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lundi, 08 février 2016

Les animaux sacrés et leur nom tabou chez les Indo-Européens

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Les animaux sacrés et leur nom tabou chez les Indo-Européens

par Thomas Ferrier

Ex: http://thomasferrier.hautetfort.com

Les Indo-Européens associaient généralement les grands prédateurs, qu’ils admiraient, à leur dieu de la guerre (*Maworts). Deux espèces parmi toutes étaient particulièrement honorées, à savoir l’ours (*ərktos) et le loup (*wlkwos), reconnus pour leur esprit combatif. Les guerriers sacrés du monde germanique se partageaient d’ailleurs entre les Berserkir (guerriers-ours) et les Ulfhednar (guerriers-loups).

Ces animaux étant admirés et en même temps pour les mêmes raisons très craints, les peuples indo-européens connurent une étrange pratique, à savoir tabouiser le nom originel de l’animal, de peur que de l’appeler par son nom véritable ne l’attire. C’est notamment le cas de l’ours.

Son nom indo-européen *ərktos a été conservé au sein de peuples qui n’étaient pas amenés à le côtoyer régulièrement. C’est ainsi que les Grecs continuèrent de l’appeler αρκτος, même si en grec moderne son nom devint féminin (αρκουδα), de même que les Latins l’appelèrent ursus et les anciens Indiens ṛksas (et aussi arménien arj, vieux-perse arša, farsi xers). Plus surprenant encore, les Basques s’approprièrent le nom indo-européen de cet animal sans doute de bonne heure en le nommant hartz.

Le monde celte pour qui l’ours symbolisait la royauté conserva également son nom, en gaulois *artos, en gallois moderne arth, en breton arzh. Le roi Arthur était ainsi un grand roi (ardri) ours alors que Merlin l’enchanteur apparaissait dans le rôle du druide suprême (ardrui).

Mais progressivement le nom de l’animal devint un secret. Ainsi les Ecossais l’appelèrent math « le bon » pour atténuer son légendaire courroux, et les Irlandais modernes le nomment en gaélique béar, qui n’est autre qu’un emprunt à l’anglais bear.

Ce dernier terme est un emprunt aux langues germaniques (anglais bear, allemand Bär, suédois björn) et signifie « le brun ». Les peuples germano-scandinaves en effet craignaient davantage le loup, tout comme en général les peuples du nord, à l’exception des Celtes. En le surnommant par sa couleur, les Germains évitaient ainsi sa rencontre. Ce raisonnement fut exactement le même dans le monde slave, où l’ours devient le « mangeur de miel » (russe медведь), et dans le monde balte où il fut appelé locys en lituanien (lācis en letton), « le lècheur ».

Alors que les Celtes ne semblaient donc pas craindre l’ours, il en fut différemment du loup, plutôt associé au monde des morts. C’est lui qu’ils choisirent de tabouiser. Si le nom gaulois originel du loup fut sans doute *volcos, très vite ce dernier terme fut remplacé par bledos, « le gris ». C’est ainsi qu’en breton le loup est bleiz (cornique bleydh, gallois blaidd, gaélique faol).

Les autres peuples indo-européens en revanche conservèrent tous son nom traditionnel *wlkwos (grec λυκος, latin lupus, scandinave ulfr, sanscrit vṛkas, russe волк, lituanien vilkas, arménien gayl).

Le « brun » et le « gris », associés pourtant défavorablement par exemple dans le Roman de Renart, étaient donc des animaux consacrés à la royauté et à la guerre chez les Indo-Européens. Le Mars romain, dieu des loups, rappelle que les anciennes confréries guerrières (Männerbund) aimaient se comparer à une meute. Le loup, tout comme l’ours, est également un animal-guide. C’est un loup d’acier (gelezinis vilkas) qui guida le roi lituanien Gediminas vers la colline où il devait construire Vilnius, sa future capitale. Quant au mythe de Romulus et Rémus nourris par une louve, cela rappelle l’enfant-loup de la tradition indienne (« Mowgli »).

Songeons aussi à la déesse-ourse, divinité vierge gardienne des forêts et chasseresse, l'Artio celte mais aussi l'Ar(c)témis grecque. Les jeunes filles se déguisaient en ourses au moment du passage à l'adolescence dans la Grèce classique.

Enfin, ce mythe selon lequel Arthur reviendrait d’Avallon ramener la paix sur la Bretagne est évidemment une comparaison avec l’ours qui hiberne dans sa grotte. C’est le thème du « retour du roi » qu’on retrouve aussi dans le monde germanique associé à l’empereur Frédéric.

