d'extinction, qui fut jadis brillante. La France est impuissante, se traînant de crise en infortune et d'infortune en crise.

Le Président US Barak Obama et la Chancelière allemande Angela Merkel

Il est trop tôt pour mettre les États-Unis au rebut. L'Empire ne va pas disparaître d'un jour à l'autre, mais son soleil est déjà bien bas dans le ciel. C'est moins la faute des États-Unis que celle de la déchéance croissante de ses alliés traditionnels.

Les deux seuls qui tiennent encore debout sont l'Allemagne et le Japon, aucun des deux n'étant cependant des acteurs militaires sérieux. La Grande Bretagne et la France ont longtemps été le fer de lance des aventures martiales. En réalité, l'Allemagne n'est pas un partenaire follement enthousiaste, parce qu'une large frange de la classe politique de Berlin est extrêmement sceptique à l'égard du pouvoir US. Pour une partie très significative de l'intelligentsia allemande, c'est Moscou le partenaire naturel, pas les États-Unis.

La montée en puissance des BRICS et d'autres économies émergentes joue un rôle majeur dans la consommation mondiale, dans le commerce mondial et dans les investissements mondiaux. D'ici 2020, le FMI estime que la Russie aura dépassé l'Allemagne et que l'Inde aura surclassé le Japon. Il prévoit également une dégringolade de l'importance mondiale des USA, de 23,7% en 2000 à 16% en 2020. En 1960, les USA représentaient 38,7% de l'économie mondiale. À l'opposé, en 1987, la Chine ne représentait que 1,6%, mais à la fin de cette décennie, elle pourra en revendiquer 20%. C'est un changement de donne sans précédent en un laps de temps aussi court.

Importance de la stabilité

Le discours de Poutine à Valdai n'a pas été un coup donné au pif ni à l'aveuglette, mais une évaluation très nuancée de ce qu'est actuellement l'équilibre du monde et de ce vers quoi on se dirige dans les années qui viennent.

Le Président russe Vladimir Poutine, pendant la rencontre plénière finale de la 11e session du Club de Discussion International de Valdai, à Sotchi

Plutôt que de se préoccuper des questions soulevées par Poutine, les médias occidentaux ont préféré shooter dans l'homme et se désintéresser de la balle. Les éditoriaux ont qualifié son discours de « diatribe » et décrété que Poutine s'en est surtout pris à la politique étrangère des États-Unis, jugée par lui anti-russe. Ils sont passés en masse à côté de la question réelle.

Le souci principal de Poutine, c'est la stabilité et sa prévisibilité, c'est-à-dire l'exacte antithèse du libéralisme occidental moderne. En fait, la position de Poutine est plus proche de celle qu'ont eue, dans le passé, des formations comme la CDU de Konrad Adenauer en Allemagne et les Tories de Harold MacMillan en Angleterre, conservateurs européens classiques s'il en fut.

Poutine est souvent très mal entendu en Occident. Ses déclarations publiques, destinées à une audience intérieure plutôt qu'internationale ( ? NdT) sont perçues comme agressives, voire chauvines. Mais les observateurs feraient bien de se rappeler qu'il est un maître de judo, dont les mouvements sont calculés pour déstabiliser l'adversaire. Si on le lit entre les lignes, Vladimir Poutine cherche le mariage, pas l'isolement.

Le Président russe considère son pays comme faisant partie d'une nouvelle alternative internationale, en union étroite avec les autres nations du BRICS, pour mettre un frein aux agressions US là où c'est possible. Poutine voit cela comme un chemin vers la stabilité. Adenauer et MacMillan l'auraient parfaitement compris. Mais les dirigeants européens actuels et les Nord-Américains ne le comprennent pas. Enivrés par la domination dont ils ont joui ces vingt dernières années, l'idée que l'ordre mondial est en train de changer à toute allure n'a pas encore fait tilt dans leurs têtes.

La réaction des États-Unis à cette nouvelle réalité constituera une question de vie ou de mort. Presque à la manière d'un dessin animé, Washington se cramponne désespérément à sa NSA, à ses gouvernements-fantômes, à son Quatrième Pouvoir pathétique à force de nullité, à sa puissance militaire dilapidée et à son terrifiant chauvinisme rampant. Son infantilisme a besoin d'un « méchant ». En une dizaine d'années ce traître de mélodrame est passé de Ben Laden, de Saddam Hussein et des « Frites de la Liberté » à la russophobie. Si la classe dirigeante américaine ne change pas de comportement, la transition vers un monde multipolaire pourrait bien ne pas se passer en douceur. C'est une crainte sérieuse, et elle est fondée.

Note :

[ On n'a pas l'habitude, ici, de corriger les gens qu'on publie, mais, quand Bryan MacDonald assimile Vladimir Poutine à Harold MacMillan, il oublie que ce dernier a gouverné un empire colonial, et même un des pires qui soient, ce qui n'est pas, jusqu'à présent, le cas de Poutine et que rien, dans son parcours ne laisse présager. ] note du traducteur.

- Source : Bryan MacDonald-Traduction c.l.

Le nouvel ordre sexuel mondial veut imposer le modèle transgenre

Laverne Cox après Conchita Wurst : le nouvel ordre sexuel mondial veut imposer le modèle transgenre

Par Pierre-Alain Depauw

 

Ex: http://medias-presse.info

La théorie du genre n’est pas qu’une idéologie farfelue enseignée dans les écoles sélectionnées pour expérimenter les ABCD de l’égalité. Les maîtres du nouvel ordre sexuel mondial ne se contentent pas de légitimer l’homosexualité, ils veulent imposer au monde l’acceptation du modèle transgenre.

Alain Escada, président de Civitas, avait souligné dans son livre Théorie du genre – L’idéologie qui voulait détruire la Création et libérer toutes les perversions humaines comment tous les vecteurs de communication (mode, cinéma, chanson, littérature, publicité, médias, école, université, pornographie,…) étaient appelés à contribuer à la propagation de cette idéologie.

Les faiseurs d’opinion doivent gaver la population planétaire d’informations destinées à banaliser ce qu’ils appellent le transgenre, individu ni homme ni femme.

Le concours Eurovision de la chanson a donc été mis à contribution pour faire de Conchita Wurst l’égérie de toutes les gay pride de cette saison.

C’est maintenant le Time qui prend le relais pour tenter de populariser Laverne Cox, transgenre devenu star de la téléréalité américaine.

Né homme, Laverne Cox est un avocat militant LGBT mais c’est son rôle dans la série Orange is the New Black qui l’a rendu célèbre. Dans ce feuilleton télévisé, Laverne Cox tient le rôle de Sophia, une détenue transgenre qui se lie d’amitié avec Piper, l’héroïne principale.

Grâce à ce vedettariat, Laverne Cox fait désormais office de porte-parole de la communauté LGBT auprès des médias.

Dans une interview accordée à Emertainment Monthly fin 2013, elle expliquait :  »Sophia est un personnage à plusieurs dimensions, un personnage qui inspire de l’empathie aux téléspectateurs. Ils se retrouvent donc à ressentir de l’empathie envers une personne transgenre ! Et pour les transgenres à travers le monde, qui ont besoin de voir des représentations de gens comme eux, c’est quelque chose de très important« . Tout est dit. Créer l’empathie pour les LGBT est un axe essentiel de la stratégie des tenants du nouvel ordre sexuel mondial.

 

articles liés

• A Singapour aussi, la théorie du genre s’enseigne à l’université, films pornos à l’appui
• De la théorie du genre à l’agender…
• Zara propose la jupe-pantalon pour homme ! La théorie du genre se propage…
• Garçons en jupe au lycée : les idéologues du genre se frottent les mains
• Conchita Wurst, la victoire de la théorie du genre à l’Eurovision
• En Italie aussi, les parents résistent à la théorie du genre et retirent leurs enfants des écoles
• Etats-Unis – Camps d’été gender pour petits garçons travestis en filles
• Andalousie – Les autorités imposent à un collège catholique qu’un petit garçon puisse se vêtir en fille
• Livres pour enfants et communautarisme juif homosexuel !
• Les transgenres dans l’armée, des USA à Israël en passant par la France…

La crisi finanziaria e il nuovo ordine economico mondiale

“L’Islam Politico alla prova del potere”, Vol. II, no. 4 L’ipotesi dell’Unione Transatlantica: breve analisi G-20 Russia: dopo il Summit di S. Pietroburgo. Il 16 ottobre a Roma Il Tibet e il problema idrico cinese nel contesto dell’Asia Meridionale Dopo Margaret Thatcher, l’Irlanda Alta velocità in Brasile: una grande occasione per le imprese italiane Il riequilibrio dell’Asia-Pacifico e il sistema di alleanze nel sud-est asiatico

La crisi finanziaria e il nuovo ordine economico mondiale

Ex: http://www.geopolitica-rivista.org

In distribuzione

Geopolitica, vol. II, no. 1 (Primavera 2013)

 
Nel 2008 una grave crisi finanziaria sistemica, legata soprattutto al fenomeno dei “derivati”, ha colpito il mondo intero, facendo ancora oggi sentire i suoi effetti sull’economia globale. Da allora, diverse ricette sono state presentate e applicate per risolvere il rallentamento della crescita, che in alcuni paesi è stagnazione e in altri, tra cui l’Italia, vera e propria recessione. I cinque anni successivi all’esplodere della crisi hanno visto fronteggiarsi le rivendicazioni dei paesi emergenti rispetto alle tradizionali potenze economiche legate al sistema di Bretton Woos, ma anche i fautori dell’austerità fiscale a quelli di un risveglio di politiche di stampo keynesiano. Cosa provoca il perdurare della crisi? Come è possibile risolverla?
274 pp, cartografie b/n, ISBN

Indice:

EDITORIALE

La globalizzazione della crisi e lo shift geopolitico (Tiberio Graziani)

FOCUS

Economia reale vs. speculazione. Una disputa irrisolta nel mezzo di rischi sistemici (Paolo Raimondi)
La crisi finanziaria e la guerra per il governo globale (Kees van der Pijl)
Lo stallo del mondo contemporaneo (Andrej Volodin)
L’inevitabile declino? L’ordine occidentocentrico alla prova dell’understretching (Davide Borsani) Peer reviewed
La crisi finanziaria e l’ordine economico mondiale (Angela De Martiis) Peer reviewed
L’oro come asset strategico in un contesto di guerre valutarie (Enrico Ferrini) Peer reviewed
Tramonto dell’egemonia americana? Implicazioni economiche e geopolitiche dei nuovi scenari energetici e tecnologici (Enrico Mariutti) Peer reviewed
Le ragioni della crisi europea. Una visione dalla periferia (Marcelo Gullo)
Europa, vantaggio posizionale ed Euro (Peter Holland)
L’Unione Europea in recessione sceglie l’austerità (Nancy De Leo) Peer reviewed
Capire la crisi europea contro l’ortodossia vigente: la Modern Money Theory e la comprensione dei sistemi monetari (Diego Del Priore) Peer reviewed
L’India e la crisi dell’eurozona (Jayshree Sengupta)
I Brics e la crisi della governance globale (Zorawar Daulet Singh)
Il Corridoio Trans-Euroasiatico Razvitie (Sviluppo): un nuovo polo di generazione di ricchezza sociale (Michail Bajdakov, Jurij Gromyko, Viktor Zjukov)
Lo sviluppo industriale innovativo e la politica dell’istruzione del Kazakhstan di oggi (Nazhen Sarsembekov)
Lotta alla corruzione e difesa degli interessi nazionali in Kazakhstan (Luca Bionda)
Le misure politico-economiche adottate dal Giappone per contrastare la crisi (Massimiliano Porto)
Il modello della knowledge-based economy: il caso di Israele (Cinzia Bianco) Peer reviewed

ORIZZONTI

La situazione degli studi geopolitici in Iran (Mohammad Reza Dehshiri)
Contro l’unità mondiale. Carl Schmitt e l’ordine liberale (Fabio Petito)

RECENSIONI

Edward Luttwak, Il risveglio del drago (Daniele Scalea)

Autori:

MICHAIL BAJDAKOV Presidente di Millennium Bank, Mosca
CINZIA BIANCO M.A. in Middle East and Mediterranea Studies (King’s College, Londra)
LUCA BIONDA Direttore di Programma nell’IsAG
DAVIDE BORSANI Dottorando di ricerca in Istituzioni e politiche (Università Cattolica di Milano)
ZORAWAR DAULET SINGH Dottorando al King’s College di Londra
NANCY DE LEO Cultore di Scienza e storia delle Relazioni Internazionali (Università Kore di Enna)
ANGELA DE MARTIIS Ricercatrice associata dell’IsAG
MOHAMMAD REZA DEHSHIRI Professore di Scienze Politiche (Facoltà di Relazioni internazionali, Ministero degli Affari Esteri della Repubblica Islamica dell’Iran)
DIEGO DEL PRIORE Ricercatore associato dell’IsAG
ENRICO FERRINI Dottore in Economia aziendale (Università di Firenze), lavora presso una società di trading e raffinazione metalli
TIBERIO GRAZIANI Presidente dell’IsAG, direttore di “Geopolitica”
JURIJ GROMYKO Direttore dell’Istituto di Ricerche Avanzate “E.L. Shiffers”, Mosca
MARCELO GULLO Professore alla Scuola Superiore di Guerra e all’Accademia Diplomatica dell’Argentina
PETER HOLLAND School of Economic Science
ENRICO MARIUTTI Laureando in Storia moderna e contemporanea (Università di Roma Sapienza)
FABIO PETITO Docente di relazioni internazionali presso la University of Sussex
MASSIMILIANO PORTO Direttore del programma “Asia Orientale” dell’IsAG
PAOLO RAIMONDI Editorialista di “Italia Oggi” e “La Finanza”
NAZHEN SARSEMBEKOV Vice-Presidente del Comitato Innovazione del partito kazako “Nur Otan”
JAYSHREE SENGUPTA Senior Fellow della Observer Research Foundation di Nuova Delhi
KEES VAN DER PIJL Professore emerito di Relazioni internazionali (University of Sussex)
ANDREJ VOLODIN Professore presso l’Accademia Diplomatica del Ministero degli Affari Esteri della Federazione Russa
VIKTOR ZJUKOV Produttore della piattaforma intellettuale RAZVITIE, Mosca

Sommari:

Il Corridoio Trans-Euroasiatico Razvitie (Sviluppo): un nuovo polo di generazione di ricchezza sociale
MICHAIL BAJDAKOV, JURIJ GROMYKO, VIKTOR ZJUKOV

L’articolo esamina le possibili trasformazioni del quadro economico-finanziario mondiale sulla base dell’idea del Corridoio Trans-Euroasiatico “Razvitie”: uno spazio di investimenti a lungo termine di tipo nuovo. Scopo di tale progetto è la creazione di un nuovo polo in grado di generare ricchezza sociale nel territorio euroasiatico, lungo cioè tutta la massa continentale. Il Corridoio Trans-Euroasiatico “Razvitie” va inteso come una complessa e dinamica rete infrastrutturale basata sull’uso di alta tecnologia e su una nuova concezione socio-culturale dello sviluppo. Una rete da realizzarsi non solo tenendo conto del sistema dei mercati esistenti ma soprattutto in considerazione della possibilità che sorgano nel futuro nuovi mercati che ancora non esistono.

Il modello della knowledge-based economy: il caso di Israele
CINZIA BIANCO

Questa analisi sostiene che il modello economico conosciuto come “knowledge economy” (economia della conoscenza, ndt.) rappresenti una valida alternativa per Stati di minore entità, soprattutto in vista degli sviluppi che hanno seguito al crisi finanziaria mondiale del 2009. Per convalidare questa tesi, sarà esposto da un punto di vista teorico e poi pragmatico il modello israeliano, una delle economie che meglio ha resistito alla recessione, e si tratterà degli Stati che già hanno applicato questo modello. L’analisi si chiuderà con delle riflessioni sulle ripercussioni a livello strategico che potrebbero verificarsi con l’acquisizione da parte di Stati minori di un nuovo ruolo sullo scacchiere geoeconomico internazionale.

Lotta alla corruzione e difesa degli interessi nazionali in Kazakhstan
LUCA BIONDA

Il governo kazako pare impegnarsi sempre più nella lotta ai suoi “cattivi ragazzi”, politici e uomini d’affari saliti coinvolti in scandali finanziari e altri reati commessi soprattutto all’estero. Ciò si inserisce nel più vasto programma nazionale di accreditamento del paese presso gli organismi internazionali e le strutture chiave dell’economia mondiale. La lotta alla corruzione costituisce una premessa indispensabile per uniformare lo sviluppo delle regioni economicamente periferiche e migliorare l’immagine del paese all’estero. Non c’è dunque da stupirsi se il governo di Astana ha deciso di correre ai ripari agendo su diversi fronti. In tale contesto si inseriscono le vicende che hanno coinvolto gli oligarchi Rakhat Aliyev (Shoraz), Mukhtar Ablyazov e diversi loro collaboratori.

L’inevitabile declino? L’ordine occidentocentrico alla prova dell’understretching
DAVIDE BORSANI

In Europa e negli Stati Uniti, la crisi finanziaria ha causato importanti ricadute sull’organizzazione delle finanze statali e sulla politica di potenza. Con il sostegno delle opinioni pubbliche, il welfare State è stata privilegiato rispetto al warfare State. Gli Stati Uniti hanno così avviato un processo di understretching, mentre l’Europa non sembra avere le risorse e la volontà di assumersi nuove responsabilità geopolitiche. Pur non crollando, il ponte che collega le due sponde dell’Atlantico poggia su due piloni traballanti. Il flusso di potenza in uscita dall’Occidente, se non invertito, potrebbe quindi cambiare l’equazione globale del potere con radicali conseguenze per l’attuale ordine mondiale.

I Brics e la crisi della governance globale
ZORAWAR DAULET SINGH

I BRICS hanno oggi l’opportunità di promuovere, all’interno della comunità internazionale, un dialogo che possa svincolarsi dal discorso dominante sulla governance globale, ampiamente screditato nell’ultimo decennio. Il primo vertice dei BRIC(S) si è tenuto nel 2009 sullo sfondo di una crisi finanziaria occidentale. I BRICS sono apparsi sulla scena mondiale in una fase in cui le potenze tradizionali stavano perdendo il loro storico dominio sull’economia mondiale. Per quale motivo l’ordine economico liberale post-1945 costruito dagli USA sta attraversando ora una profonda crisi strutturale? La globalizzazione sopravviverà alla fine dell’unipolarismo? I BRICS possono costituire un ordine mondiale alternativo? Tali sono i temi su cui riflette quest’articolo.

L’Unione Europea in recessione sceglie l’austerità
NANCY DE LEO

Le misure economiche, imposte dall’Unione Europea agli Stati vittime della crisi economico-finanziaria, non frenano la recessione economica in corso, generando danni sul piano sociale. Partendo da questa considerazione, il paper intende rivedere alcuni fondamenti economici adottati sino ad oggi dall’UE, principalmente tramite le recenti critiche dei Premi Nobel per l’economia Joseph Stiglitz e Paul Krugman. Ritorna in auge la politica economica keynesiana e si ripropongono le grandi riforme statunitensi del New Deal, all’epoca della Grande Crisi del 1929. Altresì l’inefficienza dei mercati finanziari richiede l’intervento dello Stato nei processi economici, al fine di regolarli. Il caso europeo, nella sua fattispecie, non consente ai singoli Stati membri di effettuare in autonomia delle scelte di natura economica, perché vincolati dagli altri Stati membri. Ciò che maggiormente emerge dalla crisi economica europea è la mancanza di solidarietà tra gli Stati membri. Non tenendo conto dell’importanza dell’esternalità, la Germania bloccando gli investimenti produce un effetto negativo anche per sé stessa. L’esternalità ci insegna che in un mondo integrato come il nostro, avere dei vicini con una economia in crescita produce effetti positivi anche su noi stessi.