Thomas FERRIER (Le Parti des Européens/LBTF)

lundi, 01 février 2016

Du mot proto-indo-européen *deywos

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Du mot proto-indo-européen *deywos

par Thomas Ferrier

Ex: http://thomasferrier.hautetfort.com

Qu’est-ce qu’un *deywos, mot qui a abouti au latin deus et au français « dieu » ? D’autres termes pour désigner les divinités ont été employés par les Indo-Européens indivis, à l’instar de *ansus, « esprit divin » [scandinave Ass, indien Asura) ou de *dhesos, « celui qui est placé (dans le temple) » [grec theos] et bien sûr le terme germanique *gutaz désignait « celui qu’on invoque », mais *deywos aura été le plus courant et le mieux conservé puisqu’on le retrouve à peu près partout (gaulois devos, germano-scandinave tyr, balte dievas, sanskrit devas, latin deus, iranien daeva).

La racine de *deywos est bien connue, et on la retrouve dans le nom de *dyeus, le « ciel diurne », à la fois phénomène physique et divinité souveraine. On peut la traduire par « céleste » aussi bien que par « diurne » mais aussi par « émanation de *dyeus ».

La divinité suprême *Dyeus *Pater est en effet l’époux d’une parèdre du nom de *Diwni (« celle de *dyeus ») qui est le nom marital de la déesse de la terre, son épouse naturelle, formant le couple fusionnel dyavaprithivi dans l’Inde védique. Les *Deywôs sont donc les fils de *Dyeus, tout comme les *Deywiyês (ou *Deywâs) sont ses filles.  C’est leur façon de porter le nom patronymique de leur divin géniteur.

Les *Deywôs sont donc par leur nom même les enfants du ciel, ce qui place leur existence sur un plan astral, l’ « enclos des dieux » (le sens même du mot *gherdhos qu’on retrouve dans Asgard, le royaume divin des Scandinaves) étant situé sur un autre plan que le monde des hommes mais placé systématiquement en hauteur, généralement à la cime de la plus haute montagne ou de l’arbre cosmique, ou au-delà de l’océan, dont la couleur est le reflet du ciel bleu, dans des îles de lumière (Avallon, Îles des Bienheureux…).

Mais ils forment aussi une sainte famille, autour du père céleste et de la mère terrestre, l’un et l’autre régnant dans un royaume de lumière invisible aux yeux des hommes. 

Toutefois, le ciel diurne ne s’oppose au ciel de nuit que dans une certaine mesure. Sous l’épiclèse de *werunos, le dieu « du vaste monde » [grec Ouranos, sanscrit Varuna], *Dyeus est aussi le dieu du ciel en général, les étoiles étant depuis toujours les mânes des héros morts, souvenir que les Grecs lièrent au mythe d’Astrée, déesse des étoiles et de la justice, qui abandonna le monde en raison des pêchés des hommes. Astrée elle-même n’était autre que la déesse *Stirona indo-européenne que les Celtes conservèrent sous le nom de Đirona (prononcer « Tsirona ») et que les Romains associèrent à Diane.

Quant à la parèdre de *Dyeus, on la retrouve sous les noms de Diane et de Dea Dia à Rome, de Dziewona en Pologne pré-chrétienne et de Dionê en Grèce classique, celle-là même qu’on donne pour mère d’Aphrodite. De même la déesse de l’aurore (*Ausos) est dite « fille de *Dyeus » [*dhughater *Diwos], terme qu’on retrouve associé à Athéna mais aussi plus rarement à Aphrodite.

*Diwni, l’épouse du jour, devient *Nokwts, la nuit personnifiée. Le *Dyeus de jour cède alors la place au *Werunos de nuit. Tandis que les autres *Deywôs dorment, *Dyeus reste éveillé. L’idée d’un dieu du jour et de la nuit, donc aux deux visages, est à rapprocher du Janus romain, dieu des commencements, époux alors de la déesse de l’année *Yera (Héra) ou de la nouvelle année (Iuno).

Thomas FERRIER (Le Parti des Européens)

19:45 Publié dans Traditions | Lien permanent | Commentaires (0) | Tags : tradition, mythologie, dieux, paganisme, zeus, indo-européens | |  del.icio.us | | Digg! Digg |  Facebook

lundi, 18 janvier 2016

Sol Invictus et le monothéisme solaire

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Sol Invictus et le monothéisme solaire

par Thomas Ferrier

Ex: http://thomasferrier.hautetfort.com

Racines


sol invictus,monothéisme,paganisme,empire romain,mondialisme,christianismeDans la tradition égyptienne ancienne, le dieu le plus important du panthéon était le Soleil, qui était honoré sous différents noms selon les cités, mais qui portait dans toute l’Egypte le nom de Rê. En tant qu’Atoum-Rê, il apparaissait comme le dieu créateur du monde et sous les traits d’Amon-Rê comme un dieu souverain. Rê était également appelé Horus (Heru), sous la forme d’Horus l’ancien comme sous celle du fils d’Osiris et d’Isis. Le dieu Horus, son avatar sur la terre, aurait même guidé le peuple égyptien, à l’époque où ses ancêtres venaient d’Afrique du nord, sur cette nouvelle terre noire (Kemet) qui finit par porter son nom.

C’est la barque de Rê qui garantissait chaque jour l’ordre cosmique contre les forces de destruction et de chaos incarnées par le serpent Apep (« Apophis »). A sa proue, le dieu orageux Set combattait le dit serpent, avant que la tradition populaire tardive ne finisse par le confondre avec lui et n’en fasse plus que le meurtrier d’Osiris.

L’importance du culte solaire fut telle que le roi Amenhotep IV, plus connu sous celui d’Akhenaton, en fit son culte unique et fut le premier à créer un monothéisme solaire lié à sa personne, honorant le disque solaire divinisé (Aton). Les seuls prêtres et intercesseurs d’Aton vis-à-vis des hommes étaient le pharaon lui-même et son épouse Nefertiti. Son culte s’effondra à sa mort et les prêtres d’Amon veillèrent à ce que son nom disparaisse des inscriptions.

Mais en revanche dans la tradition indo-européenne, dont Grecs et Romains (notamment) seront les héritiers, le dieu du soleil est un dieu parmi d’autres et jamais le premier. Aux temps de l’indo-européanité indivise, ce dieu se nommait *Sawelyos et monté sur un char tiré par des chevaux blancs, il tournait autour de l’astre portant son nom. Le dieu suprême était son père *Dyeus, le dieu du ciel et de la lumière. Parmi les fils de *Dyeus qu’on nommait les *Deywôs (les « dieux »), trois étaient liés au feu, en conformité avec le schéma dumézilien des trois fonctions et sa version cosmique analysée par Haudry. Il y avait en effet le feu céleste (Soleil), le feu du ciel intermédiaire (Foudre) et le feu terrestre (Feu). De tous les fils de *Dyeus, le plus important était celui de l’orage et de la guerre (*Maworts), qui parfois devint le dieu suprême chez certains peuples indo-européens (chez les Celtes avec Taranis, chez les Slaves avec Perun, chez les Indiens avec Indra). Le dieu du soleil était davantage lié aux propriétés associées à l’astre, donc apparaissait comme un dieu de la beauté et aussi de la médecine. Ce n’était pas un dieu guerrier.

A Rome même, le dieu Sol surnommé Indiges (« Indigène ») était une divinité mineure du panthéon latin. Il était né le 25 décembre, à proximité du solstice d’hiver. Dans ce rôle solaire, il était concurrencé par le dieu de l’impulsion solaire, Saturne, dont le nom est à rapprocher du dieu indien Savitar, avant d’être abusivement associé au Cronos grec.

En Grèce enfin, selon un processus complexe, les divinités du soleil, de la lune et de l’aurore se sont multipliées. L’Aurore était donc à la fois Eôs, l’Aurore personnifiée, mais aussi Athéna dans son rôle de déesse de l’intelligence guerrière et Aphrodite dans celui de déesse de l’amour. Et en ce qui concerne le Soleil, il était à la fois Hêlios, le fils d’Hypérion (qui n’était autre que lui-même), et Apollon, le dieu de la lumière, des arts et de la médecine. Cette confusion entre ces deux dieux fut constamment maintenue durant toute l’antiquité.

Evolution.

sol invictus,monothéisme,paganisme,empire romain,mondialisme,christianismeIIIème siècle après J.C. L’empire romain est en crise. A l’est, les Sassanides, une Perse en pleine renaissance qui rêve de reconstituer l’empire de Darius. Au nord, les peuples européens « barbares » poussés à l’arrière par des vagues asiatiques et qui rêvent d’une place au soleil italique et/ou balkanique.

Le principat, qui respectait encore les apparences de la république, tout en ayant tous les traits d’un despotisme éclairé, a explosé. Place au dominat. Victoire de la conception orientale du pouvoir sur la vision démocratique indo-européenne des temps anciens. L’empereur n’est plus un héros en devenir (divus) mais un dieu incarné (deus). Il est le médiateur de la puissance céleste et des hommes, à la fois roi de fait et grand pontife. Le polythéisme romain était pleinement compatible avec une conception républicaine du monde, comme l’a montré Louis Ménard. Empereur unique, dieu unique.