La crisi finanziaria e l’ordine economico mondiale
ANGELA DE MARTIIS

Nell’attuale assetto globale, che vede Stati Uniti e Cina come principali partner e competitor della scena internazionale, si vanno delineando nuovi assetti politico-economici che inducono all’analisi di un nuovo ordine economico. La globalizzazione ha determinato lo sviluppo di nuovi mercati strategici, primo fra tutti la Cina, seguita da Brasile, Russia, India e Sud Africa, un arcipelago di paesi che rappresenta la futura geografia economica mondiale. All’interno di un difficile scenario economico-politico si assiste quindi ad una riconfigurazione geoeconomica, incoraggiata da una severa crisi finanziaria, che oltre ad aver messo a dura prova il circolo virtuoso Stati Uniti-Cina ha ridefinito la traiettoria di sviluppo dei futuri leader mondiali.

La situazione degli studi geopolitici in Iran
MOHAMMAD REZA DEHSHIRI

Lo studio della geopolitica e della geografia politica in Iran ha avuto una grande crescita negli ultimi trent’anni. La guerra con l’Iraq ha dato un primo impulso, con tendenza verso la geografia militare, alla diffusione di corsi universitari. Successivamente a catalizzare l’attenzione su questi rami di studio sono stati la dissoluzione dell’URSS (con la nascita di nuovi Stati indipendenti nell’Asia Centrale e nel Caucaso confinanti con l’Iran) e, in tempi più recenti, le rivolte arabe. Questo articolo mira a fare il punto sugli studi di geografia politica e geopolitica in Iran, individuando le cause della loro fortuna, presentandone i temi principali e analizzandone i cambiamenti nel corso degli anni.

Capire la crisi europea contro l’ortodossia vigente: la Modern Money Theory e la comprensione dei sistemi monetari
DIEGO DEL PRIORE

In tempi di crisi un graduale deteriorarsi dello status quo favorisce un’attenzione ed un ascolto più sensibile nei confronti del non ortodosso, del fino ad allora inascoltato. La presente analisi si prefigge di offrire una visione alternativa dell’economia, rovesciando totalmente i dogmi correnti. Comprendere come funzionano i sistemi monetari, che cos’è la moneta e le sue implicazioni politiche e sociali, è l’asse portante della Modern Money Theory (MMT), una scuola di pensiero economico che, sull’eredità di John Maynard Keynes, solo per citare uno dei suoi più autorevoli ispiratori, ci aiuta a capire l’Eurozona, la sua crisi e le potenzialità di uno Stato che possegga una sovranità monetaria.

L’oro come asset strategico in un contesto di guerre valutarie
ENRICO FERRINI

A cinque anni dallo scoppio della crisi, gli squilibri economici e finanziari che ne sancirono l’inizio nel 2008 sembrano ancora oggi irrisolti se non ingigantiti. In mancanza di un sufficiente grado di cooperazione internazionale che potesse attenuare questi squilibri, le svalutazioni monetarie sono diventate con la crisi lo strumento attraverso cui i paesi perseguono le proprie finalità economiche, aggiungendo instabilità al sistema monetario internazionale. In questo contesto l’ oro si sta riaffermando con sempre maggior forza nel suo storico ruolo monetario, arrivando a rappresentare oggi un asset di grande valore strategico e politico da utilizzare per dare credibilità ai sistemi valutari se non per lanciarne altri in alternativa a quello vigente.

La globalizzazione della crisi e lo shift geopolitico
TIBERIO GRAZIANI

A distanza di circa un lustro dall’esplosione della crisi economico-finanziaria e nonostante le numerose analisi prodotte, gli studi ad essa dedicati e i suggerimenti proposti, le leadership dei paesi coinvolti ancora non sono riusciti a trovare e a mettere in campo soluzioni soddisfacenti, né per un suo contenimento, né per un suo superamento. Giacché la particolarità di questa crisi epocale – che mette a nudo le contraddizioni del sistema neoliberista – è da ricercarsi anche nella sua relazione con il cambio geopolitico globale in atto, lo stallo in cui si dibattono i decisori politici, economici e finanziari costituisce una particolare espressione della tensione che sussiste tra i sostenitori del vecchio assetto unipolare e le spinte verso l’evoluzione multipolarista dello scenario internazionale.

Le ragioni della crisi europea. Una visione dalla periferia
MARCELO GULLO

La crisi economico-finanziaria europea discende tanto da quella globale originatasi negli USA, quanto da sviluppi propri e peculiari dell’Europa. Negli anni ’70 il capitalismo finanziario-speculativo ha preso il sopravvento su quello industriale-produttivo, e in Europa si è rotta l’alleanza tra borghesia e lavoratori mediata dalla classe politica. La classe politica si è schierata col capitalismo finanziario dando avvio a una stagione di delocalizzazione industriale e politiche neoliberali. La crisi attuale ha portato al culmine di questo processo: il personale degl’istituti del capitalismo finanziario stanno sostituendosi ai funzionari politici alla guida degli Stati, ed anche agli Stati al centro del sistema mondiale vengono imposte le politiche neoliberali prima riservate al Terzo Mondo. La dinamica interna è invece l’affermarsi dell’egemonia (involontaria) della Germania sugli altri paesi dell’Unione Europea a seguito dell’introduzione della moneta unica, che l’ha resa una grande potenza esportatrice a discapito delle periferie europee e anche della Francia.

Europa, vantaggio posizionale ed Euro
PETER HOLLAND

La prima integrazione pacifica degli Stati nazionali europei è cominciata nel 1957 con la Comunità Economica Europea (CEE). L’enfasi era sull’economia, ma alcuni dei padri fondatori – come Jean Monnet – ambivano a un’integrazione più complessiva. È questa ambizione ad aver guidato il continuo progresso dell’integrazione europea, malgrado i dubbi di molti cittadini. Sfortunatamente le disposizioni della CEE hanno fin dall’inizio ignorato un principio fondamentale, la Teoria della localizzazione, i cui effetti causeranno gravi tensioni internazionali e probabilmente la disintegrazione dell’UE se si dovesse continuare a ignorarla. Questo saggio spiega la Teoria della localizzazione e i suoi effetti, con un esempio numerico tratto dalle prime fasi della CEE, e suggerisce possibili correzioni all’errore di modo da garantire a tutte le nazioni europee eguali opportunità di prosperare.

Tramonto dell’egemonia americana? Implicazioni economiche e geopolitiche dei nuovi scenari energetici e tecnologici
ENRICO MARIUTTI

Grazie al fenomeno shale gas e shale e tight oil, gli USA potranno contare, nei prossimi 10/15 anni, su una netta riduzione del costo dell’energia. Confrontando il costo attuale del Kw/h tra UE, USA e Cina e le oscillazioni previste nei prossimi 10/15 anni si può valutare il riassetto del mercato globale dei combustibili fossili e dell’energia, le possibili evoluzioni delle dinamiche industriali di alcune regioni (concentrazione di produzioni ad alto costo energetico, spinta a una maggiore automazione dei cicli industriali, riallocazione di parte dell’industria manifatturiera) e i nuovi equilibri di alcune aree del pianeta particolarmente interessate dall’evoluzione del fenomeno (Medio Oriente, Sud-Est Asiatico).

Contro l’unità mondiale. Carl Schmitt e l’ordine liberale
FABIO PETITO

Il presente articolo è tratto da un capitolo di The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, liberal war and the crisis of global order, libro collettaneo edito da Routledge (Londra-New York 2007) e curato da Fabio Petito e Louiza Odysseos. Si prende in considerazione la critica di Carl Schmitt all’idea della necessità politica e/o morale di unificazione planetaria, la sua analisi dell’ordine post-bellico e la ricerca d’un nuovo Nomos della Terra. Infine da una prospettiva schmittiana si critica una tesi di Alexander Wendt.

Le misure politico-economiche adottate dal Giappone per contrastare la crisi
MASSIMILIANO PORTO

L’articolo tratta delle misure politico-economiche adottate dal Giappone all’indomani della crisi finanziaria globale del 2007-2008. Nella prima parte dell’articolo ci si sofferma brevemente sull’andamento della crisi e sulla sua trasformazione da crisi finanziaria a crisi reale. Successivamente si fanno dei richiami alla precedente crisi finanziaria che ha colpito il Giappone negli anni Novanta del secolo scorso che ha avuto pesanti conseguenze sull’economia nipponica ma ha anche costituito una lezione per i policy-makers giapponesi. Infine si conclude l’articolo con le misure di politica economica adottate dal governo e dalla Banca centrale del Giappone per contrastare gli effetti della crisi.

Economia reale vs speculazione. Una disputa irrisolta nel mezzo di rischi sistemici
PAOLO RAIMONDI

La crisi del 2008 non ha cancellato certi comportamenti irresponsabili da parte delle banche e della grande finanza. All’orizzonte si profilano nuovi colossali disastri sistemici se i governi non sapranno reagire come F.D. Roosevelt negli anni ’30, costruendo una nuova Bretton Woods i cui pilastri siano la responsabilizzazione delle banche, il controllo del mercato tramite un nuovo Glass-Steagall Act e la Tobin Tax, politiche d’investimento che vadano a favore dell’economia reale. Il denaro che con tanta celerità e prodigalità è stato trovato per aiutare gli speculatori finanziari, dovrebbe essere destinato a investimenti infrastrutturali di lungo periodo.

Lo sviluppo industriale innovativo e la politica dell’istruzione del Kazakhstan di oggi
NAZHEN SARSEMBEKOV

In quest’articolo viene discussa la politica industriale innovativa realizzata in Kazakhstan riguardo all’innalzamento della qualità del capitale umano attraverso lo sviluppo della scienza e della formazione. L’Autore evidenzia l’importanza e il tempismo della realizzazione del programma statale “SIII 2010-2014″, il quale avrà un’influenza positiva sulla crescita dell’economia del Paese. L’Autore arriva alla conclusione che per rispettare i parametri di crescita prestabiliti dell’economia è indispensabile aumentare la qualità del capitale umano attravero la formazione.

L’India e la crisi dell’eurozona
JAYSHREE SENGUPTA

L’India, al pari di gran parte dell’Asia Meridionale, sta attraversando una fase di brusco rallentamento della crescita indotta principalmente dalla crisi dell’eurozona. Il governo indiano, malgrado alcuni interventi sociali populisti, ha adottato una risposta per lo più neoliberale, con l’apertura del mercato interno agl’investimenti esteri e politiche monetarie deflattive. Tali politiche, molto simili a quelle dell’Unione Europea, hanno però costi sociali ancora più gravi in India, dove già una grossa fetta della popolazione vive in condizioni di povertà, anche estrema, e dove gl’investimenti in campo sanitario o educativo sono molto bassi. Tutto ciò sta allargando la sperequazione sociale e gettando nell’indigenza milioni di persone, con effetti non solo sul futuro dell’economia ma anche sull’ordine interno, come dimostra la crescente insorgenza maoista.

La crisi finanziaria e la guerra per il governo globale
KEES VAN DER PIJL

Il militarismo di Reagan e la rivolta dei mercati finanziari contro il keynesismo hanno segnato la transizione dal liberismo corporativo al neoliberismo e la proiezione del controllo globale da parte dell’Occidente. Nei primi anni ’90 il complesso militare-industriale statunitense è stato riorganizzato in modo da renderlo dipendente dagli investimenti bancari, accrescendo l’interconnessione tra la finanza internazionale e l’attivismo militare nel processo di globalizzazione neoliberista. Nell’espansione della NATO e nell’intervento in Jugoslavia, e nella serie di guerre in Medio Oriente in risposta agli attacchi del 11 settembre, il dilatato complesso finanziario-industriale-militare ha creato una condizione di guerra e tensione permanenti. Ciò si è verificato soprattutto dopo che l’asse finanziario si è disintegrato nella crisi del 2007-08 e gli Stati Uniti, trascinando con loro l’Europa attraverso la NATO, hanno fatto sempre più affidamento sul “vantaggio competitivo” della loro macchina militare.

Lo stallo del mondo contemporaneo
ANDREJ VOLODIN

L’attuale fase del sistema di relazioni internazionali può essere descritta come uno stallo, un’incapacità collettiva di assumere decisioni importanti e lavorare congiuntamente sugli scenari di lungo periodo. Nell’articolo ne viene proposta una ricostruzione che coinvolge aspetti economici, storici e geopolitici. Alla crisi economica del capitalismo anti-statalista e liberista figlio della rivoluzione thatcheriano-reaganiana si è aggiunta quella dell’unipolarismo geopolitico che ha le sua radici nella dissoluzione dell’URSS. Soltanto l’inclusione dei Paesi emergenti in organizzazioni internazionali dal profilo istituzionale rinnovato può mettere fine a questa fase di stallo ed aprire un nuovo orizzonte nella storia politica internazionale.

Die weltweite Machtergreifung der Banker

Die tatsächliche Neue Weltordnung: Die weltweite Machtergreifung der Banker

John Kozy

Wie schnell doch manchmal die ausgeklügeltsten Pläne über den Haufen geworfen werden. Es scheint, als kämen und gingen neue Weltordnungen so häufig wie Finsternisse.

Die alte Weltordnung, das Ancien Régime, starb zusammen mit 16 Millionen Menschen während des großen Europäischen Krieges, der am 28. Juni 1914 durch die Ermordung des österreichisch-ungarischen Thronfolgers Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand in Sarajewo durch den damals 19-jährigen serbischen Nationalisten Gavrilo Princip ausgelöst wurde. (Heute würde man Princip als »Terroristen« bezeichnen.) Dieses Attentat führte Länder, die eigentlich kein Interesse daran hatten, Krieg zu führen, in den mörderischsten und vernichtendsten Krieg, den die Welt bis dahin erlebt hatte.

Mehr: http://info.kopp-verlag.de/hintergruende/deutschland/john-kozy/die-tatsaechliche-neue-weltordnung-die-weltweite-machtergreifung-der-banker.html

Ayméric Chauprade: contre le nouvel ordre mondial !

Ayméric Chauprade: contre le nouvel ordre mondial!