Si le christianisme comme religion du pouvoir d’un seul était encore trop marginal pour devenir la religion de l’empereur, un monothéisme universaliste s’imposait naturellement dans les têtes. Quoi de plus logique que de représenter l’Un Incréé de Plotin par le dieu du soleil, un dieu présent dans l’ensemble du bassin méditerranéen et donc apte à unir sous sa bannière des peuples si différents. Mondialisme avant la lettre. Cosmopolitisme d’Alexandre. Revanche des Graeculi sur les vrais Romani, d’Antoine sur Octavien.

C’est ainsi que naquit un monothéisme solaire autour du nom de Sol Invictus, le « Soleil Invaincu » et/ou le « Soleil invincible ». Le dieu syrien El Gabal, les dieux solaires égyptiens et l’iranien Mithra, enfin le pâle Sol Indiges, le froid Belenos et Apollon en un seul. Le monothéisme solaire d’Elagabale, mort pour avoir eu raison trop tôt, de Sévère Alexandre, qui ouvrit même son panthéon à Jésus, puis d’Aurélien, s’imposa. Certes Sol n’était pas l’unique « deus invictus ». Jupiter et Mars furent aussi qualifiés de tels, et il est vrai que de tous les dieux romains, Mars était le seul légitime en tant que déité de la guerre à pouvoir porter ce nom.

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En réalité, « Sol Invictus » fut l’innovation qui facilita considérablement au final la victoire du christianisme. Constantin, qui était un dévot de ce dieu, accepta de considérer Jésus Christ, que des auteurs chrétiens habiles désignèrent comme un « soleil de justice » (sol iustitiae) comme une autre expression de ce même dieu. Le monothéisme « païen » et solaire de Constantin, épuré de tout polythéisme, comme sous Akhenaton, et le monothéisme chrétien fusionnèrent donc naturellement. Le jour du soleil fut dédié à Jésus, tout comme celui-ci désormais fut natif du 25 décembre. Jésus se vit représenté sous les traits d’un nouvel Apollon, aux cheveux blonds, à la fois Dieu incarné et homme sacrifié pour le salut de tous.

Au lieu de s’appuyer sur le polythéisme de leurs ancêtres, les empereurs romains, qui étaient tous des despotes orientaux, à l’instar d’un Dioclétien qui exigeait qu’on s’agenouille devant lui, à l’instar d’un shah iranien, voulurent faire du christianisme contre le christianisme. Dioclétien élabora une théologie complexe autour de Jupiter et d’Hercule. Le héros à la massue devint une sorte de Christ païen, de médiateur, qui s’était sacrifié sur le mont Oeta après avoir vaincu les monstres qui terrifiaient l’humanité et avait ainsi accédé à l’immortalité.

Et l’empereur Julien lui-même se fit un dévot du Soleil Invincible, sans se rendre compte un instant qu’il faisait alors le plus beau compliment au monothéisme oriental qu’il pensait combattre. Il osa dans ses écrits attribuer la naissance de Rome non au dieu Mars mais à Hélios apparu dans un rôle fonctionnel guerrier. Le monothéisme solaire a pourtant permis au christianisme de s’imposer, à partir du moment où l’empereur a compris que l’antique polythéisme était un obstacle moral à l’autocratie. Constantin alla simplement plus loin qu’Aurélien dans sa volonté d’unir religieusement l’empire. Jesus Invictus devint le dieu de l’empire romain.

Le monothéisme autour de Sol Invictus, loin d’être la manifestation d’une résistance païenne, était au contraire la preuve de la victoire des valeurs orientales sur une Rome ayant trop négligé son héritage indo-européen en raison d’un universalisme suicidaire. Cela nous rappelle étrangement la situation de l’Europe contemporaine.

Thomas FERRIER (PSUNE/LBTF)

Note: Mithra à l’origine n’est pas un dieu solaire. C’était la fonction de l’ange « adorable » zoroastrien Hvar (Khorsid en moyen-perse). Il incarnait au contraire le dieu des contrats, de la parole donnée et de la vérité, à l’instar du Mitra indien. Par la suite, il récupéra des fonctions guerrières aux dépens d’Indra désormais satanisé (mais réapparu sous les traits de l’ange de la victoire, Verethragna). Enfin il finit par incarner le Soleil en tant qu’astre de justice. Le Mithras « irano-romain », évolution syncrétique ultérieure, conserva les traits solaires du Mithra iranien tardif. Il fut également associé au tétrascèle solaire (qualifiée de roue de Mithra, Garduneh-e Mehr, ou de roue du Soleil, Garduneh-e Khorsid) qui fut repris dans l’imagerie christique avant d’être utilisé deux millénaires plus tard par un régime totalitaire.

dimanche, 06 décembre 2015

Mantenersi fermi nella notte del mondo. Appunti solstiziali

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Mantenersi fermi nella notte del mondo. Appunti solstiziali

Ex: http://www.ilprimatonazionale.it 

Dicembre. Ultimo mese dell’anno, il mese dei riepiloghi, delle chiusure, delle attese per i nuovi inizi. Il mese di Natale, come è stato in epoca cristiana e ancor più, ancor prima, in tutto il mondo indoeuropeo con le feste collegate al Solstizio d’Inverno, la Porta degli Dei, il momento sacro più importante.