Russia and the New World Order - The Geopolitical Project of Pax Eurasiatica

	Russia and the New World Order - The Geopolitical Project of Pax Eurasiatica Nikolaj von Kreitor (1996)
	For the period after the end of Second World War, the United States gained increasing prominence as the leading power of imperialist reaction, taking Germany’s place in this respect... And its ruling class managed, particularly during the imperialist era, to have the democratic forms so effectively preserved that by democratically legal means, it achieved a dictatorship of monopoly capitalism at least as firm as that which Hitler set up by tyrannical procedures...And this democracy could, in substance, realize everything sought by Hitler. Gyorgy Lukacs(1) Resoluteness does not first take cognizance of Situation and put that Situation before itself; it has put itself into that Situation already. As resolute, Dasein is already taking action. Martin Heidegger(2) We don’t have enemies in the East. Bismarck The concept of the state presupposes the concept of the political. The specific political distinction to which political actions and motives can be reduced is that between friend and foe, wrote Carl Schmitt.(3) The affirmation of the political is a recognition of the reality of the political and thus a recognition and identification of the foe. Only by affirmation of the political in an act of decision, which by necessity is a meta-existential choice, can a nation as a collective entity assert its own sovereignty and thus political future. In the aftermath of the dissolution of Soviet Union in 1991 which reduced the former Great Power to a state without politics and thus to a landmass in chaos, a sort of a Weimar-republic of the 90-ties, and in the face of the new American expansionism, the ideological discussion and search for viable political orientation within the former Soviet Union has intensified. Professor Nikolaj Zagladin pointed recently that the competition between the Soviet Union and the United States during the period of the Cold War must be characterized as a real war during which actual military power had been used to a very limited extend- mostly in proxy wars. This was so not because of a lack of will but because of the nature of the military technology— the existence of nuclear weapons made the war impossible. The nature of the war between the United States and the Soviet Union, known as the Cold War, was to its essence technology specific. But the Cold War was in fact the Third World War, claims Zagladin.(4) To a similar conclusion comes Zbigniew Brzezinski, the former National Security Advisor to President Carter, and presently one of the major ideologists of the «Expansionists of 1991», who wrote, paraphrasing von Clausewitz, that «the Cold War can be defined as warfare by other (non-lethal) means. Nonetheless, warfare it was. And the stakes were monumental. Geopolitically the struggle, in the first instance, was for control over the Eurasian landmass and, eventually, even for global preponderance».(5) Obviously the Soviet Union gave up much more in the settlement than the United States, agreed to the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, although the military arm of American domination of Western Europe, NATO, continues to exist and is steadily expanding. Soviet Union unilaterally reduced its engagement in the Third World while the United States escalated her interventionist foreign policies. Soviet Union even supported the war in Iraq, a war that to its essence was a war for the control of the oil in the Persian Gulf and thus a war against the national interest not only the Soviet Union, but also of other European countries; a war that made it less likely that an accommodation between the Soviet Union and Western European countries could be reached. Soviet Union even agreed to withdraw its military forces from Germany while the United States intends to permanent her occupation of Germany, a fact that was clearly stated by President Bush during the November 7-8, 1991 NATO summit meeting in Rome. And that brings us to the post Cold War settlement, its consequences for Russia and for the international order. A critical observer will characterize this settlement as analogous to a Second Treaty of Versailles. Zbigniew Brzezinski point out that as a consequence of the Second Treaty of Versailles, the defeated Russia is passing into American receivership. «This is an outcome historically no less decisive and no less one-sided than the defeat of Napoleonic France in 1815, or of Imperial Germany in 1918. Unlike the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years War in a grand religious compromise, cuius regio, cuius religio , does not apply here. Rather, from a doctrinal point of view, the outcome is more similar to 1815 or 1945; the ideology of the losing side has itself been repudiated. Geopolitically the outcome is also suggestive of 1918, the defeated empire is in a process of dismantlement. As in previous termination of war there was a discernible moment of capitulation, followed by postwar political upheavals in the losing state. That moment came most probably in Paris on November 19, 1990. At a conclave marked by ostentatious displays of amity designed to mask the underlying reality, the erstwhile Soviet leader, Michael Gorbachev, who had led the Soviet Union during the final stages of the Cold War, accepted the conditions of the victors by describing in veiled and elegant language the unification of Germany that had taken place entirely on Western terms as a ‘major event’. This was the functional equivalent of the act of capitulation in the railroad car in Compiegne in 1918 (the capitulation of Germany) or on the U.S.S. Missouri in August 1945 (the capitulation of Japan).»(6) George Kennan remarked that «the collapse of the Soviet system amounted to the unconditional surrender we envisaged-a voluntary one if you will, but surrender nevertheless.»(7) And as a result the United States is attempting to impose on Russia terms of surrender stated in the National Security Council Memorandum 20/1 (NSC 20/1) which already in 1948 defined the American war aims in the Cold War and envisioned a post Cold War settlement tailored after the Brest-Litovsk treaty of 1918(8) , leading to the partition of the Soviet Union, disarmament, destruction of the national economy of Russia and establishment of American protectorate over large parts of the territory of the former Soviet Union: (...)Such terms would have to be harsh ones and distinctly humiliating...They might well be something along the lines of the Brest-Litovsk settlement of 1918...(We) would have to demand: a. Direct military terms (surrender of equipment, evacuation of key areas, etc) designed to assure military helplessness... b. Terms designed to produce a considerable economic dependence on the outside world.(9) NSC 20/1 stated further that the unified geopolitical space of the Soviet Union—the «fortress Heartland»—had to be destroyed by partitioning of the country and inclusion of above all the Baltic States and Ukraine into a Shatterbelt of U.S.A controlled territory. Wolfram Henrieder has pointed out that de Gaulle wanted the German issue solved- the unification of Germany, because it constituted a decisive cause and justification for American continuous military presence in Europe, a cause that would be eliminated with the solution of the German question, leading to the dissolution of the Cold War military alliances and speeding American withdrawal from Europe(10) , creating an emancipated Europe to the Urals. «The creation of unified Europe requires political decision which is tantamount to a will of independence... A united Europe, in this sense, could be build only in opposition to America.»(11) By her dominant position within the alliance America has kept Europe in a straitjacket, has made her fearful of speaking in her own voice. Since Europe has lost its elan and has borrowed an American personality, it must be forced to reassume an identity. As this identity does not exists, it must be created. If Europe can be roused only by instilling an apprehension over American hegemony, then this must be done for the sake of Europe’s survival, claimed de Gaulle for whom a truly emancipated Europe was an America-free Europe. From this perspective Gorbachev’s foreign policy and the geopolitics of implosion of Perestrojka negatively effected the possibilities for emancipation of Europe. In the ongoing political debate in Russia but also in France, it has been asserted that the defeat of the Soviet Union begins to appear as a defeat for Europe as well. Lenin once characterized the original Treaty of Versailles in the following words: “What is the Versailles Treaty? This unheard of, predatory peace, enslaves tens of millions of people, including the most civilized. This is not a treaty but dictates imposed by robbers with a knife in hand on a defenseless Germany. Germany has been deprived from all her colonies by virtue of the Versailles Treaty. Turkey, Persia and China have been enslaved. Seventy percent of the world population live in conditions of enslavement...And that is why this international order, which rests on the Versailles Treaty, rests in reality on a volcano."(12) And while Russia at the moment is in the same predicament as Germany after the W.W.I, the predatory New World Order, proclaimed by President Bush and implemented by the present Clinton administration, also rests on a volcano. The intensifying confrontation of Russia with the dictates of the New World Order has led to intensive ideological debate about the future of Russia. This debate has resulted in a renewed interest for the writings of the prominent German jurist Carl Schmitt whose book, “The Concept of the Political”, has already been translated into Russian and published in the sociological magazine Voprosy Sotsiologij.(13) The known Russian politician and chief editor of the influential magazine Elementy (Elements) Alexander Dugin must be credited with the first comprehensive introduction of the works of Carl Schmitt in the essay “Carl Schmitt- Five Lessons for Russia”, published in the Journal of Russian Writers ‘Nash Sovremennik’ (Our Contemporary)(14) and with the creative applications of his writing to the contemporary political and ideological chaos in Russia. “For Russia the writing of Schmitt are of special interest and significance because of his brilliant analysis of state of emergency and exceptional situations in contemporary political reality and the necessity of a decision to preserve the national existence of people. ..People exists politically only if they constitute an independent political community/entity and only if they as an entity oppose other political entities in order to preserve its understanding of the cultural specificity of its own community...The theory of exceptional circumstances and with it related theme of decision are of paramount importance for us today, because we are now in such historical juncture of the history of Russian people and Russian state in which the state of emergency has become a natural state of our nation, permeating and constituting the Being of our nation...We Russians must discover and understand our national essence and existence because we live in a time of emergency which demands a act of collective existential choice, an act of supreme decision.”(15) Here one can see a Heideggerian motif- the political identifies the essence and existence of community; it is the empirical Russian nation which in a time of national emergency must become fully political in an act of self-choice and decision and thus choose itself and its own historical destiny.(16) The act of self-choice presupposes a nation that has become political because only the political being of Russia gives existential meaning to the friend-enemy antithesis, what does not politically exist cannot consciously decide(17) , political unity is grounded on political existence. Political sovereignty is an existential question because it concerns the resolution of an existential conflict. Not only does every politically-existing people decide on the question of its own political existence and any possible danger to it; it decides also on whether an existential question actually exists- a question which is political by its very nature. Since for politically-existing people there is always the possibilities of an existential conflict, the question of sovereignty, i.e. the ultimate existential decision, always remains open.(18) «Every existing political unity has its value and existential justification not in the rightness or usefulness of norms but in its existence. Juridically considered, what exists as apolitical force has value because it exists. From this stems its ‘right to self-preservation’, the presupposition of all further considerations; it seeks above all to maintain its existence , it protects its existence, its integrity, its security, and its constitution - all existential values»(19) Carl Schmitt points out that «as long people exists in the political sphere, it must itself make use of the distinction between friend and enemy, at the same time reserving it for extreme conjunctures which it itself judges as such. This is where the essence of its political existence lies. From the moment it lacks the capacity or the will to use this distinction, a people ceases to exist politically...If the people should no longer have the strength or the will to continue in the political sphere, this is not the end of politics in the world. It is only the end of weak people...If the state refuses or is unable to make a decision in an exceptional situation, it inevitable runs the risk that other forces will make one in its place and establish their norms.»(20) Building on this theme Alexander Dugin sees the elements of will, decision and time intertwined in the quest for historical existence of Russia: «Decisionism not only amplifies and focuses on the state of emergency and the exceptional circumstances, but it is also a defense reaction against those circumstances: in the moment of historical decision for authentic national future, the people and the nation actualize their past and decide their future in a dramatic mobilization of the present. The present then becomes the focal point and synthesis of three qualitative characteristics of time: its source, i.e. the past when people entered into a historical existence, the will of the people directed toward the future, and the political self-assertion of the historically existing people in an act of decision which at the same time is an act of authenticity, in the present. In the supreme mobilization of the decision the historically existing Russian people reveals, recaptures and mobilizes its timeless historical uniqueness and identity. Therefore the political and historical future of Russian people is build on understanding and affirmation of its historical past... If the Russian people can self-assert themselves and their historical choice in this fateful and dramatic juncture, and if the Russian people are able to reveal and designate friends and enemies, recapturing from the flow of history its political self assertion, then the supreme political decision of the Russian people would be an authentic, historical and existential decision , an affirmation of thousand years of history of Russian people and the Russian state. If on the other hand political decisions will be taken by others, i.e. by the United States in the guise of the insidious ideology of pseudo universalism, which the United States is in the process of establishing as the only legitimate ideology in the New World Order, then our future will be un-Russian, i.e. the future will cease to exist for us. The historical Being of Russian people, Russian state and the Russian nation will became a Being without a future and thus a non-Being. Thus also Russian past will loose its meaning, will dissipate into nothingness: the historical drama of Russian history in the post-Gold War period will became a tragedy of submission under the dictates of the American New World Order, a tragedy of annihilation of Russian future».(21) «Past, present, and future are existential characteristics, and thus render possible fundamental phenomena such as understanding, concern and determination. This opens the way for the demonstration of historicity as a fundamental existential determination.»(22) Alexander Dugin emphasizes that the essence of a nation’s being-in-the world is a hermeneutical process of questioning and problematization of a crisis situation, a state of emergency. The concept of political existence of the Russian nation is actualized in a time of radical disintegration and regression, a time of emergency and outer and inner danger which creates awareness of being situated in a crises which must take on a political form. The understanding of the political roll of Russia in contemporary world after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, is a power to grasp the nation’s possibilities for being, which by necessity not only requires a disclosure of the nation’s concrete potentialities for being, in a sense of preserving itself and maintaining its own authenticity, but also the revealment of the sources for an inauthentic national existence. This revealment presupposes the identification of the foe which in the process of a national self-understanding becomes manifest; the hermeneutical circle thus closes - the reached understanding leads to resoluteness and demands a political decision on the part of the Russian nation;(23) because the potentiality for authentic national Being remains a mere potentiality unless accompanied by political decisionism. It is the decision to choose itself and thereby to oppose the foe and thus become political, which is the supreme political act of the nation. Those are the issues that are entertained in the most recent issues of Elementy (Elements), the ideological organ of the Russian opposition, dedicated to geopolitical discourse and ideological alternatives in the post-Cold War Russia, a period in which in the words of Aaron Friedberg, Professor in political sciences in Princeton, « the United States has emerged as a single, unchallenged ‘Great Satan’, against whom all ideological energies must be mobilized». The magazine is published by the Center for Special Meta-Strategical Studies in Moscow and beside Alexander Dugin, who is the publisher, lists among its co-editors the editor of the most important opposition newspaper Zavtra (formely Den’), Alexander Prochanov, the New European Right’s ideologists Alain de Benoist (editor of the French magazines Neuvelle Ecole, Elements, Krisis), Robert Steuckers (editor of the Belgian magazines Orientations, Synergies Europeennes and Vouloir) the Italian geopolitician Claudio Mutti, the Serbian geopolitician Dragosh Kalajic, as well as the controversial Russian politician and member of the former Parliament, colonel Victor Alsknis.(25) The interesting issues contain a translation of Carl Schmitt’s essay on “Nomos and the principle of Grossraum”, Karl Haushofer’s work on “Continental geopolitical unity” as well as contributions of authors such as Alain de Benoist and the Austrian general Heinrich Jordis von Lochhausen, the foremost theoretician of contemporary geopolitics and advocate of European liberation from American occupation. Alexander Dugin must be credited with both political imagination and ideological creativeness. He introduces a new vocabulary of resistance. In the tradition of a true iconoclast he identifies not only the foe of Russia and, in the future, of Europe— the United States , but also exposes the most pervasive ideological mystification— Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts— namely the Myth of American Democracy and its claim of pseudo-universality. And finally he argues for the establishment of a new Grossraum in Europe, Pax Euroasiatica , opposing Pax Americana, and based on a coalition of Russia with Central European powers such a Germany and France—a new geopolitical continental block. In essence this concept could be described as a Monroe Doctrine for Europe which will exclude every American intervention in European affairs as well as necessitate a dissolution of NATO and withdrawal of all American military forces from European soil. A Monroe Doctrine for Europe is also a radical departure from the established American paradigm of international order- defined by Zbigniew Brzezinski as »American domination of Europe is axiomatic»(26) —,a paradigm that has been transformed into oppressive political theology and exercise of American hegemony. The relevance of Dugin’s writings as well as the magazine Elementy lies in the formulation of the geopolitical doctrine of Eurasian defense against American expansionism. The geopolitical discourse translates itself into a vision of future liberation which, according to Dugin, must become a categorical imperative for Russia’s-being-in the-world. THE PRINCIPLE OF GROSSRAUM The most fundamental principle in geopolitics is the principle of Grossraum formulated by Carl Schmitt in his book “Voelkerrechtliche Grossraumordnung mit Interventionsverbot fuer raumfremde Maechte” and seen by him as a foundation for the science of international law. A Grossraum is «an area dominated by a power representing a distinct political idea. This idea was always formulated with a specific opponent in mind; in essence, distinctions between friend and enemy would be determined by this particular political idea. As an example Schmitt cited the American Monroe Doctrine and its concept of nonintervention by foreign powers in the American Raum»(27) This is the core of the great original Monroe Doctrine, a genuine Grossraum principle, namely the union of a politically-awakened people, a political idea and, on the basis of this idea , a politically-dominant Grossraum excluding foreign intervention.(28) According to the concept of Grossraum the national sovereignty of a country depends not only on its military power, technological development and economic base but also on the size and geographical location of its land. The sovereignty of a country depends on its geopolitical independence and self-sufficiency of the geographical region. Countries that strive to achieve sovereignty must resolve the problem of territorial self-sufficiency. The Grossraum is a geopolitically unified and economically autarchic space— a spatial power. It is a «territory with rounded-out production and consumption which, if necessary, may exist by itself within closed doors.»(29) As such it protects itself from intervention by spatially alien states and from any other potential Grossraum,(30) and above all from American «Open Door» imperialism—defined by Isiah Bowman as American version of Nazi-Germany’s Lebensraum—in its geopolitical, economical or military manifestation. Prior to the dissolution, or as Alexander Dugin claims, subversion of the Soviet Union in 1991(31) , in the bipolar world of two Superpowers , there existed two competing Great Areas (Grossr?ume) or two opposing political blocks, each with its sphere of influence and ideology: the Atlantic Grossraum dominated by the United States and the Eurasian Grossraum dominated by the Soviet Union. The political competition between the two blocks gave a substantial latitude for autonomy and independence for countries included in the sphere of influence of the two blocks. However after 1991 a completely new world system has been created. The bipolar world landscape of two superpowers has been transformed into a mono landscape of one superpower imposing its will on the rest of the world. «The existence of the socialist block and the Warsaw Pact was a decisively positive factor for the prospective European unity, continental integration and future sovereignty of Eurasia. The end of the bipolar world and the emergence of the unipolar New World Order, is a blow on Eurasia, a blow on the continentalism and on the future of all Eurasian countries. If Russia would not immediately start to reconstruct her Greater Area (confirmed by the Helsinki Agreement) ...she would bring to a catastrophe not only herself, but also all people on the World Island...Today Russia, situated in the heart of the Eurasian continent, represents from a geopolitical point of view Europe as a continental block. Therefore the geopolitical interests of Russia and Europe not only confluence but are identical.»(32) In order to understand the historical background of the conflict between the Atlantic Grossraum and the Eurasian Grossraum as well as Dugin's analysis of the American New World Order as a final attempt by the United States for world domination, — a Monroe Doctrine for the whole world as envisioned already by President Wilson at the end of the WWI—, a short account of geopolitical concepts is necessary. It was the British author Halford Mackinder who in 1904 proposed the notion that the continental part of Eurasia, by virtue of its land mass and geo-strategical importance, forms the world Heartland. The power that controls the Heartland threatens the sea powers-once Great Britain, now the United States—that control the World Island— that is our planet. In 1919 he claimed the necessity for control of the Eastern Europe by the sea power. After the Versailles settlement the new Eastern European countries, concieved as exclusive sphere of influence of the sea powers, had to form a cordon sanitaire between Germany and Russia preventing the geopolitical consolidation of Eurasia. «Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland. Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island. Who rules the World Island commands the World,»(33) asserted McKinder. In 1943 MacKinder reformulated his theory— the state that controls the Heartland will dominate the World Island.(34) At the same time McKinder acknowledged that «The Heartland is the greatest natural fortress on earth. For the first time in history it is manned by a garrison sufficient both in number and quality»(35) The American geopolitician Alfred Mahan formulated the idea that world hegemony of sea powers can be maintained by control of series of bases around the Eurasian continent. Sea powers could dominate land powers by enclosing them in. The American geopolitician Nicholas Spykman developed the concepts of MacKinder and Mahan but put the emphasis on the control of Eurasian coastal regions which he called the Rimland or Inner Ring. He maintained that the United States could assert control over the Heartland by controlling the Rimland. The Rimland can be seen as an America controlled buffer zone or a huge Cordon Sanitaire, including the NATO countries, Scandinavia, China, India and Indochina. In spite of prolonged wars—the Korean War, the occupation of Taiwan, the war in Vietnam—, the United States has never been able to fully dominate the countries of the Rimland and thus to globalize her Grossraum. The theory and practice of containment born of the Cold War—United States creating NATO, SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) and CENTO (Central Treaty Organization), putting bases surrounding the Soviet Union, maintaining puppet regimes around the world, are derived from MacKinder’s, Mahan's and Spykman’s geopolitical ideas. If Soviet Union was a fortress, «then to deal with a fortress is to surround it and seal it...This is known as containment»(36) Heartland theory stands as the first premise of the United States geopolitical doctrine and military though during the Cold War. American containment policy «represented a validation of MacKinder«(37) and acceptance of the necessity of destruction of the Hartland. NSC-68 was a statement of this primary objective of the American postwar foreign policy: world domination through destruction of the fortress Hartland— the Soviet Union—and imposition of preponderance of American power in Eurasia. Also U.S. primary foreign policy objective in the New World Order —the conquest of Eastern Europe through «inclusion» of the former Warsaw Pact countries in the military instrument of the global Monroe Doctrine— NATO, is derived from both MacKinders ideas and identical objectives in NSC-68. One can see the similarities between MacKinder’s and Frederick Jackson Turner’s geopolitical ideas,(38) between the MacKinder’s assertion that the geopolitical dynamics inevitable will lead to a creation of one World Empire (an Anglo-Saxon) and Turner’s «frontier thesis» , defining the essence of the United States as perpetual expansionism. The merger of the Monroe Doctrine, the «Open Door» imperialism and geopolitics in the frontier-expansionist Weltanschaung which has defined the U.S. foreign policy during this century, led after the end of the W.W.II to the grand design of an American Century and an American World Empire enbracing the globe.(39) NSC 68 was a statement of strategy and tactics to achieve those objectives. However the contraposition between the Atlantic Grossraum and the Eurasian Grossraum does have, according to Dugin, even a wider and more profound context that transcends the geopolitical power competition. In this conjunction one can recall de Gaulle objections in the past to Britain’s entry into the Common Market based on his perception of England as a type of civilization different from that of Europe . The English, as he saw it, were lacking cultural and historical identity with the Continent and were not interested in building a Europe distinct from America. «England is, in effect, insular, maritime, linked through its trade, markets and food supply to very diverse and often very distant countries. Its activities are essentially industrial and commercial, and only slightly agricultural... In short, the nature, structure and economic context of England differ profoundly from those of other States on the Continent.»(40) For Dugin the Atlantic Grossraum and the Atlanticism versus the Eurasian Grossraum and the Eurasianism represent two different paradigms of societal organization that can not be reconciled. Halford Mackinders geopolitical theories as well as Carl Schmitt’s work “Land und Meer” and to a lesser extend Oswald Spengler’s “Prussentum und Socialismus” and Werner Sombart’s “Haendler und Helden”, form here the theoretical framework. Dugin distinguishes two types of civilization: sea-oriented Atlantian and land-oriented Continental or Eurasian and sees the future rapprochement between Russia and Western European countries on the basis of the principle called Continentalism or Eurasianism, which he opposes to English and American Atlanticism. The antagonism between Atlanticism and Continentalism/Eurasianism, between a seagoing civilization and land civilization, goes back to ancient times, constituting the major tension of world history.(41) Atlanticism, exemplified by the legendary Atlantis, by ancient Carthage and by contemporary England and the United States, is characterized by the spirit of trade and profit and it values mercantilism and cosmopolitanism. Continentalism, best represented by legendary Hyperborea, and by historical Roman, German and Russian Empires, emphasizes the organic unity of people in their spiritual bonds with the earth and their fidelity to national tradition. Thus the very form of the landmass supporting a people influence the substance or their culture and national character. «In ancient history a sea power that become a symbol for sea civilization was Phoenicia-Garthage. The land civilization in opposition to Carthage was then the Roman Empire. The Punic wars reflected the irreconcilable differences between the sea-oriented and land-oriented civilizations. In modern history the Queen of Seas - Great Britain - raised as the sea pole of world politics, later to be overtaken by the United States. In the same way as Phoenicia and Carthage in the past , Great Britain used in the first place commerce, trade and colonialism as instrument for her hegemony. The geopolitical paradigm of Anglo Saxon sea orientation created a particular ‘commercial-capitalist-market’ oriented civilization, based primarily on economic and material interests and on the principles of economic liberalism. In spite of historical variation, the most common type of ‘sea civilization’ has always expressed the fundamental idea of the ‘primacy of economics over politics’. Mackinder clearly shows, that during the period of modern history ‘sea orientation’ meant Atlanticism, and today sea powers are United States and England, also the Anglo Saxon countries. In opposition to the Atlanticism stands the Eurasianism, the land based civilization. In modern history the Eurasian orientation is above all characteristic for Germany and Russia. Therefore the historical tradition of those countries has been and would be in opposition to the ideology and the geopolitical interests of the Atlanticist- the United States. Whereas Atlanticism can be equated with capitalist individualism, economic liberalism and commercial notion of imperialism, Eurasianism means communitarianism, social welfare, economic democracy , the precedence of general welfare over self-interest, of the societal ‘whole’ over the parts, and the primacy of politics over economics.»(42) Referring to the fundamental differences between the two paradigms of societal organization, Dugin projects that the world will one day witness a war between Eurasian continentalism, championed by Russia, and the global Atlanticism—the New World Order—, upheld by the United States, or, as Alain de Benoist writes: « Eurasia against America would be the decisive battle of the future. The United States is the enemy of humankind-hostis humani generis-, the Carthage that must be destroyed.»(43) THE NEW WORLD ORDER The essence of the New World Order proclaimed by President Bush , and terminologically and conceptually borrowed from the lexicon of Nazi Germany, as well as Woodrow Wilson’s expansionist ideas of a Monroe Doctrine for the whole world, is a new geopolitical project to transform the world into a single Grossraum- in Carl Scmitt’s thought a new Nomos of the Earth—, dominated, controlled and orchestrated by the United States with the corollary of subversion of international law, the United Nations and the sovereignty of other countries except the United States. United Nations is bound to loose all significance, becoming a disciplined puppet and instrument of American expansionism and assertion of global jurisdiction and system of interventionism, a sort of pseudo legitimizing facade through which U.S. will unilaterally act to further her expansionist interests. What seems to be in the future is a global Latin-Americanization of the world with the United Nations reduced to a sort of OAS (Organization of American States ) , i.e. a well-behaved puppet in American hands. «It is obvious that the American concept of Atlantic Grossraum - the American New World Order - totally excludes any form of real state’s and political sovereignty on part of any other country and people. The preexisting bipolar world prior to 1991 gave incomparably more freedom and sovereignty to countries that were included in the sphere of influence of the then existing Superpowers and competing Grossr?ume. The emerging Atlantic Grossraum of the American architects of the New World Order will lead to disintegration of the very principle of state sovereignty because power suppression - by military and economic means- will become the only instrument of control. The new situation in the world puts other countries, and in particular the countries that previously were members of the geopolitical block opposing the Atlantic Alliance, before the following alternatives: either a forced integration in the U.S. dominated New World Order— the Atlantic Grossraum— with subsequent renunciation of their sovereignty, or a creation of a new Grossraum which will be able to oppose the United States and thus will give them chance to preserve their sovereignty and cultural autonomy».(44) History in general and U.S. behavior in particular show us that predatory countries abhor power vacuum. It is certain, and it is happened, that the United States would hasten to exploit the withdrawal of Soviet Union from the word arena and impose unilateral advantage over other countries until now protected by the balance of power and the U.S. -Soviet competition. In retrospect one may say that the end of the Warsaw Pact and the dissolution of the Soviet Union have gone a long way toward decreasing stability in Europe and elsewhere. A substantial part of Alexander Dugin’s geopolitical analysis is focused on the Pentagon’s Defense Planning Guidance , drafted under supervision of Paul D. Wolfowitz, the Pentagon’s Under Secretary for Policy, and provided to the New York Times in February of 1992,(45) and which in all respects could be called a blueprint for total domination of the world. In the 46-page classified document the Defense Department asserts America’s political and military will be to insure that no rival superpower is allowed to emerge in Western Europe , Asia or the territory of the former Soviet Union. American mission and strategy is summarized in the document as follow: «Our first objective is to prevent the reemergence of a new rival, either on the territory of the former Soviet Union or elsewhere, that poses a threat on the order of that posed formerly by the Soviet Union. This is a dominant consideration underlying the new regional defense strategy and requires that we endeavor to prevent any hostile power from dominating a region whose resources would, under consolidated control , be sufficient to generate global power. These regions include Western Europe , East Asia, the territory of the former Soviet Union, and Southwest Asia. There are three additional aspects to this objective: First , the U.S. must show the leadership necessary to establish and protect a new order that holds the promise of convincing potential competitors that they need not aspire to a greater role or pursue a more aggressive posture to protect their legitimate interests. Second, in the non-defensive areas, we must account sufficiently for the interests of the advanced industrial nations to discourage them from challenging our leadership or seeking to overturn the established political and economic order. Finally we must maintain the mechanisms for deterring potential competitors from even aspiring to a larger regional or global role... ... NATO is the primary instrument of Western defense and security, as well as the channel for U.S. influence and participation in European security affairs. While the United States supports the goal of European integration, we must seek to prevent the emergency of European only security arrangements which will undermine NATO».(46) The document further outlines strategies to subvert the United Nations by substituting it in reality with the United States dominated and controlled NATO and also postulates the right of the U.S. to sidestep United Nations in acting independently and unilaterally.(47) The political development since 1991 can only be described as determined implementation of the American master plan for world domination, outlined in the Pentagon’s Defense Planning Guidance which is a mirror image of identical objectives stated in NSC-68. The document is interesting, as Dugin points out, because it allows for the obvious conclusion that the future enemies of the United States could be her former allies and that the threat that U.S. poses against the Russia now may become a threat against France, Germany and Japan tomorrow. And it is just a matter of time before the antagonism between Western European countries and U.S. will surface and articulate itself as opposition between different national interests. Despite the political transformation in Europe United States has resolved that NATO and the U.S. military presence on the continent should be a permanent geopolitical fixtures. Disbanding of the Warsaw Pact in July 1991 was not followed by the disbanding of NATO . The American alarm concerning the prospect of creation of a Franco-German joint force is understandable since such force will not only inevitably lead to assertion of sovereignty on part of European countries (48) but also to articulation of European identity and collective national interest different from that of the United States. The difference in national interest’s is emphasized by general H.J. von Lochhausen who in his article “The War in Iraq is a War Against Europe” writes: «U.S. has understood that in order to maintain its worldwide domination she must position herself against her enemies of tomorrow i.e. Japan and united Europe. U.S. has chosen to take a firm control of those oil resources on which Japan and Germany will depend in the future ...The war in Iraq was such positioning and it was made possible only because the Soviet Union was eliminated as a player on the world arena and thus also as a deterrent to American aggression. One must remember that the country that controls the oil in the Persian Gulf controls also Western Europe and Japan...And it is deeply disturbing that U.S. forced Germany and Japan to finance the war which ultimately was aimed to their weakening and control in the future».(49) To a similar conclusion comes Samir Amin who points out that »I believe that the decision to go to war in the Gulf was taken deliberately by Washington as a method of preventing the formation of ‘European bloc’ :by weakening Europe (the supply of oil now being unilaterally controlled by the United States; by revealing the essentially fragile political union of Europe...and by neutralizing Moscow».(50) THE NEW WORLD ORDER AND INTERNATIONAL LAW I would like to examine in more detail two issues that are central to Alexander Dugin’s criticism of the New World Order namely the framework of new international law it creates and its consequences for Russia and Europe as exemplified by the war in Yugoslavia. The issue of international law can be seen in the light of Dean Acheson’s statement concerning the American concept of sources of and obligations under international law. »Much of what is called international law is a body of ethical distillation, and one must take care not to confuse this distillation with law...Further, the law trough its long history has been respectful of power, especially that power which is close to the sanctions of law...the law simply does not deal with such questions of ultimate power- power that comes close to the sources of sovereignty»(51) , and the tendency on the part of the U.S. to assert her will as the sole source of international law. In this conjunction it is interesting to recall that already de Gaulle saw at the end of the World War II in President Roosevelt’s grand design for United Nations not only America’s bid for world hegemony through creation of international body subservient to and controlled by the United States but also «a permanent system of intervention that he (Roosevelt) intended to institute by international law»(52) , a design that re-emerged and came to realization in the New Word Order. The war in Yugoslavia on the other hand is of particular importance since it has been perceived in Russia not only as a contemporary analogy to the Spanish Civil War with the U.S. assuming the role of the former fascist powers but also as a general rehearsal to what may happen to Russia in the event U.S. gains a strategic nuclear superiority. And as before during the 30-ties in Spain a number of Russians has volunteered to serve in the Serbian forces.(53) A particular alarm in Russia has caused the so called Presidential Directive 13 which outlines American plans for massive cover operations as well as outright military intervention in Russia under the familiar disguise of so called peace keeping operations in former Soviet republics and formulated with the objective to prevent any recognition of a Russian Monroe Doctrine in the former Soviet Union.(54) A starting point for the analysis of the transformation of the concept of international law must be a discussion on the nature and development of the unilaterally proclaimed Monroe Doctrine which from its very inception has been the ideological basis of American imperialism and assertion of an ever increasing extra-territorial jurisdiction. The Monroe Doctrine designated an area far exceeding the territory of the United States- The Western Hemisphere- as a Grossraum with the U.S. assuming the role of imperial power vested with absolute sovereignty in the region while depriving other countries in the same region of rights to sovereignty and self-determination.(55) U.S. unilaterally reserved for herself the right of intervention in the Western Hemisphere creating a qualitatively new form of colonialism with the right of intervention as a cornerstone for political control and domination. The essence of the Monroe Doctrine and its subsequent codification in the Rio Treaty, is the repudiation of the main principle of the United Nations Charter namely the principle of equality and sovereignty of nations on which the body of international law rests. And already Hegel knew that international law-jus gentium-presupposes and is based on sovereignty of states. In a situation where only one state in the international community is a possessor of absolute sovereignty, the international law as such can not exist- it will be the application of the domestic law of the dominating state disguised into an universal principle.(56) After the conclusion of the W.W.I, at the Paris Peace Conference, which resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and creation of the League of Nations , president Woodrow Wilson presented his Fourteen Points which proclaimed a new universalism as well as , employing what later will be called a Orwellian New Talk, the right of self-determination as a foundation for the postwar world order. At the same time his Secretary of State, Robert Lansing, wrote a memorandum explaining the meaning of the Monroe Doctrine : «In its advocacy of the Monroe Doctrine the United States considers its own interests. The integrity of other American nations is an incident, not an end. While this may seem based on selfishness alone, the author of the Doctrine had no higher or more generous motive in its declaration.»(57) United States refused to enter the League of Nations unless its "Charter incorporated the Monroe Doctrine - a demand less concerned with the right of self-determination than with American domination in the Western Hemisphere. As it turned out, even though Art. 21 of the Chapter did incorporate the Monroe Doctrine, the U.S. did not join the League. In Schmitt’s view, Art. 21 symbolized the triumph of the Western Hemisphere over Europe.»(58) the grand design of President Wilson was to transform the Treaty of Versailles and its creation, the League of Nations , into a instrument of American imperialism and dominance of Europe.(59) Of particular interest are United States fifteen reservations which did not provide for ratification but, rather, for the nullification of the Treaty. Some of those reservations form a distinct doctrinaire body concerned with the nature of U.S. obligations under international law. 1. The United States so understands and construes article 1 that in case of notice or withdrawal from the League of Nations...the United States shall be the sole judge as to whether all its international obligations and all its obligations under the said covenant have been fulfilled... 4. The United States reserves to itself exclusively the right to decide what questions are within its domestic jurisdiction and declares that all domestic and political questions relating wholly or in part to its internal affairs ...are solely within the jurisdiction of the United States and are not under this treaty to be submitted in any way either to arbitration or to the consideration of the council or of the assembly of the League of Nations, or any agency thereof, or to the decision or recommendation of any other power. 5. The United States will not submit to arbitration or to inquire by the assembly or by the council of the League of Nations, provided for in said treaty of peace, any questions which in the judgment of the United States depend upon or relate to its long-established policy, commonly known as the Monroe Doctrine; said doctrine is to be interpreted by the United States alone and is hereby declared to be wholly outside the jurisdiction of said League of Nations... 14. ..The United States assumes no obligation to be bound by any decision, report, or finding of the council or assembly arising out of any dispute between the United States and any member of the league.(60) Those reservations express the specific American dualistic position in respect to international treaties: treaties are to be used as a vehicle for other countries to assume obligations while the U.S. does not assume any obligations.(61) Treaties were to be so designed solely to promote United States interests by securing action by foreign governments in a way deemed advantageous by the U.S. and not for the U.S. to undertake any international obligations. The purpose of this dualistic doctrine has historically been to solidify and promote American hegemonical claims. Recognizing the true nature of the pseudo-universalism of the international law created after the W.W.I which appeared not to rest on respect for existing sovereignties but was merely a pretext for complete political and economic domination by the United States, Carl Schmitt wrote that «Behind the facade of general norms of international law lies, in reality, the system of Anglo-Saxon world imperialism»(62) After the W.W.II United States needed a further disguise to unilaterally assert U.S. power and to underscore Washington’s hemispheric hegemony. It resulted in a creation and signing of the Interamerican Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, signed in Rio de Janeiro in September of 1947, and a subsequent pact concluded in Bogota in April of 1948, which established the Charter of the Organization of American States (OAS). The significance of the Rio Treaty goes beyond the formal codification of the Monroe Doctrine. First, in view of the fundamental professed principle of the Charter of the United Nation namely the principle of sovereignty and equality of member states , a regional treaty which in substance repudiates the very principle of sovereignty save for the sole sovereignty of the United States , must be seen as incompatible with the U.N. Charter. Secondly OAS became a prototype of a pseudo-international organization with a pseudo-universal ideological facade, an instrument for American interventionism in the region. And finally it must be seen as a paradigm of American concept of organization of a Grossraum in particular and World Order in general the globalization of which is the very essence of the New World Order. Or as Noam Chomsky points out « For the U.S. , the Cold War has primarily been a history of worldwide subversion, aggression and state-run international terrorism, with examples to numerous to mention. Secondarily , it has served to maintain U.S. influence over the industrial allies, and to suppress independent politics and popular activism.»(63) An additional aspect of the New World Order seems to be the U.S. repudiation of one of the most fundamental rules of international law namely that treaties must be performed in good faith; the rule of “pacta sunt servanda”. The massive cover operations undertaken by the United States in Poland during the 80-ties after President Reagan signed a secret national-security-decision (NSDD 32)(64) that authorized a wide range of subversive measures by the CIA to destabilize the country , were motivated by the U.S. resolve to nullify the Yalta Agreement.(65) The U.S. invasion of Panama in December of 1990 was based on the Washington design to prevent the effect of the treaty that would transfer the control over Panama canal to Panama. I can certainly agree with Noam Chomsky’s conclusion that the Panama war which resulted in more than 20.000 civil casualties «is a historic event in one respect. It is the first U.S. act of international violence in the post-World War II era that was not justified by the pretext of a Soviet threat.»(66) And finally the war in Yugoslavia and the subsequent partition of the country which, historically seen, is almost analogous to Hitler’s partition of the country: a Croatian puppet state has been established by the neo-Ustachi. The general perception in Russia is that the so called Bosnian forces, promoted by the U.S. , are no more than the equivalent of the so called Contras in Nicaragua and the war is the first example of Latin-Americanization of Europe. But the partition of Yugoslavia, which in not so distant past was one of the leaders on the non-aligned countries, is seen as a flagrant violation of the Helsinki Accord of 1975 which essence was inviolability of frontiers and territorial integrities of states as well as guaranties of sovereign equality of nations and respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty(67) and on which all security arraignments in Europe were based. In pertinent part the Helsinki Accord states that: The participating States will respect each other’s sovereign equality and individuality as well as the rights inherent in and encompassed by its sovereignty, including in particular the right of every State to judicial equality, to territorial integrity and to freedom and political independence...The participating States regard as inviolable all one another’s frontiers as well as the frontiers of all States in Europe and therefore they will refrain now and in the future from assaulting these frontiers... The participating States will respect the territorial integrity of each of the participating States. Accordingly, they will refrain from any action inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations against the territorial integrity, political independence or the unity of any participating State, and in particular from any such action constituting a threat or use of force. While the partition of Yugoslavia must be seen as violation of the Helsinki Accord, the issuing war and the U.S. outright military intervention and occupation of part of Yugoslavia—Bosnia—,do have wider implications since those measures involve and articulate the relationship between the U.S. and the United Nations. Summarizing the intentions of Washington William Safire in an article in the New York Times(68) writes concerning the prospective air-strikes against Serbian forces that the Clinton Administration has adopted a new resolute policy vis-?-vis the United Nations- «Don’t ask, tell Policy...Coercive diplomacy would become the order of the day» A State Department spokesman, Michael McCurry, asserted that « The United States would be ready to carry out an air campaign against advancing Serbian forces whether or not it received the approval of European allies at a NATO meeting in Brussels on August 2, 1993.»(69) He further omitted all references to any necessary authorization by the United Nations. Although the Clinton Administration was rebuffed by the U.S. Secretary General who rightfully asserted that the U.S. does not have jurisdiction over U.N. forces and that furthermore, any decision in respect to air-strikes must be sanctioned by the United Nations(70) , United States has persisted in claiming that U.S. alone can decide whether or not to strike. Or as the former State Department official John Bolton correctly pointed out: «We are the central multilateralists. The idea that there is some collective international will out there is just fairly land stuff. The true measure of America’s diplomatic clout will always be the military resources we are willing to commit.»(71) After a meeting in Washington with Alija Izetbegovic, the U.S.’s man in Bosnia, and a former officer of the Waffen SS (72) , President Clinton stated on September 8, 1993, that any military intervention in Yugoslavia must be undertaken «by a peacekeeping force from NATO — not the United Nations but NATO». The French reaction was understandable. Richard Duque, a spokesman for the Foreign Ministry, said France believed that any such operation should be «under the authority of the United Nations».