A Roma le festività che si accavallavano in occasione del Solstizio invernale erano addirittura tre: i Saturnalia, dal 17 al 24 dicembre; gli Angeronalia, il 21 dicembre – giorno del Solstizio vero e proprio, quando Terra e Sole sono allineati nel perielio sull’asse maggiore dell’orbita di rivoluzione; infine il 25 dicembre, divenuto il Dies Natalis Solis Invicti sotto Aureliano, il giorno in cui il Sole rende visibile la sua rinascita grazie dell’apparente inversione del suo moto.

Prima che nel periodo imperiale il Sol Invictus divenisse il protagonista indiscusso di queste festività, nel mondo arcaico erano tre le divinità che entravano in gioco in queste feste: Saturno, Angerona e Giano. Angerona è forse la meno conosciuta, una dea rappresentata con il capo velato e soprattutto con un dito sulle labbra chiuse, ad indicare il silenzio. Ma il suo essere meno conosciuta di altre divinità non indica un’importanza minore, anzi. Angerona era la dea che proteggeva i Misteri – si dice anche che proteggesse il Nome Segreto di Roma affinché i nemici non potessero mai scoprirlo e quindi non potessero mai conquistare l’Urbe – era la dea che accompagnava il Mystes, l’iniziato, nel suo percorso.


Era la dea dei segreti sacri più profondi e importanti, la dea dei segreti inaccessibili e non rivelabili, sia perché “pericolosi” per i profani ma anche perché non comprensibili se non attraverso la partecipazione attiva ad essi, essendo sovra-sensibili e soprattutto sovra-razionali. Nel giorno degli Angeronalia, nel giorno in cui il Sole effettua astronomicamente il passaggio, i pontefici osservavano un profondo silenzio e officiavano i loro sacrifici mantenendo una tranquillità polare e immutabile mentre il caos dei Saturnalia dilagava tutto intorno a loro.

Diventavano così incarnazione di quel principio di assialità cosmica e luminosa che regge il mondo rimanendo immutato di fronte all’incessante movimento dei cicli cosmici. Lo stesso principio che, mutuato dal mondo germanico attraverso un sempreverde illuminato, sarebbe diventato l’Albero di Natale, emblema dell’Albero Cosmico.

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Giano, conosciuto dai profani come il “dio bifronte” o “dio degli inizi”, condivideva con Angerona la potestà degli stati di passaggio. Giano ha la stessa radice di “ianua”, ovvero “porta”. Suo simbolo era la nave, l’emblema del viaggio iniziatico in tutte le civiltà, da Odisseo e Argo fino alla Barca Solare dei misteri di Iside e Osiride. Giano è colui che custodisce l’universo e ha il potere di volgerlo sui cardini, come ci dice Ovidio. È colui che ha le chiavi che aprono e chiudono, che legano e slegano, il dio che unisce e dissolve, colui che controlla i due movimenti contrastanti del cosmo attraverso il suo terzo volto, quello nascosto, quello che sintetizza l’unità degli opposti e che di Due fa Uno.

Infine Saturno. La figura di Saturno è sicuramente più nota rispetto alle altre due. Ma paradossalmente il suo essere “più famoso” lo ha reso anche il più sensibile a clamorosi fraintendimenti. Saturno per la maggior parte delle persone è il malvagio titano Kronos che mangia i suoi stessi figli, il dio nero con un carro trainato da draghi che rappresenta le forze divoranti e dissolventi a cui gli dei olimpici si devono opporre. Tutto ciò è parziale e impreciso. Giano e Saturno erano divinità molto legate, quasi inscindibili. Si dice che fu Giano ad accogliere Saturno nel Lazio, divenuto appunto la Saturnia Tellus, dopo che questi fu esiliato dal suo regno dell’Età dell’Oro. Saturno era infatti il sovrano dell’Era che fu prima di ogni inizio, l’Era in cui il tempo non esisteva, l’Era di felicità in cui ogni cosa dava frutto perché ogni potenza diveniva atto – per questo nel Lazio Saturno fu anche divinità agricola che proteggeva il seme nella sua fioritura – l’Era in cui l’uomo era in armonia e unità con il Divino.