(73) The French reaction must be seen also in light of the Defense Secretary Les Aspin’s assertion that any peacekeeping forces should be under NATO command, that is, under the ultimate direction of the Supreme Allied Commander, a post always held by an American officer. France however does not belong to the NATO’s integrated command and apparently sees the American statements as an attempt to infringe upon her sovereignty. The American objectives in Yugoslavia were fully realized. For all practical purposes NATO tog over all the essential functions of the United Nations, in fact replacing the United Nation. The Daytona «agreement» seen by many as a Second Munich , embodied not only the essence of the diplomacy of ultimatums but also the American attempts to subvert the of international law. In fact the Daytona Agreement is a nullity according the international law(74) . The agreement, modeled after the Platt Amendment in regard to Cuba, created a virtual American protectorate in Bosnia. The French geopolitician General Pierre-Marie Gallois, one of the leaders of the Resistance movement during the WWII, the creator of the military doctrine of France and one of the closest advisers of General de Gaulle sees the war and the partition of Yugoslavia as an integral part of the American design for world domination, embodied in the concept of the New World Order. And thus it serves the geopolitical strategy of the ultimate extension of American Lebensraum—the Monroe Doctrine for the whole world. In his words one can hear the voice of General De Gaulle: «The pursuit of truth and justice made me involved in a resolute struggle against the greatest absurd and evil which flow out of the totalitarian idea of the New World Order. The partition and destruction of Yugoslavia , the aggression against Iraq , the murder of hundred of thousands of innocent civilians in Iraq, all those abominable acts are all but pages of the same scenario: the imposition of the evil will of one over all who are perceived as obstacles for the imposition of American Weltherrschaft over humankind...It is rather obvious that the partition of countries in Europe has not ended yet. Our participation in NATO and the occupation of Yugoslavia is a threat to the independence of France, a betrayal of our national interests. The Balkan crisis is an expedient device to justify the unjustifiable: the expansion of the American military presence in Europe. And at the same time UN, rather than being an institution for promotion of international understanding and peace, has been transformed into an instrument for collective aggression. NATO is not on a peace mission in Yugoslavia. NATO’s forces in Yugoslavia are an act of aggression, an act of outright occupation.»(75) At the same time, points and emphasizes Galouas , the war in Yugoslavia, serves an important geopolitical purpose, designed to imperil the desire for geopolitical independence of Europe: «Germany will grow stronger and soon she would no longer tolerate the presence of American military forces on her soil. Therefore a reserve position for the American NATO forces is necessary, the addition of an ideal geopolitical region for stationing and regrouping of the military instrument of American foreign policy. Albania, Bosnia and Macedonia form that region...The world according to American recipes is an absolute and total negation of the old tradition of respect for rights and freedoms. After the genocidal bombing of civilian Serbian targets and the economic embargo serving the same purpose—weakening of the Serbs—, United States created Bosnia as her protectorate...That is abominable. But those atrocities serve the overriding geopolitical goal of the United States: to remain in Europe at any cost...Dayton Agreement is the latest embodiment of the new American diplomacy, aggressive and uncompromising , confident in its power, the diplomacy that knows and uses only the language of ultimatums... U.S. literally bombed to pieces Iraq, poisoned the nature and the ecological environment , with unparalleled barbarity killed hundreds of thousands of civilians, only in order to control the supply of oil and dictate its price as it pleases Washington...As a result of the embargo against Iraq 570.000 civilians were murdered....And this is a crime against humanity par excellence. And again and again decisions are made in Washington which will result in murder of innocent elderly, sick and poor. And then Washington dears to teach the world morality...Or take the so called War Tribunal in Hague, allegedly set up to represent moral and truth but in reality an instrument of war (war with other judicial means) and continuous aggression against the Serbs.(76) What better evidence of the absurdity of this tribunal than the fact that there were no war crime tribunals for all war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the bombing of Dresden and Hamburg, the nuclear annihilation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, for the massive war crimes committed in Vietnam, an for the war crimes committed in Iraq during the operation Desert Storm. It is as if all those massive war crimes did not happen or were insignificant compared to the Serbs resistance against the conquest of their country...I can not accept such perverted American logic, and I am very sorry that my country is forced to participate in those American atrocities.(77) The obvious conclusion is that the partition of Yugoslavia, and the subsequent war, serve several purposes: a. Expansion of the American Grossraum with the establishment of a Bosnian puppet state controlled by the U.S., as well as, in all probability, establishment of U.S. permanent military bases on the Adriatic; b. Prevention of the emergence of any independent European foreign policy initiatives and thereby the emergence of Europe as an unified new Grossraum; c. Consolidation of the control over the Rimland; d. Abrogation, in fact, of the Helsinki Accord; e. Subversion and factual demise of the United Nations as an international body and finally f. A rehearsal for, as it is perceived in Russia, an impending war of aggression against Russia. In any event, it is quite obvious, that substitution of United Nations with NATO will render the veto power of the permanent members of the U.N. Security Council inoperative, which will effect the interests of not only Russia but also France and China. If the incorporation of the Monroe Doctrine in Article 21 of the Chapter of the League of Nations signified the subversion of the universality of international law and Europe’s defeat by the U.S. , the war in Yugoslavia and air-strikes against Serbian forces signifies even more important historical event namely the subversion of the United Nations and its transformation in the future , if U.S. is not resolutely opposed , to a functional equivalent of the OAS i.e. to a pseudo-international body serving as a rubber stamp for American hegemony and wars of aggression disguised as so called peace keeping operations in countries that, prior to the peace keeping initiatives, have already been destabilized by the U.S. covert and overt subversion. The partition of Yugoslavia can very well became a second Munich for Europe. It is obvious that Washington is seeking to impose its absolute authority over the rest of the world. To achieve this aim United States will have to effect the complete subversion and forcible destruction of the machinery of government and structure of society in , above all, former socialist countries and their replacement by an apparatus and structure subservient to and controlled from Washington. Hitler left the League of Nations preparing for aggressive wars; United States strategy on the other hand is much more dangerous - the subversion of the United Nations to further the same end . Recognizing the changing nature of the United Nations in the post 1991 era and the issuing crisis of legitimacy, one of the founders of the National Salvation Front in Russia and the former editor of the Military-Historical Journal general B. Filatov wrote that «When the National Salvation Front comes to power and that will happen very soon, we will leave the United Nations which has become a fascist punitive organization, an instrument of CIA. We will put our rockets on alert. Then we will see who will dare to attack Serbia.»(78) The necessary strategy for Russia and other European countries, Germany and France above all, must be a geopolitical project to create a new Grossraum - Pax Eurasiatica- in opposition to Pax Americana and its corollary , the New World Order, because only in opposition to the United States can Europe begin an independent geopolitical life and reach a genuine emancipation, writes Dugin. The purpose of a new Kulturkampf is to problematize the American hegemony as a threat to Europe as a historical formation in general and to its culture in particular. Finding the authenticity of European destiny and political life implies by necessity a rejection of any false claims of universalism advanced by the U.S., which to its substance is both an ideological facade and concealment of American particular national interests. European revival is conditioned upon the dissolution of NATO which today is solely an instrument of American control over its alleged allies and a pretext to maintain U.S. occupation forces in Europe /for more than one hundred years» as President Bush asserted. The strategical objectives of the U.S. controlled NATO have been defined by Wolfram Hanrieder in his book Germany, America, Europe(79) as a strategy of «double containment»: containment of the Soviet Union in the past on one side and of American allies on the other. «The logic of this strategy was put bluntly by Lord Ismay in his famous dictum about NATO’s purpose in Europe (which could have described the U.S. policies toward the Japanese) ‘Keep the Americans in, the Russians out, and the Germans down.’»(80) Europe as a collective entity must enter the famous hermeneutical circle and walking there must find the truth about its separate and unique collective existence which during the Cold War years has been concealed. As Heidegger has pointed out , the attempt to achieve national authenticity is always expressed in resoluteness and resoluteness is the true substance of Kulturkampf. Dugin proposes the revival of the concept of Mitteleuropa, originally formulated by Friedrich Naumann, as an ideological platform for a new geopolitical orientation opposing Pax Americana and creating a competing Grossraum—Pax Eurasiatica— which will exclude and oppose the United States. Closely associated with the concept of Mitteleuropa is the specific political extrapolation of the Kultur/Zivilization dichotomy as formulated by Thomas Mann in his book “Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man”(81) in which he counterpoises German «culture» against largely Anglo-Saxon «civilization». Dugin elaborates on that dichotomy reaching the conclusion that not only Europe’s national interest differs from that of the United States but that also its cultural tradition is the antithesis of the hollow shell of «civilization» in the U.S. Whereas «culture» in European countries is expression of national identities and of organic historical tradition, the American «civilization» is the bearer of an all-embracing commercialism and consumerism whose penetration dissolves all national identities. A rather paradoxical conclusion emerges from the revival of the concept of Mitteleuropa namely an anti-West oriented Europe. Dugin sees the term West as largely an American ideological construct, an Atlanticist mold thrown over Europe, and regards de Gaulle’s decision in 1966 to withdraw from NATO’s integrated command, which, as de Gaulle emphasized, deprived France of her sovereignty, not only as the first assertion of European identity separate and different from that of the United States, but also as the first anti-West manifestation by an European country in the U.S.’s sphere of influence. De Gaulle emphasized that the American design has always been to transform a cohesive European community into a larger and looser Atlantic community under American control.(82) Recognizing that Atlanticism was virulently aggressive as ever, he was compelled to look for ways of resisting American hegemony in Europe. »There were two options: he could either take unilateral measures to challenge American hegemony or he could seek alternative partners with a common interest in breaking down hegemonic control.»(83) France’s withdrawal from the NATO’s integrated command become de Gaulle’s ultimate gesture of anti-hegemonism. The failure of the Soviet Union, due to defeatist and de facto anti-national foreign policy of the Gorbachev administration, to condition the unification of Germany on her withdrawal from NATO, was a major self-inflicted political defeat affecting not only Russia but also Germany in the future. For Russia it means a weakening of its strategic potential and for Germany a lost chance to gain full sovereignty by not having foreign occupation forces stationed on her territory. And for Europe as a whole it signifies a lost momentum to replace NATO, i.e. American power projection and an instrument of containment against U.S.’s former allies, with a pan-European security system. In this perspective one must se the alternatives for Europe as envisioned by the Maastricht treaty which may lead to gradual unification: either a Federated Europe as a power projecting Grossraum or as an even more divided and weakened Europe under the oppressive and leveling effect of the American pseudo-universalism, which in substance will amount to an Atlanticist police state with the NATO’s strategy of containment directed toward the U.S.’s former allies. In the latter case the Maastrich treaty will lead to deligitimization of national sovereignties and to weakening and dissolution of national identities of member states. Instead of a new European self-identity, the result will be the creation of an amorphous space with obliterated national and cultural identities and functionally integrated into the American Grossraum. Already de Gaulle foresaw that possibility when he stated that if the United States is not opposed «at the end there would appear a colossal Atlantic community under American dependence and leadership which would completely swallow up the European community.»(84) Against the anti-European concept of Atlantic community, devised as an ideological vehicle for subjugation of independent European geopilitical existence, stands the concept of a Monroe doctrine for Europe, claims Alain de Benoist : «What bothers me is that I do not see the Maastricht Treaty leading to an autonomous, politically sovereign Europe determined to acquire the equivalent of what the Monroe doctrine was for the United States, but rather a phantom of Europe, a Europe a unemployment, absent and impotent, a free trade zone governed on the theoretical level by ultra-liberal monetary principles and, on the practical level , by administrators and bankers who neither have a political project nor democratic legitimacy...Nietzsche said: «Europe will create itself on the edge of a tomb». For my part, I believe it will create itself over and against the United States, or it will not create itself.»(85) In historical perspective the Anglophone powers , Great Britain in the past, United States now, have always been an obstacle to consolidation of Europe and thus a true geopolitical adversary. «The urge to evict the Americans, and before us , the British from the Continent has deep roots in reaction to the role of the English-speaking countries in foiling every attempt to unify Europe since the Renaissance. With the exception of the more misguided members of the House of Stuart , every English-speaking head of state from Elizabeth Tudor to Harry Truman opposed the consolidation of the Continent. Elizabeth I fought Spain; from the time of Marlborough to the time of Wellington the English fought France; from Asquith to Churchill and Roosevelt the «Anglo-Saxon» fought Germany. Even when American policy shifted under Truman to support the peaceful integration of Western Europe , it was out of desire to fend off the greater menace of the Soviets...The positive contribution to European civilization of the old «divide and rule» policy cannot, however, disguise its essentially negative goal. The British sought to keep the Continent embroiled in quarrels while they assembled a global empire and grew rich. The United States relied on Britain to maintain a European balance that kept the Europeans from interfering in the New World while we, like our British cousins, traded freely with all quarters of the globe...In the twentieth century the Elizabethan realpolitik of the Anglophone powers acquired a Wilsonian overlay...The Elizabethan and the Wilsonian policies remain at the core of American interests today. As good Elizabethans, we understand that it is not in America’s interests...for European integration to take place under the hegemonic leadership of a single power, whether this power is based in Moscow or Berlin. Nor would it be in America’s interests for European integration to proceed in such a way as to create a single hegemonic power center in Brussels»(86). The grand design of the United States, particularly now, when Washington is aggressively advancing the plans to globalize NATO, and thus its Monroe doctrine, is the Latin-Americanization first of the former socialist countries, including Russia and second, of her former West European allies. And as long as United States is not displaced from her position of hegemony in Europe and ultimately driven out of Eurasia, European countries will never acquire that which is necessary for independent geopolitical existence. A federated Europe with American military forces on its soil is no more than an obedient satellite. During the 60-ties de Gaulle warned against a supranational Europe of the Common market which he then considered a divided Europe under the mentorship and hegemonial design of the United States. Reading Dugin one may paraphrase Bismarck and say that if the power of Russia is ever broken , it will be difficult for the former members of the socialist block to avoid the fate of Poland in the past that is the destiny of divided and contested area to be claimed by the United States as «glacis and perimeter of battle». By the same token a weak Russia may spell weakness also for other European countries. But does it mean that Dugin envisions a sort of a new Rapallo treaty(87) as a political foundation for a new geopolitical orientation? I can agree with Rudolf Barho’s assertion that »A new Rappalo would break Western Europe from North America«.(88) However, a new Rapallo can only be used as a metaphor for diplomatic and political initiatives that may lead to a possible alliance between Germany, France, Russia and China as central powers. A new equivalent of Rapallo treaty is a geopolitical and existential imperative for Europe, a fundament for future continental unity and continental defense against American expansionism, against the pseudo universalism and totalitarian claims of the American Imperium Monde. Dugin’s concept of a new European geopolitical orientation resembles de Gaulle’s visions during the ‘60s. Rejecting American hegemony de Gaulle conjured an alliance, an European coalition, which, without infringing on the sovereignty of the member states would constitute an alternative European Grossraum. He recognized that the ideology of Atlantic unity is in fact the ideology of American domination and counterpoised his concept of European unity which today only can be seen as America free Europe. However de Gaulle recognized that a genuine European alliance could not be created without there being in Europe today a federator with sufficient power, authority and skills.(89) At that time there was no such strong federator. In his memoirs de Gaulle noted that «The American President’s (F.D. Roosevelt) remarks ultimately proved to me that, in foreign affairs, logic and sentiment do not weight heavily in comparison with the realities of power; that what matters is what one takes and what one can hold on to; that to regain her place, France must count only on herself».(90) United States believed that the Frenchmen «in a grip of sort of neurasthenia would gradually relax into the status of an American protectorate...The alternative, as de Gaulle constantly proposed it, was for Frenchmen to continue the arduous struggle for national self renewal until they again became masters of their own fate.»(91) In his advocacy of a new continental geopolitical orientation and in his definition of Pax Eurasiatica, Alexander Dugin criticizes and rejects the old ideology of Panslavism. The difference between the Panslavism and Eurasianism is summarized by him as a difference between two principles — «the principle of blood» and «the principle of soil (realm)». For the Panslavism the emphasis is on the concept of ethnic identity—in other words the primacy of blood over the soil. For the traditional Eurasianism on the other hand, the land takes precedence: as ideology it expresses the primacy of the soil over the blood. «It presupposes the ideological choice of continental, Eurasian values over narrow ethnic or racial values.»(92) A further differentiation of the concept of Eurasianism can be made by distinguishing between two sub directions of the Eurasian ideology. The first one is centered on the notion of a specific Eurasian identity—the concept of polyphonic ethos of Russia—defined in terms of ethos and land.(93) The second one defines Eurasianism in terms of geopolitical realities and necessary geopolitical strategy, also in terms of realm and Grossraum. The emphasis here is on the land power status of Russia as opposed to the atlanticist sea power status of the United States. Alexander Dugin is a proponent of this definition of Eurasianism. From a geopolitical point of view the past observation of Halford MacKinder that the greatest danger to Anglo Saxon hegemony would be a political union and a geopolitical block of Russia and Germany, bears particular relevance. The concept of Eurasian resistance against the dictates of the American New World Order and the global American hegemony articulates the geopolitical and the national meta— existential necessity to create such geopolitical block able to stop the steamroller of the New World Order. An additional aspect of Dugin’s analyses of geopolitical orientations and strategies concerns the future relationship between Russia and Islam. The starting point is Robert Steuckers view that Russia must make a common cause with Iran against American interests.(94) Continental, Islamic — revolutionary Iran is contrasted with the Atlanticist secular Turkey and the Arabic theocratic variant of Islam of Saudi Arabia. Turkey is the primary agent of American influence in the region and a virtual colony of the U.S., an Asian forpost of American geopolitical interests which serves as a cordon sanitaire between the Asian East of Russia and the Arab world. A conflict between Russia and Islam countries is the main purpose of the U.S. foreign policy, a main conduit for which is Turkey. A similar roll serves also Saudia Arabia, a country which in fact must also be seen as an American colony. The interests of Saudy dynasty and of the American Atlanticism coincide, forming a bullwark against creation of an Arabic Great Area. Through the control of Saudi Arabia U.S. controls the supply of oil. And the U.S. controlls the economy of Europe through control of the oil in the Gulf region. Therefore, to counterbalance American hegemony in the region, Russian foreign policy must be oriented toward Iran, asserts Dugin. In today perspective the events of 1991 are of paramount importance because, as Dugin points out, 1991 is the year of destruction of the Eurasian Grossraum, the only one that possessed resources to withstand American expansionism and which consisted of all countries belonging to the socialist block. Central Europe in general and Germany in particular, as geopolitical entity are only a pure potential at present time. Central Europe can constitute itself in the future only in alliance with Russia which occupies a unique position as a centrum of the Eurasian continent, as a Heartland. Russia occupies also a key strategical and geographical position in the world with its huge landmass and human potential. A new geopolitical orientation must take into account the so called Atlantic factor which Dugin in length discusses. The Atlantic factor is the United States strategy to impose her will on former Soviet republic and socialist countries and to transform those into satellite countries in the American orbit, linking them into a Cordon Sanitaire around Russia. Certainly one can already see the shadow of the Atlantic masters over the Baltic republics. As the Russian jurist Vladimir Ovzinski asserts the «CIA already works totally in the open in Lithuania , not only through American Embassy in Vilnius but also through American advisers to the Supreme Council of the Republic. And the situation is similar in both Latvia and Estonia».(95) The Atlantic factor is a geopolitical consequence of what William Appleman Willams has called the American «frontier thesis» —the perpetual expansionism in pursuit of new western frontiers. United States has a perspective for real world hegemony only if no competing Grossraum is allowed to arise. Therefore both NSC-68 after the end of the WWII and its mirror image—the Pentagon Planning Guidance after the «end» of the Cold War, envision control or destruction not only of any competing Grossraum but also any geopolitical area which can consolidate itself in the future into power projecting Grossraum. The conclusion is that the primary objectives of the American geopolitics are to destroy any potential geopolitical alliance as well as to prevent its building. To paraphrase Clemenceau the American politics of peace vis-?-vis Russia are nothing else but continuation of war with other means. The Cold War has been replaced by Military Peace. Therefore creation of Cordon Sanitaire around Russia, which by necessity mandates the conquest of the second Europe—Eastern Europe—under the guise of enlargement of NATO, is the most important objective of the American foreign polic Cordon Sanitaire consists of territory of countries and people situated between two geopolitical blocks. It is created by virtue of hegemonic control or, as in the American creation of a puppet Bosnian state in the failed attempt to create a Georgian state under Schevernadze, and in the war in Chechnya, with outright force and subversion. The countries that potentially will be included in the Cordon Sanitaire are those countries whose unity or membership in a competing Grossraum would constitute a geopolitical disadvantage to the United States. United States is actively pursuing her double-edged foreign policy objective of further expansion of her extra-territorial jurisdiction and transformation of former socialist countries into a Cordon Sanitaire through plans outlined by the Secretary of Defense Les Aspin at the NATO meeting in Travem?nde on October 21, 1993 to expand the North Atlantic Treaty Organization by inclusion of former members of the Warsaw Pact. Cordon Sanitaire in the beginning of this century consisted of countries situated between Russia and Germany and were controlled by England. Those countries, being an agent and tool of the Anglo-Saxon West, were breaking the Grossraum of Mitteleurope and the Grossraum of Russia. In present days the perfidious Albion has been replaced by the perfidious Washington and the American objectives can be summarized as assertion of hegemonic control and transformation of former Soviet republics into virtual American colonies in which, with employment of coercive measures: subversion, terror, aggression, economic warfare, United States will install marionette rulers without any trace of political independence. Or as Noam Chomsky puts it «One consequence of the collapse of the Soviet block is that much of it may undergo a kind of ‘Latin-Americanization’ , reverting to the service role, with the ex-Nomenclatura perhaps taking the role of the Third World elites linked to international business and financial interests»(97) In conjunction with this it is important to bear in mind that American attempts to partition Russia and gain control of her huge natural resources predate the Cold War period and NSC-68. In October of 1918 the American government drafted secret commentaries to President Wilson’s 14 points which outlined U.S. plans to partition Russia into small regions in order for the United States to assert her hegemony and gain control over Russian territories and natural resources in Siberia and Caucasus. On the map prepared by the Department of State titled «Proposed Borders of Russia» and presented by President Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference, all that is left of Russia is her central part , the Mid-Russian Plateau. In an appendix to the map it was stated that «All Russia must be divided into large natural regions, each with its own economy. However none of those regions should be sufficiently independent to build a strong state».