Eppure Saturno si addormenta, il suo regno si sospende. E il tempo inizia a fluire, a far invecchiare, a divorare nel suo ciclo di morte e rinascita. Diventa il Kronos dell’immaginario comune, il drago che divora incessantemente, che non riesce mai a sfamarsi, come l’ego che incatena ogni ascesi o come il pensiero associativo che con il suo continuo fluire non permette di fermarsi e passare. Saturno è dunque tanto l’Oro quanto il piombo alchemico. Ma come insegna la stessa Arte Regale, è nel piombo che vi è l’Oro, è dal piombo che si fa l’Oro ed è solo rettificando il piombo che si realizza l’Oro.

Le feste dei Saturnalia che precedevano il Solstizio sono un rituale che realizza esattamente questo processo. Nelle notti più oscure, in cui il Sole-Oro è sempre più avvolto dall’oscurità plumbea della notte invernale, il mondo viene sconvolto dal caos. Ogni ordine sociale costruito tramite una gerarchia evocata dal piano divino viene sovvertito. Gli schiavi comandano sugli uomini liberi, la dissonanza e la perdita delle forme prende il sopravvento nelle città. Viene portata per le strade l’effige di un re vecchio, malato, infermo, un re che divorato dal tempo ha perso l’assialità e quindi diventa preda delle forze caotiche. Ma c’è chi mantiene la calma, il silenzio e la gerarchia, c’è chi conserva i segreti che neanche le forze più vulcaniche e infere del caos possono intaccare. C’è chi mantiene l’assialità quando tutto intorno è caos, ci sono le Angeronalia durante i Saturnalia. Ma chi in silenzio segue i misteri di Angerona non lo fa solamente per “mantenere” i segreti, per “conservare” ciò che è sacro in attesa che il caos finisca e che torni il Saturno dell’Età dell’Oro.

Chi segue Angerona agisce, il Mystes è un soldato, un milite. Egli sa che ciò che è senza tempo non può avere inizio o fine, sa che attendere nel tempo l’inizio di qualcosa che è a-temporale è pura follia. Sa che Saturno celato va risvegliato e che per raggiungerlo c’è bisogno di Giano, il dio sia degli inizi che della fine e che quindi è hic et nunc, in ogni momento e in ogni luogo, in ogni punto di contatto tra ciò che è qui e ciò che è Sopra, tra ciò che è tempo e ciò che è Eternità, proprio come l’Urbe che è anche Orbe fondata nel cuore della Saturnia Tellus in cui regnano tanto Giano quanto Saturno e in cui si può incarnare l’azione sacra che permetta di mantenersi immutabile nel caos e attraversare la porta del guardiano cosmico che veglia sul sonno del dio celato. Solo così la follia che vede al vertice gli schiavi e i loro principi degradanti che rendono schiavi anche gli uomini liberi può aver fine, preannunciando una nuova Era in cui il re vecchio, malato e malfermo può morire e rinascere nel Fuoco per tornare ad essere Re, il Re Saturno che torna al suo splendore a-temporale.

Carlomanno Adinolfi

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lundi, 19 octobre 2015

Albion’s Hidden Numina - The Land of the Green Man

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Albion’s Hidden Numina
The Land of the Green Man

Carolyne Larrington
The Land of the Green Man: A Journey Through the Supernatural Landscapes of the British Isles
London: I. B. Tauris, 2015

Is Britain the most mystical of all countries? It certainly seems that way to me, but then I’m irreparably biased. Whilst every human culture has its own folklore, the magic seems more potent, more alive, when it’s our own. “The myth is not my own, I had it from my mother,” as Coomaraswamy (quoting Euripides) would have it. Carolyne Larrington’s new book, The Land of the Green Man, will appeal to anyone who, like me, has an unquenchable thirst for tales of the supernatural inhabitants of the isles of Albion.

Perhaps my only reservations about this book are its cover and title. Stumbling across it in a bookshop, the serious student of folklore might assume that it’s just another new age effort seeking to stitch together a few disparate tales into an overarching and unwarranted key to all mythologies. This would be a great shame as The Land of the Green Man is a fascinating discussion of a living tradition of folklore which is based on sound scholarship. As a scholar of Medieval Literature, Larrington is well placed to bring an academic perspective to these matters. In fact, I was previously aware of Caroline Larrington from her English translation of the Poetic Edda although I have always found that translation to be too academic for my tastes. It certainly doesn’t stand up to reading aloud as well as Henry Bellows’ old-fashioned but rhetorically fine-tuned translation. But it does demonstrate Larrington’s immersion in the sort of mythological matrix that often underlies folk traditions. Her ear for the rhythms and structures embedded in folklore is finely attuned and it lends an authoritative depth of understanding to her various interpretations of ballads, fairy tales, and local stories.