(98) Those long-standing American plans make it even more urgent for Russia to make a decisive geopolitical orientation. Of course, if President Yeltsin turns out to be a Russian Quisling,(99) and his September 21,1993 coup with subsequent destruction of the Russian Parliament most certainly suggests this possibility(100) , then the prospects for a new geopolitical orientation will become more difficult to realize. In his 1938 study “Ueber das Verhaeltnis der Begriffe Krieg und Feind”, Carl Schmitt, anticipating the future of the Cold War, described the world as moving toward an ‘intermediary situation between war and peace’, a kind of a bellicose peace which is neither war nor peace, which Carl Schmitt called military peace, i.e. a world condition of global confrontation which tends to take the form of a total war. In “Totaler Feind, Totaler Krieg, Totaler Staat”, published in 1937, Carl Schmitt related the idea of total war to the idea of total State, a war that «will be total for two reasons. First because it would not be localized in the sense that it would enfold in on a battle field, but it would be spread across the entire planet including sidereal space. Next, because it would not only be military, given that all the activities -scientific, technological, economic-and all of the material and ideal aspects of existence will be directly implicated in this gigantic conflict. Protected zones will no longer exist since both the military and the non-military will be engaged in this conflict. Politically speaking, there will no longer be a distinction between those who fight and those who do not».(101) During the Cold War two kind of Grossraum confronted each other- the existential categories of friend and enemy applied also to the concept of Grossraum- and out of that confrontation a world order build on plurality of Grossr?ume was maintained. However the end of the Cold War did not lead to revival of the concept of state sovereignty but to renewed attempt to universalize the ordering principles of the American Grossraum and establishment of a Monroe Doctrine for the whole world- an overriding objective of American foreign policy since the time of President Willson- under the slogan of a New World Order. Alexander Dugin equates the New World Order with American world wide hegemony, which, in order to be established, requires the totalization of the ‘intermediary situation between war and peace’, i.e. a new Cold War with different ideological justification but with the same aim: total American world domination. «The total war, previously localized in the Cold War confrontation between U.S. and the Soviet Union, is the essence of American universalism. Military peace is the present substance of the New World Order with which Russia and other countries are confronted now and the American implementation of this New World Order can only lead to a new total war.»(102) As a paradigmatic figure of Russian resistance to the New World Order, of what he calls the Endkampf, Alexander Dugin takes the symbol of the Russian partisan. The phenomenon of partisan is for Carl Schmitt «a paradigmatic figure for the decomposition of the classical Nomos and for the appearance of bellicose peace. The figure is remarkable because it still has a landlocked reality-described by Schmitt as its ‘telluric character’»(103) The partisan embodies the concept of Resistance, his physical existence is overshadowed by his political existence- Existenze des Wiederstand- and he takes his law from hostility, i.e. from his sense of supreme distinction between friend and enemy. His struggle is against the New World Order, its dictates and its total claim of annihilation of Russian future. For Dugin the American New World Order is a triumph of global totalitarianism. The Partisan is the answer to the illegitimate legality of the New World Order. «In the condition of the state of emergency, in the intensifying atmosphere of ‘military peace’ or ‘peaceful war’, the defense of national soil, history, people and nation are the sources of his legitimacy. He heralds the beginning of a total war with the total enemy...In Russian history his prototype is the partisan during the war against Napoleon, the partisan of the World War II, the resister to the Nazi German New World Order. Now he is the resister of a new New World Order- the American. The partisan is the harbinger of the healing power of national soil and historical national space of the Russian people. In the post-Cold War period of intensifying ‘military peace’ only the Russian partisan can show the way to a Russian historical future». (104) However the only viable alternative to the totalitarian globality of the New World Order is the reconstitution or creation of a new Grossraum opposing American world empire and the emancipation of the principles of international pluralism. The pseudo-legality of the New World Order must be confronted by a new alternative legality. Against the all-embracing American pseudo-universalism must stand the will-formation of national particularism and mobilization of geopolitical resistance. Against the steamroller of the American New World Order and the American invasion in the geopolitical vacuum of Eurasia after the destruction of the Soviet Union a new continental geopolitical unity must be consolidated resulting in proclamation of a Monroe doctrine for Europe. Therefore, referring to the Pentagon’s Defense Planning Guidance, Alexander Dugin writes: «The overriding objective of the United States is to prevent the creation of any real geopolitical alternative. Therefore our main objective must be the creation of any new geopolitical alternative.» This is a good point of departure because it presupposes the concept of the political. And after all, to paraphrase Heidegger, the political is the house of Being. ENDNOTES (1) Gyorgy Lukacs -The Destruction of Reason (Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1981 at pp.765,770. (2) Martin Heidegger -Being and Time (Harper and Row, New York, 1962) at p. 347. (3) Carl Schmitt - The Concept of the Political (Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 1976) at p.p.19, 26. (4) Nikolaj Zagladin -Pochemu zavershilas ‘holodnaja vojna’ - Kentavr, January/February 1992, Moscow, pp. 45-60 (5) Zbignief Brzezinski -The Gold War and Its Aftermath -Foreign Affairs, Fall 1992 (Council on Foreign Relations, New York) - at p. 32 (6) Zbigniew Brzezinski - ibid. at p. 34 (7) George F. Kennan-The Failure in Our Success -New York Times, March 14, 1992, p. A17 (8) The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , signed March 3, 1918, ended the war between Soviet Russia and Germany. As a result of the treaty Soviet Russia was partitioned and lost 34 percent of the population and 54 percent of the industrial production. According to the terms of the treaty Germany, enlarging her Lebensraum, was to occupy Ukraine , Byelorussia, Caucasus , the Baltic provinces etc. With the defeat of Germany the treaty was repudiated. (9) Thomas H. Etzold and John Lewis Gaddis Containment. Documents on American policy and Stategy, 1945—1950 (Columbia University Press, New York, 1978) p. 196. NSC 20/1 was subsequently incorporated in the infamous NSC 68. On this subject in Russian debate see Nikolaj von Kreitor Geopolitika holodnoj vojny , Juridicheskaja gazeta No. 26, 1996, Moscow. (10) Wolfram Henrieder -Germany, America, Europe (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1989) - at p. 17 (11) Here quoted after Ronald Steel -Pax Americana (The Viking Press, New York, 1967)- at p.p. 79-80. (12) Lenin Collected works, vol. 41, p.p. 353-354 (13) Voprosy sotsiologij , nr 1, 1992 (Moscow ) (14) Alexander Dugin -Carl Schmitt –piat’ urokov Rossii (Nash Sovremmennik, nr. 8.1992, Moskow) (15) Alexander Dugin - ibid , at p.p. 129, 130,135 (16) Agnes Heller has analyzed the problem of a meta-existential choice of a nation in a context of friendfoe dichotomy in the essay The Concept of Political Revisited , published in Political Theory Today , edited by David Held (Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1991). (17) Carl Schmitt -Verfassungslehre (Duncker&Humblot, Berlin 1970) - at p. 50. Schmitt writes further that «because every being is a particularly-constituted being, every concrete political existence has some sort of constitution. But not every politically existing force decides in a conscious act concerning the form of this political existence and succeeds in consciously determining the concrete type of its political existence as did the American states with their Declaration of Independence and the French nation in 1789. ibid. p.23 .See also G.L.Ulman -Anthropological Theology, Theological Anthropology (Telos, Nr.93, Fall 1992, New York) at p. 71. (18) G.L. Ulmen Anthropological Theology...ibid p.71,72; Carl Schmitt Verfassungslehre -ibid.p.372. (19) Carl Schmitt Verfassungslehre ibid. p. 22 (20) Carl Schmitt The Concept of the Political (21) Alexander Dugin- Carl Schmitt, pjat’ urokov Rossii- ibid. p. 131, 132 (22) Herbert Marcuse «Contribution to the Phenomenology of Historical Materialism» (Telos, Number 4, 1969), here quoted from Richard Wolin «Introduction to Marcuse and Heidegger» (New German Critique, Number 53, 1991, New York) p. 23 (23) For a discussion on Heidegger’s concept of hermeneutics in Being and Time se Richard Palmer Hermeneutics ( Northwestern University Press, Evanston, 1969) (24) Aaron L. Friedberg-The Future of American Power (Political Science Quarterly, Vol.109, Spring 1994) at p. 17. (25) Colonel Victor Alsknis’ father general Jacov Alsknis has been a close friend of marshal Mikhail Tukhachevski; in 1937 general Alsknis participated in the military commission investigating the treason charges against Tuchachevski.The transcript of the commission’s proceedings, classified secret, has never been released. First in 1990, after the intervention of the then Chairman of the KGB Krutchkov, colonel Alsknis gained access to the transcripts and after reading them came to the conclusion that during the 30-ties there was a pro-German conspiracy in the Red Army in which marshal Tukhachevski participated. Alexander Dugin claims that marshal Tukhachevski was a member of Nordlich Light- Elementy -at p.p.10,11. (26) Zbigniew Brzezinski A Plan for Europe (Foreign Affairs, January/February 1995) p. 26 (27) Joseph W. Bendersky -Carl Schmitt (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1983), at p.253. (28) G.L. Ulmen - American Imperialism and International Law: Carl Schmitt on the US in World Affairs- Telos, Nr. 72, Summer 1987; se also Carl Schmitt- Voelkerrechtliche Grossraumordnung, op.cit., p.20. (29) Rudolf Kjellen Der Staat als Lebensform (Berlin, 1924) p. 139. Kjellen writes that the autarchic principle envisions the geopolitical space of the state as «People’s Home». The principle of autarchy «is a reaction against the industrialist type of the nineteenth century. The latter was fundamentally cosmopolitan; in the name of free trade it exposed national households to competition on the world market where the strong always succeeded in swallowing the weak. Its first setback occurred with the adoption of the protectionist system during the second half of the century. Here the state acts in defense of the household (People’s Home). It blocks the road to foreign conquerors by tariff walls behind which national economy can prosper like a true nursery protected from the storm of the sea...The autarchic principle ... replaces «open doors» with «closed spheres of interest» Ibid. p.p. 139, 140. In contemporary perspective the autarchic principle and concept of protected geopolitical space conceived as «People’s Home» is the antagonistic opposite of the American «open door» imperialism. (30) The concept of Grossraum is discussed in Nikolaj von Kreitor Problemy bol’shich prostranstv i buduschee Rossii Nash Sovremennik, No 3 , 1996, Moscow and Nikolaj von Kreitor Stoletie novogo mira. Universalizm protiv pljuralizma, Kentavr, No. 6, 1995, Moscow. (31) The National Security Council Memorandum 68 (NSC-68 ) promulgated in 1950 called for a roll-back strategy aiming to hasten the decay of the Soviet system from within and to foster the seeds of destruction within the Soviet system by a variety of covert and other means that would enable the U.S. to negotiate a settlement with the Soviet Union or a successor state or states. The memorandum further called , adopting the objectives of Hitler, to dismantle the Soviet Union into smaller states-se also Noam Chomsky -On Power and Ideology (South End Press , Boston, 1987) at p. 15. In different articles published during 1991 and 1992 in the Moscow newspaper Denj (DAY) have surfaced assertions that during the years of the so called. Perestrojka United States has invested more than 50 billion dollars for covert subversion in the Soviet Union. (32) Elementy , Number 4, 1993, p. 33 (33) Halford McKinder Democratic Ideals and Reality (W.W. Norton & Company, N.Y. 1962) p. 150 (34) Se Gerald Chaliand, Jean-Pierre Rageau-Strategic Atlas-(Harper Perennial, N.Y. 1992)- at p. 30 (35) Halford MacKinder The Round World and theWinning of the Peace , Foreign Affairs, 21 , New York, 1943. p.p. 595-605. The article is included in the book Democratic Ideals and Reality. See also W.G. Fast How Strong is the Heartland, Foreign Affairs, 29, New York, 1950 p.p. 78-93 and D.J. M. Hooson A New Soviet Heartland , Geographical Journal , 128 (1962) p.p. 19-29. (36) Peter J. Taylor Political Geography (Longman, London, 1985) p. 42 (37) Richard Muir Modern Political Geography (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1975) p. 195. For geopolitical analysis in Russia see E. A. Pozdnjakov Geopolitika (Progress-Kuljtura, Mpscow, 1995. Nikolaj von Kreitor Ot doktriny Monro do Novogo Mirovogo Porjadka , Molodaja Gvardija No 9, 1995, Moscow and Nikolaj von Kreitor Amerikano-fascistkaja geopolitika na sluzhbe zavoevania mira, Molodaja Gvardija No. 8, 1996, Moscow. (38) See James C. Malin The Turner-MacKinder Space Concept of History in Eassays on Historiography (Lawrence, Kansas, 1946) p.p. 1-45; Per Sveaas Andersen Westward in the Course of Empires. A Study of the Shaping of an American Idea: Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier (Oslo University Press, Oslo, 1956). (39) See William Appleman Williams The Contours of American History (W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 1988) p. 17. (40) David P. Calleo Europe’s Future. The Grand Alternatives (W.W. Norton & Co, New York, 1967) p.p. 89,90. (41) Carl Schmitt claimed in his book Land und Meer that world history is the history of perpetual conflict between land powers and sea powers. (42) Alexander Dugin Konspirologia (Arktogej, Moscow, 1993) p.p. 92, 93 (43) Alain de Benoist , Den’ No 1(29) , Moscow, 1992 (44) Elementy nr 3, 1993 - at p. 18 (45) Patrick E. Tyler- U.S. Strategy Plan Calls for Insuring No Rivals Develop - New York Times, March 8, 1992, p. 14 (46) Excerpts from the document published in New York Times , March 8, 1992 (47) Patrick E. Tyler - US Strategy Plan... (48) President Bush stated after the November 7-8, 1991 NATO summit in Europe that security interests of the United States and Europe were indivisible and, therefore , the Atlantic alliance could not be replaced even in the long run and also that the United States presence in Europe would be needed for a century of so. see Ted Carpenter-- In Search for Enemies-(CATO Institute, Washington D.C. 1992, at p.p. 11-12; also White House, Office of Press Secretary, Press Conference by the President, November 8, 1991, transcript, p.1. (49) H. J. von Lochhausen - The War in Iraq - a War Against Europe - Elements p.p. 34,35,36. von Lochhausen asserts also that the war against Iraq, i.e. a war for the control of the oil , was planned a long time in advance and its blueprint was worked out by Henry Kissinger and published in 1975 in the magazine Commentary and later in Harper’s Magazine. von Lochhausen writes points out that studies of American relations with her allies show that U.S. is prone to take advantage against them i.e. using the war as a vehicle to transform her allies into vassals. In both W.W.I and W.W.II the American participation was largely parasitic. While the allies made the decisive efforts the United States reaped the fruits of the victory . See Elementy - ibid p.p. 35, 36. It is interesting to note that both right-wing and left-wing interpretations of the Gulf War coincide in their condemnation of American expansionism. For a left-wing parallel to von Lochhausen see Dario Da Re, Rosanna Munghiello and Dario Padovan Intellettuali, sinistra e conflitto del Golfo: un’interpretazione retrospettiva del dibattito (Altreragioni, No. 2,1993) p.p. 151-174. (50) Samir Amin -U.S. Militarism in the New World Order-Polygraph, 5/1992 (Durham, NC) -at p.23 (51) 1963 Proceedings of the American Society of International Law 13. Discussing further the legal justification of the Cuban quarantine in 1962, Dean Acheson emphasized that « I must conclude that the propriety of the Cuban quarantine is not a legal issue. The power, position and prestige of the United States has been challenged by another state; the law simply does not deal with such questions of ultimate power., se also Noyes Leech, Covey Oliver,Joseph Sweeney-The International Legal System- at p. 105. (52) Charles de Gaulle -Unity, Documents (Simon & Schuster, New York 1960) -at p. 269. Se also David Calleo- Europe’s Future. The Grand Alternatives (W.W. Norton & Company , New York,1967) - at p.112. (53) The memory of the American intervention in Soviet Union in 1918 in Archangelsk and Vladivostok in the Far East prompted by the U.S. interest to gain control of the natural resources of Siberia as well as by senator Lodge plan to divide Soviet Union into smaller states in order for the United States to gain control over Ukraine has resurfaced and the issue have been debated in the mass media. See on this subject A. Nevins-Nenry White: Thirty Years of American Diplomacy, N.Y. 1930, p.354; Ljudmila Gviashvili-Sovietskaja Rossija i Soedinennije Schtaty 1917-1920 -(Foreign Relations Publishing House, Moscow,1970.) In the Russian debate it has been pointed out that the objectives of the U.S. foreign policy will be to achieve strategic superiority in the field of nuclear armaments and through aggressive and adventurous foreign policy initiatives to force Russia to further unilateral disarmament and even to attempt to gain control over the nuclear potential of Russia which is the only deterrent that prevents an outright intervention. (54) U.S. Peacekeeping Policy Debate Angers Russians-N.Y.Times, August 29, 1993. An editorial in Krasnaja Zvezda or Red Star, the magazine of the Russian army called Directive 13 ‘outrageously cynical and a direct and unceremonious interference in the domestic affairs of Russia.’ Although U.S. opposes a Russian Monroe Doctrine it is in a process of unilaterally extend its Monroe Doctrine to include former members of the Warsaw Pact as well as Baltic countries, which in the new American doctrinal thinking are to form a Cordon Sanitaire surrounding Russia- se N.Y. Times, February 17, 1992. (55) What the Monroe Doctrine meant for other Latin American countries was the freedom of U.S. to rob and exploit those countries.- Noam Chomsky - ibid. op. cit. p. 7. (56) Hegel -The Philosophy of Right Oxford University Press, London,1967) p.p. 208-216. (57) Noam Chomsky - ibid. at p. 14 (58) G.L. Ulmen - ibid. at p. 59, 60 (59) Y. Semenov- Fashistkaja geopolitika na sluzhbe amerikanskogo imperializma (Gospolitizdat, Moscow,1952)-at p.32. (60) Ferdinand Czernin -Versailles 1919 (Capricorn Books, N.Y. 1964) at. pp.404-406 (61) «Treaties should be designed to promote United States interests by securing action by foreign governments in the way deemed advantageous to the United States. Treaties are not to be used as a devise for the purpose of effecting internal social changes... in relation to what are essentially matters of domestic concern» and the United States being the sole judge of what constitutes domestic matters - see Department of State Circular No. 175, (December 13, 1955), reprinted in 50 Am. J. Intl. L. 784(1956). (62) Carl Schmitt -V?lkerrechtliche Grossraumordnung... p. 43. (63) Noam Chomsky - Terrorizing the Neighborhood. American Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era (AK Press, Stirling and San Francisco , 1991) - at p. 24. (64) se The Holy Alliance - Time magazine, February 24, 1992- at p.32 (65) Times- ibid. - at p. 29 (66) Noam Chomsky -Terrorizing the Neighborhood - at p. 19. (67) Helsinki Accord, Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States. The full text is published in Thomas Buergenthal (ed) -Human Rights, International Law and the Helsinki Accord-(Allanheld, Osmun/Universe Books, New York, 1979) at pp.161-165 (68) William Safire -Bosnia vs. the United Nations - N.Y.Times. , August 9, 1993 (69) N.Y.Times , August 2, 1993 - at p. A3 (70) N.Y.Times. , Aug. 5, 1993 - p.1. (71) Newsweek, August 28, 1993 (72) See Pravda, March 30, 1995 (73) N.Y.Times, September 12, 1993 (74) Article 52 (Coercion of a State by the threat or use of force) of the Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties of May 22, 1969 states «A treaty is void if its conclusion has been procured by the threat or use of force in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations.» (75) Pravda 5, No. 24, 1996, p. 10-11. Interview of General Galuas by Jole Stanischic. (76) In Russian debate the Haag War tribunal has been described as an instrument of continuous aggression, to paraphrase Clausewitz, as war with other, judicial means, a tribunal set up by the war criminals in Washington to justify the American territorial conquests under the guise of establishment of a New World Order—a Monroe Doctrine for the whole world—, and persecution Serbs— the partisans of the Resistance against dictates of the New World Order. A historical equivalent of Hague Tribunal would have been a tribunal set up by Nazi Germany to persecute the partisans of the Resistance during an earlier version of the New World Order- Hitler’s. General Gallois , one of the organizers of the Resistance movement in France, fully realizes the absurdity of Hague Tribunal. (77) Pravda 5, ibid. (78) See Novoe Russkoe Slovo , March 23, 1993- at p. 9. (79) Wolfram Henrieder -Germany, America, Europe (Yale University Press,New Haven,1989 (80) Hans W. Maull -Germany and Japan: The New Civilian Powers (Foreign Affairs, Wintern 1990/91, Council of Foreign Relations, N.Y. 1991) - at p. 93. (81) Referring to Goethe Thomas Mann defines culture as « intellectualization of the political» and expression of the identity and self-realization of a nation: »The nation is not only a social being; the nation, not the human race as the sum of individuals, is the bearer of the individual, of the human quality; and the value of the intellectual-artistic-religious product that one calls national culture...that develops out of the organic depth of national life-the value, dignity and charm of all national culture therefore definitely lies in what distinguishes it from others, for only this distinctive element is culture, in contrast to what all nations have in common, which is only civilization. Here we have the difference between individual and personality, civilization and culture, social and metaphysical live». Thomas Mann Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man (Frederick Ungar Publishing Co, N.Y. 1983)- at p. 179. (82) Andrew Shennan -De Gaulle (Longman, New York, 1993)- at p. 118. (83) Andrew Shennan - ibid , p.118. (84) David P. Calleo Europe’s future. The Grand Alternatives (W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 1967) p. 90 (85) Interview with Alain de Benoist , Le Monde, 15 Mai, 1992 (Paris) (86) Walter Russel Mead The United States and the New Europe (World Policy Journal, New York), Winter 1989-90 p.p. 53,55,56 (87) The Rapallo Treaty was concluded on April 16, 1922 between Germany and the Soviet Union. It allowed the Soviet Union to break the monolithic capitalist encirclement by the Versailles powers while for Germany it signified the road to revision of what was perceived as the Versailles dictate. Discussing the possible political orientation of Russia in the future , Dugin elaborates on the issues of a Russian-German Sonderweg as a historical background to a common political union. (88) Rudolf Bahro -Rapallo-Why Not- (Telos, No. 51, Spring 1982, N.Y.) - at p. 125.It is interesting to note that the German Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel stated during his a meeting in Bavaria with his Russian counterpart Andrej Kozyrev that «Creation of a partnership axis Bonn-Moscow is an objective for German foreign policy»—Izvestija, Moscow, August 24, 1993. (89) David Calleo -Europe’s Future -ibid. p.89; se also de Gaulle-Unity- ibid. pp.176-177. (90) Charles de Gaulle Unity ibid. p. 271 (91) David Calleo Europe’s Future ibid. p. 124 (92) Alexander Dugin Konspirologija ibid. 96 . Dugin refers to the works of Konstantin Leontief in which the primacy of the principle of land over the principle of blood was first articulated. (93) In contemporary Russian political discourse the main proponent of this notion has been Lev Gumilev. (94) Robert Steuckers The Asian Challenge, Elementy , nr 3, p. 24 (95) Vladimir Ovzinski -Konterperestrojka -Nash Sovremennik -5-1992, Moscow, at p.128.The author who has made interviews with a large number of former KGB operatives from Lithuania, claims on the basis of those interviews that U.S pursues four different objectives:1.Assertion of American hegemonical interests in Lithuania in opposition to German interests. 2. Subversion of what CIA perceives to be a Communist opposition as well as organizations defending the interests of the Russian minority in the country. 3. Collection of materials concerning former Lithuanian KGB operatives in order to either persecute or recruit them. 4. Sending of recruited agents to other former Soviet republics. (96) See Elaine Sciolino- U.S. to Offer Plan on a Role in NATO for Ex-Soviet Block -N.Y. Times, October 21, 1993; Stephen Kinzer- NATO Favors U.S. Plan for Ties With the East, but Timing is Vague-N.Y.Times, October 22, 1993. President Clinton made a formal proposal for the expansion of NATO at the NATO’s summit meeting in January of 1994. (97) Noam Chomsky -A View from Below in Michael Hogan -The End of the Cold War (Cambridge University Press, New York 1992) at p.142. (98) Y.Semenov -Fascistkaja geopolitika -ibid. p. 29 (99) General Victor Filatov compares Yeltsin with the W.W.II traitor general Vlasov-see Denj, Nr 25, 1993, Moscow, June 27, 1993. Stephen Cohen points out that since 1991 the U.S. policy has been characterized by a steadily escalating interventionism in the Russian domestic matters which has created the impression among patriotic movements that Yeltsin’s government is a U.S. sponsored ‘occupation regime’. United States interventionism resulted in a resolution passed on March 21, 1993 by the Russian Parliament condemning the American interference in the internal affairs of Russia. «The Clinton Administration has steadily escalated this kind of interventionism-by contriving the April Vancouver summit as an attempt to ‘help Yeltsin’ in his ongoing conflict with the Parliament, by supporting the Russian President’s threats to disband the legislature , by endorsing Yeltsin’s effort to seize dictatorial or special powers from virtually all of Russia’s other democratic institutions and even by suggesting that Clinton might go instead to Moscow for a solidarity summit with Yeltsin. The result has been to put U.S. government in very bad institutional company. Opposed to Yeltsin’s power grab was not only Russia’s Parliament but also its Constitutional Court, Attorney General, Justice Minister and Vice President.»- see The Nation, April 12, 1993 , at p.p.477,478. (100) The events surrounding the September 21, 1993 coup allow for the impression that Yeltsin undertook the coup in collusion with the United States and, not unthinkable, on instigation of the United States. (101) Julien Freund-The Central Themes in Carl Schmitt’s Political Thought ,Telos, nr 102, New York 1994, at p. 31 (102) Alexander Dugin- Carl Schmitt. Pjat’ urokov Rossii-ibid. at p. 134 (103) Julien Freund - ibid. p. 31 (104) Alexander Dugin- ibid. p. 134 ~~ New York 1994-96 This article was initially published in abreviated form in the American political journal "Telos" and in different version has been published in other journals. The full version was published in German: "Rusland, Europa und Washingtons Neue Welt-Ordnung. Das geopolitische Project einen Pax eurasiatica" ETAPPE, Heft 12/Juni 1996

De la société secrète "Skull & Bones" au nouvel ordre mondial

Archives de SYNERGIES EUROPEENNES - 2003

De la Société secrète “Skull and Bones” au nouvel ordre mondial

Entretien avec Maurizio BLONDET

Propos recueillis par Giuseppe COSCO

 

COSCO: Docteur Blondet, vous vous êtes penché sur l’histoire de la “Société Skull and Bones”. Que pouvez-vous nous en dire, outre qu’elle est une société secrète mystérieuse, mais à nulle autre pareille?

 

BLONDET: C’est une société secrète, au départ réservée aux étudiants.Elle a  été fondée en 1832, quand quelques étudiants de l’Université de Yale, l’une des principales universités américaines, ont été choisis par, disons, le patriciat américain. Ils  étaient au nombre de douze par an. Il est notoire que Georges Bush Senior, l’ancien président des Etats-Unis, en a fait partie, et, avant lui, son père, et, après lui, tout naturellement, son fils, pour autant que l’on puisse admettre que ce fiston soit capable de suivre des cours à Yale, ce que l’on peut mettre en doute. Le candidat républicain à la présidence n’en a pas la capacité, à mon sens [l’interview date d’avant l’élection  de Bush Junior, ndlr]. Mais on peut affirmer avec quelque certitude qu’il fait partie de cette secte, non au sens strict; indubitablement , il est issu de ce milieu. La famille Bush est ensuite très proche des banquiers Harriman, qui constituent l’un des groupes les plus puissants de l’établissement américain.

 

COSCO: Peut-on dire que la Skull and Bones a investi aussi la CIA, car Bush-le-Père, c’est bien connu, a été le directeur de cette institution?

 

BLONDET: Il n’y a évidemment pas d’identité entre la Skull and Bones et la CIA. Les choses ne sont pas aussi simples. Mais il est vrai que plusieurs directeurs de  la CIA ont été membres de la Skull and Bones. En général, l’objectif d’une société de ce type est de constituer des groupes d’hommes du même âge, mais aussi des groupes intergénérationnels qui s’aident selon les circonstances. C’est l’évidence! Il faut aussi savoir que l’idéologie de la confraternité se place au-delà de la gauche et de la droite. La “droite” et la “gauche” sont, pour eux, des éléments d’une dialectique, qu’ils entendent surplombercar ils s’estiment supérieurs. La Skull and Bones représente un groupe de gnostiques qui veulent, très spécifiquement, s’adonner à toutes les manœuvres politiques, tant et si bien qu’ils utilisent tantôt l’idéologie attribuée à la “droite”, tantôt celle attribuée à la “gauche” comme  de simples étiquettes. Ces personnes se placent de toute façon au-dessus de ces distinctions. Ce n’est pas un hasard, par exemple, que Harriman fut le banquier que l’on nomma ambassadeur des Etats-Unis en Union Soviétique, afin qu’il puisse offrir une aide très importante à Staline et à son régime, alors qu’ils s’est toujours proclamé anti-communiste. Il faisait partie de cette brochette de banquiers, dont on ne se souvient plus aujourd’hui, qui ont toujours soutenu le système soviétique, jusque et y compris sous Gorbatchev.

 

COSCO: Pour être admis dans la Société Skull and Bones, faut-il être citoyen américain ou bien des personnalités issues d’autres nations y sont-elles admises aussi?

 

BLONDET: Je ne sais pas. L’unique source sûre sur cette société secrète est un livre paru il y a quelques années. Je n’ai pas connaissance d’autres travaux ou ouvrages. C’est l’historien Anthony C. Sutton qui a abordé l’histoire de cette fraternité si puissante : cf. Anthony C. Sutton, America’s Secret Establishment – An Introduction to The Order of Skull & Bones, by Anthony Sutton" (Liberty House Press, Billings, Montana - 1986). Il me paraît toutefois improbable que des non Américains en fassent partie. Peut-être que quelques Britanniques en sont membres,  mais certainement pas des Mexicains ou des Italiens, par exemple.

 

COSCO: L’histoire de la secte des “British Israelites” a-t-elle quelque chose à voir avec la Société Skull and Bones?

 

BLONDET: Pour autant que je le sache, les British Israelites ne sont pas directement liés à la Skull and Bones.

 

COSCO: La Skull and Bones est suspectée, depuis la  fin du 19ième siècle, de pratiquer le satanisme. Est-ce vraisemblable selon vous?

 

BLONDET: On peut, sans plus, le  suspecter. On sait simplement qu’il existe un rituel utilisant des ossements, ceux, dit-on, du chef amérindien Geronimo, que possèderait le groupe. Ces ossements serait conservés dans une salle à Yale, inaccessible au commun des mortels, où se déroule chaque année le rituel de l’initiation. Le rite est incontestablement d’origine maçonnique, comme l’atteste son style, où le postulant se retrouve dans un cercueil, afin de perpétrer un rituel de mort et de renaissance symboliques. Ensuite, le postulant doit révéler des choses dont il a honte et en parler normalement; il s’agit pour l’essentiel de choses concernant son mode de vivre sa sexualité. Le rituel doit le conduire à une sorte de purification, ce qui fait aussi de ce rituel une parodie de la confession catholique.

 

COSCO: Ils célèbrent donc un rite ésotérique?

 

BLONDET: Indubitablement. Il est cependant difficile d’affirmer qu’il soit satanique au sens strict du terme. On se doute également qu’à un certain moment du rituel, intervient une prêtresse, alors que le groupe est composé exclusivement d’hommes. Cette femme a donc un rôle dans cette liturgie, mais on ne peut pas le définir avec certitude.

 

COSCO: Peut-on dire que l’ex-Président Clinton  en a fait ou en fait partie?

 

BLONDET: Non, certainement pas Clinton. L’histoire de Clinton est différente. Il a reçu une formation typiquement anglo-saxonne. Il est parti étudié en Angleterre et y a acquis, semble-t-il, une répugnance profonde pour l’univers britannique.Al Gore, en revanche, est un homme d’un tout autre type. La famille d’Al Gore est puissante depuis toujours dans l’établissement américain, exactement comme celle de Bush, mais elle fait plutôt partie de l’établissement considéré comme “rouge”. Le père d’Al Gore a toujours été très proche, sur le plan des affaires, de ce fameux Hammer, de confession israélite, qui fut le premier à aider Lénine. Il est mort à plus de 90 ans, il y a quelques années, laissant une fortune colossale. Pendant toute sa vie, comme il s’en vantait lui-même, il a été un agent soviétique. Hammer était très célèbre : c’était lui qui faisait les “affaires sales” avec l’Union Soviétique et entendait soutenir cette monstruosité politique, même si, sans aide occidentale, elle se serait écroulée rapidement. Ce n’est donc pas un hasard si Al Gore a commis récemment une “erreur”. Il y a quelques petites années, le FMI a prêté à fonds perdus et à des conditions extrêmement favorables 7 milliards de dollars à la  Russie d’Eltsine à la demande et sous la caution d’Al Gore. Ces 7 milliards de dollars ont immédiatement été investis à l’étranger, pas  un centime n’est entré en Russie ou n’y a été investi. Cet argent a abouti sur le compte des “oligarques”, ou sur ceux d’anciens agents du KGB ou d’autres personnalités, devenues “entrepreneurs” dans la nouvelle Russie.

 

COSCO : La société “Skull and Bones” a été un jour définie comme une résurgence américaine des “Illuminés de Bavière” de Weisshaupt. Qu’ne pensez-vous?  

 

BLONDET: C’est possible, mais  je ne crois pas que l’on puisse avancer des preuves irréfutables en la matière. Nous nous  trouvons plus probablement face à quelque chose de plus général et de plus vaste, parce que le profil de la “Skull and Bones” n’est pas à proprement parler “révolutionnaires”.  Certes, elle est internationaliste, globaliste à la manière de Bush, mais nullement révolutionnaire.

 

COSCO: Peut-on dire que cette secte tend à réaliser le “nouvel ordre mondial”?

 

BLONDET: C’est le sens que lui a donné Bush. Le Président Bush (père), au temps de la guerre contre l’Irak, fut le premier à parler ouvertement de “nouvel ordre mondial”, lequel devait émerger à la suite de cette guerre. Mais, par la suite, les vicissitudes qui ont animé l’échiquier planétaire ne se sont pas exactement déroulées comme il l’avait pensé. Nous  avons en effet affaire à un “nouvel ordre mondial” en acte, mais on ne peut pas dire, avec exactitude quelles en seront les conséquences à long terme. Le pouvoir mondial ne se dissimule plus derrière le masque de l’ONU, mais avance directement sous la bannière étoilée. L’Amérique demeure l’unique superpuissance; elle n’a plus besoin de se caché derrière l’artifice de l’ONU.

 

COSCO: Quel est le véritable visage du “nouvel ordre mondial”, que beaucoup de gens considèrent comme le “bien suprême”?

 

BLONDET: Essentiellement, le “nouvel ordre mondial”, c’est la libre circulation des capitaux, avant même d’être la libre circulation des marchés, car ceux-ci ne se situent qu’à la deuxième place; vient ensuite la libre circulation des hommes, qui se placent en troisième position.La libre circulation des hommes est limitée au territoire américain. En effet, à la frontière mexicaine, les capitaux sont bien acceptés, mais non les hommes. Dans ce “nouvel ordre mondial”, divers phénomènes actuels s’expliquent; tous ne doivent pas être condamnés a priori. Nous devons révisés quelques-unes de nos positions idéologiques habituelles, surtout quand elles sont négatives. Le capitalisme, même globalisé, fonctionne, et pas toujours mal. Les pays qui en tirent avantage ne sont pas toujours des pays du “premier monde”, celui qui “compte”, mais aussi des pays qui connaissent un regain de vitalité et qui réaniment leurs particularités culturelles profondes. Ce regain culturel n’était sans doute pas prévu. Exemple : l’Inde est devenue un exportateur majeur de logiciels, parce que tous les géants du logiciel indiens appartiennent à la caste brahmanique, compsée de familles où l’on connaît le sanscrit, c’est-à-dire une langue classique, de même où l’on connaît encore une mathématique traditionnelle abstraite.  Les représentants de cette caste parlent anglais, produisent des logiciel en anglais, qui coûtent moins cher sur le marché mondial. Autre pays avantagé par la globalisation   —et plus qu’on ne l’imagine: l’Espagne.  Cet avantage est dû à un fait culturel précis. L’Espagne a possédé un empire pendant cinq cents ans. Aujourd’hui, 400 millions de personnes parlent espagnol dans le monde. L’Espagne est en train de devenir la puissance économique dominante sur les marchés sud-américains. Les banques espagnoles sont en train d’acquérir les banques d’Argentine, du Venezuela, etc. L’Espagne acquiert de plus en plus le visage d’une mère patrie impériale. Je me suis rendu en Espagne récemment et j’ai constaté, fait singulier, qu’il n’y avait pas, là-bas, un affect culturel anti-globaliste, comme il en existe un en France, en Italie et également en Allemagne. Ce n’est pas un hasard car l’anti-globnalisme prend le visage de la gauche, celle qui a généré des gouvernements inefficaces. Nous sommes contre la globalisation parce que nous sommes en faveur de la tradition et, pendant ce temps-là, la gauche improvise et redécouvre les traditions nationales, pour ne pas continuer à perdre du terrain.

 

COSCO: Et quels sont les aspects négatifs du “nouvel ordre mondial”?