The book is divided into six chapters, each of which deals with a particular thematic concern: “The Land Over Time,” “Lust and Love,” “Death and Loss,” “Gain and Lack,” “The Beast and the Human,” and “Continuity and Change.” Often, books that attempt to compile together folkloric material will group it together by county or town, like Westwood and Simpson’s The Lore of the Land. Steve Roud’s The English Year structures the material according to its place in the calendar. Inevitably, I always end up consulting The Lore of the Land for the areas that I am familiar with and I always read The English Year during the first few days of January when I remember that I own it. By eschewing the gazateer/ritual year approach Larrington has written a book that benefits from a coherent narrative flow.

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The approach throughout is to introduce a topic through a few relevant stories and then to tease out those aspects that are relevant to the chapter’s subject. Other examples of similar motifs are then brought to the discussion. So, in the chapter on “Lust and Love,” the ballads of “Thomas the Rhymer,” “Tam Lin,” and “The Elfin-Knight” are recounted and discussed and the threads discovered there are traced through Hayao Miyazaki’s animation, Spirited Away, Christina Rossetti, Harry Potter, and Susanna Clarke’s novel Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell.

Larrington’s interpretations of the inner meanings of folkloric material do tend to veer towards what we might call the materialistic. That is, she approaches each chapter looking for a sociological or ideological understanding of the material at hand (as the chapter titles indicate). But there are two things that prevent this from being a dull, reductionist reading of the folklore.

The first is that she has a terrific understanding of the inner meanings of folk tales. For instance, she discusses the multiple occasions when the elfish denizens of the Otherworld distort what people see by applying magical ointment to their eyes, or by other methods. Typically, this is to hide their true nature as Otherworldly creatures and to make them appear as human. Inevitably, at some point the magic stops working, and the elf is seen for what he really is. When Larrington then says that the restoration of correct vision is, “a proxy for a loss of innocence, a fall into knowledge and desire which has irreversible consequences,” this does not feel like a forced interpretation of the texts. Instead, it comes across as something that emerges naturally from multiple stories; it is not distorted or over-emphasized in order to support a pre-existing ideological position. The conclusions are allowed to arise from the material.

The second thing that elevates the book is Larrington’s consistent understanding that folklore is a living and evolving tradition, not simply a matter for archiving. This leads to some very interesting connections being made between the archaic material and contemporary culture. Perhaps unsurprisingly, Larrington discusses Alan Garner and Susan Cooper’s use of myth and folklore in their novels, and the work of J. R. R. Tolkien, but some of the other references are less expected. In the chapter on “Death and Loss,” she discusses not only the BBC’s Sherlock, but also Nick Drake and the glam rock band The Darkness. Lest it be thought that these references are casually thrown in to widen the appeal of the book, it is worth emphasizing that Larrington always relates them to specific folkloric material (the three examples above are all to do with black dogs: Baskerville, Black-Eyed Dog, and Black Shuck respectively).

This approach leads to some really lively discussions and throws up a few surprising notions. In a section on house-elves, Larrington discusses Dobby, the house-elf from J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter books. In these books, the house-elves work as slaves, without any payment, just as traditional house-elves do. But in Harry Potter, Hermione decides that they need to be liberated. They are, “classic victims of false consciousness, as Marx might have put it” (p. 147). Hermione’s efforts are apparently unsuccessful because the house-elves have no desire to change their ways. “Hermione’s idealism is that of the liberal do-gooder. In failing to consult the house-elf constituency she alienates those whom she is trying to help: the classic dilemma of the intelligentsia trying to persuade the workers of what’s good for them . . . Dobby’s failure to engage his fellow elves in revolutionary struggle . . . hints at Rowling’s cynicism about the politics of the left” (p. 148). This is not the sort of thing I was expecting from Land of the Green Man, but it’s a wonderful analysis, and it gives a good sense of the work’s scope.

At the end of the book, Larrington discusses the history of the Green Man himself, pointing out that he has no real folkloric associations. But, she argues, this does not necessarily matter, because the twentieth century “creation” of the Green Man as an ancient vegetation god answers some of that century’s anxieties: “It’s hard to read the expression in his face; if he’s smiling it’s an enigmatic smile, hidden among the foliage. Neither kindly nor welcoming, his stare suggests a countryside that has become deeply alienated from the modern human” (p. 232). And it’s in this understanding that Land of the Green Man differs from many other books on folklore. Larrington is too much of a scholar to try to pretend that the Green Man is an authentically ancient symbol of the woodland but she is also too receptive to the power of living symbols to deny that he is, in some sense, “real.” Unlike most other writers on the subject, Larrington seems to understand that new gods can, and must, be born.