 

BLONDET: Les aspects négatifs, à l’évidence, se concentrent dans l’excès de libre circulation de capitaux purement spéculatifs. Au moindre mouvement de panique, ces capitaux s’en vont, en quelques minutes, parce que, désormais, la monnaie électronique se meut à la vitesse des télécommunications, laissant brusquement des pays entiers  à sec, plongés dans de graves crises économiques, parce qu’ils s’étaient endettés, non  pas par pauvreté intrinsèque, mais parce qu’ils venaient de vivre un moment de croissance. Tout d’un coup, ils se rtrouvaient privés de liquidités. Les éléments négatifs du “nouvel ordre mondial” relèvent donc de phénomènes liés à la finance spéculative et révèlent d’énormes bulles de dettes impayables, comptabilisées par personne. Certains pays d’Amérique latine subissent de tels effets de manière particulièrement dramatique.  Je pense à la Colombie. Ces pays devraient se spécialiser dans les domaines où ils sont compétitifs. Ceux qui savent bien faire des cravattes, comme les italiens, et bien qu’ils produisent et vendent des cravattes et non pas des avions ou d’autres appareils dont ils ne pourront de toutes façons pas développer le secteur industriel. La Colombie produit la coca. Un tiers de  son territoire est d’ores et déjà contrôlé par des bandes guerrières, qui ont existé, là-bas, de tous temps. Elles se donnent bien entendu une étiquette de “gauche”. Elles sont en réalité constituées de narco-trafiquants, étiquettés de “gauche”, et, en juillet dernier, le directeur de la Bourse de New York, un certain Richard Grasso, est allé rendre visite à ces terroristes de fait, qui terrorisent la population, tuent des enfants, se livrent à des voies de fait dignes du Cambodge de Pol Pot, mais cela n’a pas dérangé outre mesure ce monsieur Grasso. Il a offert à cette bande d’”investir” leur argent sdale dans la Bourse de New York. Si le monde financier américain s’intéresse à l’argent des narco-trafiquants colombiens, cela signifie, en clair, que l’on va bientôt légaliser les drogues dures.

 

COSCO: Certains catholiques ont peur, car la mise en œuvre d’une globalisation totale provoquera la disparition de la religion catholique.  Pensez-vous que cette crainte se justifie?

 

BLONDET: Les milieux, qui veulent l’avènement du “nouvel ordre mondial” sont hostiles au catholicisme. Je pense surtout à Bush. Et aussi à Al Gore. La lutte contre le catholicisme est dure, elle relève de divers phénomènes autonomes, mais je pense toutefois qu’il est difficile d’agir directement  sur la religion catholique, c’est-à-dire sur le Vatican. Le vrai problème réside à mon sens dans une sorte de ressac final du catholicisme clérical. Le haut clergé du Vatican lui-même semble adopter une sorte de nihilisme souriant, qui l’induit à minimiser les contenus forts de l’orthodoxie, afin de provoquer de grands événements médiatiques, qui ne sont finalement que pures apparences, sans substance. Les choses sont allés si loin que l’an dernier, à la Noël, D’Alema, chef du gouvernement de gauche en Italie, a amené sa femme et ses enfants à la messe de minuit à Bethléem. Cela paraît anodin mais c’est proprement renversant : nous avons affaire à un homme politique qui ne croit en rien et qui amène sa famille pour assister, au fond, à un spectacle, de nature spirituelle, fort suggestif. En uncertain sens, cette visite constitue, pour moi, un événement symbolique fort, tout comme ce jubilée de la jeunesse [catholique] où, le dernier jour, dans les fauteuils réservés au VIP, on a pu voir se prélasser, invitées ou non, pratiquement toutes les personnalités du centre gauche...

 

COSCO: D’après vous, l’Eglise n’est plus rien d’autre qu’un vaste spectacle suggestif, destinés à impressionner les masses?

 

BLONDET: Effectivement, nous n’avons plus affaire  qu’à une Eglise-spectacle, patronné par cette espèce de cléricalisme institutionnel athée, car il est un clergé fourbe, aujourd’hui, qui est de gauche et qui est athée. Certains comportements de l’Eglise, comme les demandes continuelles de “pardon”, laissent les vrais catholiques perplexes et, à l’inverse, récoltent les oreilles attentives du consensus institutionnel de la gauche qui ne croit pas, mais qui prend les masses en considération, que nous ne sommes pas capables de mobiliser, alors qu’eux le peuvent. La CGIL est encore capable de s’organiser et d’organiser de vasgfes activités  sociales, ce que les paroisses ne peuvent plus faire. Mais, quoi que l’on fasse, ces jeunes ne seront véritablement chrétiens,comme l’a rappelé le Pape, que s’ils sont prêts à payer leur foi de leur sang. Et moi, je n’y crois pas!

 

Giuseppe Cosco

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Slavoj Zizek : l'homme qui ne croit pas aux vertus du capitalisme et de l'ordre américain

Slavoj Zizek : l’homme qui ne croit pas aux vertus du capitalisme et de l’ordre américain

Mercredi, 7 mai, 2008 ⋅ par  Noël Rivière 

Sur: www.no-media.info 

L’Etat néo-conservateur comme Etat autoritaire, l’impasse de la gauche qui oublie le peuple et les ouvriers, le caractère inutile et au fond conservateur des émeutes de banlieue, l’Europe en panne de volonté, le tiers-monde divisé et impuissant, toutes ces questions nous importent au plus haut point. Nous ne sommes pas seuls à penser ce que nous pensons. Explications en lisant Slavoj Zizek. 


Slavoj Zizek est un des penseurs les plus pertinents du monde actuel. Quelques extraits d’un entretien (L’Humanité, 25 septembre 2007) le montrent : « La thèse est qu’il y aurait une idéologie suprême consistant à dire ’’ pas d’idéologie ! ‘’. C’est-à-dire ‘’pas d’autre choix que les règles du capitalisme contemporain ‘’. Les seules questions qui restent dès lors admises à la délibération touchent à la tolérance, au multiculturalisme. Il n’y aurait dans le monde actuel qu’un seul grand choix : le capitalisme à l’américaine, de type libéral, ou bien le capitalisme chinois. Ce serait très triste de vivre dans un monde où le seul choix véritable se résumerait à une telle alternative ». « Je crois qu’il y a comme une complicité entre les États-Unis et le tiers-monde. Il existe entre ces deux pôles un rapport de complémentarité. Le problème, pour le nouvel ordre, n’est pas le tiers-monde, mais le deuxième monde : l’Europe. Il n’y a pas vraiment de potentiel dans le tiers-monde, à cause de la structure sociale concrète. L’exploitation et la pauvreté y sont trop brutales, je ne vois pas de chance de ce côté. C’est la vieille sagesse de Marx : je ne crois malheureusement pas qu’on puisse faire la révolution avec le vraiment pauvre. »

Les émeutes de 2005 dans les banlieues de France ont été « ‘’post-politique’’ parce qu’elles sont le strict envers de notre société post-politique. Quand on joue la carte du post-politique, les émeutes elles-mêmes deviennent post-politiques. C’est cela la véritable tragédie, le prix de l’impossibilité même de formuler une alternative. » « L’hégémonie de l’idéologie capitaliste est telle que même la gauche se tourne vers les questions culturelles, la tolérance…, ce qui signifie, en réalité, qu’elle n’ose même pas imaginer une alternative économique concrète. Ainsi, la thèse implicite de toute la gauche multiculturaliste américaine est que l’exploitation des Mexicains, des Noirs serait fondée sur le racisme, et non sur des rapports de classes. » « Parallèlement à cela, la moindre intervention forte dans l’économie est désormais perçue comme irrationnelle, catastrophique. Il y a comme un pacte selon lequel l’économie aurait ses propres règles dépolitisées, le débat ‘’démocratique’’ se limitant finalement aux questions culturelles. La tragédie réside précisément dans cette dépolitisation radicale de l’économie, conjuguée au glissement vers un état d’exception permanent. » « L’État se retire certes de la sphère sociale. Mais si l’on considère les États-Unis post-11 septembre, jamais dans l’histoire de l’humanité il n’y a eu d’État aussi fort. En termes de budget militaire, de contrôle. L’État joue, dans ce système, un rôle absolument crucial. Même le libéralisme le plus sauvage demande de plus en plus d’État. On assiste en réalité à une explosion de tous les appareils d’État. L’État contemporain néoconservateur est un État extrêmement fort. » « (…) je suis sans aucune utopie pour l’Europe, même s’il existe cette volonté de se situer hors de l’axe États-Unis – Chine qui symbolise deux aspects d’un même système. » « Hardt et Negri sont dans une impasse. D’un côté il y aurait l’empire centralisateur, de l’autre la multitude. Mais ils sont forcés d’admettre, pour le dire simplement, que le capitalisme contemporain fonctionne déjà sur le mode de la multitude, de manière réticulaire. » « Il ne s’agirait donc plus de le combattre [ce système] , mais au contraire de collaborer, de contribuer, pourquoi pas, à son dynamisme. Il y a désormais chez Negri une sorte de célébration de ce capitalisme. » «  Je crois que l’une des causes de la vigueur de l’extrême droite [en Europe] est la réticence de la gauche à se référer directement, désormais, à la classe ouvrière. » « La droite et l’extrême droite sont désormais les seules à parler encore le langage de la mobilisation politique. »

Le temps des continents et la déstabilisation de la planète

Le temps des continents et la déstabilisation de la planète

par Tiberio Graziani

Mondialisation.ca, Le 17 septembre 2008

Eurasia Rivista di Studi Geopolitici no. 2

La réaffirmation de la Russie comme acteur mondial, avec la puissante croissance économique des deux colosses asiatiques, Chine et Inde, semble avoir définitivement marqué, dans le cadre des relations internationales, la fin de la saison unipolaire sous conduite étasunienne, et posé les conditions, minimales et suffisantes, pour la construction d’un ordre planétaire articulé sur d’avantage de pôles. Les entités géopolitiques qui caractérisent ce nouveau cycle ne seront pas, vraisemblablement, les nations ou les puissances régionales mais bien les grands espaces continentaux.

 

Un nouveau cycle géopolitique

 

Le nouvel ordre international qui s’est réalisé après le 11 septembre 2001 est dû surtout à  trois facteurs concomitants : le premier concerne la politique eurasiatique lancée à Moscou, immédiatement après la fin de la présidence Eltsine, à partir de 2000-2001 ; le second concerne le développement économique particulier de l’antique Empire du Milieu qui, intelligemment intégré par la direction chinoise dans le cadre d’une stratégie géopolitique de longue période, fera de Pékin non seulement un géant économique mais un des principaux protagonistes de la politique mondiale du 21^ème siècle. Le troisième, enfin, est strictement connecté à l’action de pénétration militaire des Usa dans l’espace proche et moyen-oriental, que Washington accompagne, de façon synergique, d’une intense activité de pression  politique et économique dans certaines zones critiques  comme celle de l’Asie centrale.

 

Les facteurs rappelés ci-dessus ont mis en évidence certains éléments importants utiles pour l’analyse géopolitique des futurs scénarios mondiaux : la centralité de la Russie comme région pivot de l’Eurasie, l’importance de la Chine comme élément de stabilité dans la masse continentale eurasiatique et d’équilibre pour la planète entière ; les mêmes facteurs, en outre, ont  reproposé à l’échelle mondiale, les tensions permanentes entre d’une part les puissances thalassocratiques, représentées aujourd’hui par les USA, et d’autre part les puissances continentales, constituées principalement par la Russie et la Chine.

 

Pour la première fois depuis la dissolution de l’URSS, nous assistons au renforcement et à la mise au point d’importants dispositifs géopolitiques, comme par exemple l’Organisation de la Conférence de Shanghai et l’Organisation du Traité de Sécurité Collective des Pays de la Confédération des Etats Indépendants, qui rassemblent la Russie et les principaux pays du continent asiatique. De tels dispositifs sont significativement ouverts aussi au Pakistan, à la Turquie et à l’Iran mais excluent les puissances occidentales et les USA. Il faut y ajouter aussi  les tentatives et les aspirations sud-américaines relatives à la constitution d’un système de défense du sous-continent indio-latin, délivré de Washington.

 

L’œuvre patiente et continue de tissage de relations spéciales entre Russie, Inde, Chine, Iran et les pays d’Asie centrale, mise en oeuvre par Poutine, et diligemment poursuivie maintenant par Medvedev, a certainement ralenti l’expansionnisme étasunien au cœur de l’Asie ; elle a aussi irrité fortement ces lobbies européens et d’outre-atlantique qui espéraient, au début des années 90 du siècle dernier, à force de « vagues démocratiques », ou plutôt de « bourrades démocratique » (2) - comme on le verra plus tard avec les agressions et les « guerres humanitaires » de l’Occident américano-centrique contre la Fédération yougoslave, l’Afghanistan, l’Irak - l’unification de la planète sous l’égide de Washington, champion de l’Humanité et, avant tout, la réalisation d’un gouvernement mondial fondé sur des critères libéraux de l’économie de marché.

 

Sur l’échiquier mondial, la formation d’une sorte de bloc eurasiatique, qui en est pour le moment encore à un stade embryonnaire et, du reste, déséquilibré  vers la partie orientale de la masse continentale, à cause principalement de l’absence de l’Europe comme entité politique cohérente et de son insertion artificielle dans le camp « occidentaliste » ; cette formation a, en outre, et par effet de polarisation, indéniablement favorisé les tendances continentalistes de certains gouvernements d’Amérique du Sud (Argentine, Brésil, Venezuela et Bolivie), en mettant ainsi en valeur l’hypothèse, réaliste, d’un scénario multipolaire en cours de constitution, articulé sur des entités géopolitiques continentales (3).

 

Nouvelles et vieilles tensions

 

La crainte d’une jonction des intérêts  géopolitiques entre les grandes puissances eurasiatiques (Russie, Chine et Inde) et les tendances continentalistes de certains gouvernements sud-américains (4) ont éveillé, ces derniers temps, une attention ravivée du Département d’Etat des USA et de certains think tank atlantiques, chargés d’identifier  les zones  de crise et de définir des scénarios géopolitiques qui soient en syntonie avec les desiderata et les intérêts globaux de Washington et du Pentagone ; une attention vers ces régions de la masse continentale eurasiatique – et du sous-continent indio-latin – qui seraient plus exposées aux déchirures causées par des tensions endogènes historiques et encore irrésolues.

 

C’est donc dans la perspective d’opérations de malaise et de pression envers la Chine, la Russie et l’Inde et certains gouvernements latino-américains que, pensons-nous, l’on peut  interpréter avec efficience certaines situations critiques qui sont proposées, avec une particulière emphase, à l’attention de l’opinion publique occidentale, par les principaux organes d’information.

 

Nous faisons ici référence à ce qu’on désigne comme la question de la minorité du peuple Karen et de la « révolte » couleur safran (5) du Myanmar, aux questions du Tibet et de la minorité uigur  en République Populaire de Chine, à la déstabilisation du Pakistan (6), et au maintien d’une crise endémique dans la région afghane.

 

En instrumentalisant les tensions locales de certaines aires géostratégiques, les USA, avec leurs alliés occidentaux, ont lancé un processus de déstabilisation – de longue période -  de tout l’arc himalayen, véritable charnière continentale, qui va impliquer huit pays de l’espace eurasiatique (Népal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Tibet, Bhoutan et Inde).

 

Ce processus de déstabilisation se coordonne avec celui déjà ébauché par les USA dans la zone caucasienne, sur la base des indications exposées, il y a plus de dix ans, par Bzezinski dans son ouvrage « Le grand échiquier » (7) ;  ce processus semble en outre se conjuguer  au Projet du Nouveau Grand Moyen-Orient de Bush-Rice-Olmert, destiné à redéfinir les équilibres de toute la zone en faveur des Etats-Unis et de son principal allié régional, Israël, ainsi qu’à reconsidérer les frontières des principaux pays de la zone (Iran, Syrie, Irak et Turquie) le long de lignes confessionnelles et ethniques.

 

Parallèlement à ce processus de déstabilisation, déjà en cours dans l’arc himalayen, il semble, selon l’avis autorisé du professeur Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira (8), que les USA en aient lancé  un autre, analogue, dans leur ex-arrière cour, en Bolivie : précisément dans la « région  de la demi-lune » sur la base des tensions ethniques, sociales et politiques qui affectent toute la zone.

 

Dans le cadre des stratégies destinées à fragmenter les espaces continentaux en voie d’intégration, il vaut la peine de souligner le grand rôle qu’ont joué et jouent les Organisations Non Gouvernementales dites humanitaires. Selon Michel Chossudovsky, directeur du Centre pour la recherche sur la mondialisation (CRM-CRG), certaines d’entre elles seraient directement et indirectement reliées à la CIA, par l’intermédiaire de la National Endowment for Democracy, puissante organisation étasunienne créée en 1983, dans le but de renforcer les institutions démocratiques dans le monde au moyen d’actions non gouvernementales (9).

 

L’histoire du 21^ème siècle sera donc, selon toutes probabilités, l’histoire de l’affrontement entre deux tendances opposées : celle de la fragmentation (10) de la planète, pour le moment voulue par les USA, et celle des intégrations continentales, souhaitée par les plus grandes puissances eurasiatiques et par certains gouvernements du sous-continent indio-latin.

 

 

EURASIA. RIVISTA DI STUDI GEOPOLITICI.  n. 2 – 2008

Editorial du numéro 2 Mai-août 2008

Traduit de l’italien par Marie-Ange Patrizio

 

 

1. Marco Bagozzi, Accordi Brasile-Venezuela: verso una alleanza militare sudamericana svincolata da Washington,

www.eurasia-rivista.org, 25 aprile 2008.

2. Samuel Huntington, La terza ondata. I processi di democratizzazione alla fine del XX secolo, Il Mulino, Bologna, 1995.

3. Richard Hass, président du Council on Foreign Office, l’influent think tank étasunien, est d’un autre avis : selon lui le 21^ème siècle se dirigerait vers un système de non polarité, caractérisé par une ample diffusion de pouvoir étalé sur plusieurs objets (Etats, Puissances régionales, ONG, Corporations, Organisations internationales, etc.) plutôt que par une concentration sur quelques (rares) pôles. Richard Hass, The Age on Nonpolarity. What Will Follow U.S. Dominance, Foreign Affairs, vol. 87, n. 3, May/June 2008, pp. 44-56.

4. Raúl Zibechi, Il ritorno della Quarta Flotta: un messaggio di guerra, Cuba debate, 9 maggio 2008, in italiano:

www.eurasia-rivista.org, 17 maggio 2008.

5. Voir dans ce même numéro de Eurasia, 2/2008, F. William Engdahl, La posta geopolitica della “rivoluzione color zafferano.

6. Michel Chossudovsky, La destabilizzazione del Pakistan, www.eurasia-rivista.org, 7 gennaio 2008; Alessandro Lattanzio, Il grande gioco riparte da Islamabad, www.eurasia-rivista.org, 29 dicembre 2007; Giovanna Canzano, La morte cruenta della Bhutto, intervista a Tiberio Graziani, www.eurasia-rivista.org, 28 dicembre 2007.

7. Zbigniew Brzezinski, La Grande Scacchiera, Longanesi, Milano, 1998.

8. Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira, A Balcanização da Bolívia, Folha de S.Paulo, 15/07/2007. Traduction italienne sur www.eurasia-rivista.org, 25 ottobre 2007. Sur le même thème voir aussi l’interview de Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira, Bolivia, Cuba, la seguridad de Brasil, el petróleo y la realidad del dólar, sur :  www.laondadigital.com et en italien sur www.eurasia-rivista.org, 9 maggio 2008.

9. Michel Chossudovsky, Cina e America: l'Operazione psicologica dei diritti umani in Tibet, www.eurasia-rivista.org, 22 aprile 2008.

10. François Thual, Il mondo fatto a pezzi, Edizioni all’insegna del Veltro, Parma, 2008.

 Articles de Tiberio Graziani publiés par Mondialisation.ca