The Land of the Green Man is an essential read for anyone interested in the wyrd history of Albion. Carolyne Larrington does an admirable and convincing job of demonstrating that whilst this story has had a varied and strange past, it is continuing to progress towards a numinous future.

Article printed from Counter-Currents Publishing: http://www.counter-currents.com

URL to article: http://www.counter-currents.com/2015/10/the-land-of-the-green-man/

URLs in this post:

[1] Image: http://www.counter-currents.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/GreenMan.jpg

[2] The Land of the Green Man: A Journey Through the Supernatural Landscapes of the British Isles: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1780769911/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1780769911&linkCode=as2&tag=thesavdevarc-20&linkId=ODNF6ULM7TBG6VIH

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mardi, 11 août 2015

Asatru: A Native European Spirituality

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Stephen A. McNallen’s Asatru: A Native European Spirituality

Mcnallen-200x300.jpgStephen A. McNallen
Asatru: A Native European Spirituality
Runestone Press, 2015

The Good Preacher

Steve McNallen is a serious character. A former U.S. Army Ranger, he has hitchhiked across the Sahara Desert and traveled to such exotic locales as Tibet and Burma, usually to report on military conflicts. His articles have appeared in Soldier of Fortune magazine (a periodical that fascinated me when I was a teenager, especially the classified ads in the back). McNallen has also worked as a jailer, a juvenile corrections officer, and has served in the National Guard (he was witness to the Rodney King riots back in 1992). Oh, and he taught math and science for six years in an American high school, using his summer vacations like Indiana Jones, setting off on foreign adventures.

Steve McNallen is also the man principally responsible for the revival of Asatru in North America. He gives us a brief overview of his life, written with typical modesty and understatement, in this wonderful new book, several years in the making. McNallen tells us that he decided to follow the gods of his ancestors while he was in college “in either 1968 or 1969” (p. 61).

I like the honesty of this. A lot of men, if they were uncertain which year it was, would have just picked one, perhaps even giving a specific date: e.g., “Walpurgisnacht 1969!” But McNallen is not concerned to make an impression, or create an image for himself. His sincerity, earnestness, and lack of pretension have a great deal to do with why he has become a genuine religious leader.

Steve_McNallenWhen I first met McNallen I thought “this man is a born preacher.” I come from a long line of Methodists, and some of my ancestors were clergy. One was a “circuit rider,” a preacher assigned to travel around the countryside (usually on horseback) ministering to settlers and establishing congregations. My use of the term “preacher” is not pejorative. I share the faith of my very distant ancestors, not the more recent ones — but I honor them all. And being a preacher is an honorable profession.

A good preacher has the ability to form people into a genuine community through appealing to their better nature. No easy task. And a good preacher establishes his authority not through his book learning or some seal of approval from a Council of Elders, but rather through the force of his personality. Just what that consists in is a complex issue. Partly, it’s a simple matter of “good character.” Aristotle said that one of the necessary conditions of being an effective speaker is that the audience must perceive the speaker as having good character. Otherwise they will not be convinced by what he says, no matter how cogent his arguments are.

However, “force of personality” also involves strength of conviction. A good preacher is someone whose faith is so strong that others believe because he believes. Privately, they may suffer doubts. But just being in the presence of a good preacher, a man with real strength of conviction, is often enough to bolster them. And I do not necessarily mean listening to him preach. A good preacher communicates his faith and sincerity in his every act, even in the way he moves across a room or eats a meal.

I experienced McNallen’s force of personality for the first time one evening several years ago on a beach in California. I was one of about 25 people who gathered together around a bonfire to participate in a blot led by McNallen. It was truly a mixed crowd, running the gamut from university professors to skinheads. I had driven there with McNallen and his wife Sheila, on the way picking up a cake at a local supermarket. My job was to ride shotgun and serve as navigator, directing McNallen to the beach. He was in an extraordinarily good mood and as I gave him each direction (“turn left here . . .” etc.) he responded in crisp military fashion: “Roger that!”

I wasn’t sure how this was going to play out. I am a lone wolf by nature, and Asatru for me has always been a pretty solitary affair. On those occasions when I participated in rituals with others it usually felt like we were LARPing (Live Action Role Playing). In other words, I felt a bit silly. But on the beach something strange and uncanny happened. It was a constellation of factors. One was the natural setting: fall on a northern California beach, nighttime, waves crashing, bonfire crackling and roaring. But the key factor was McNallen. As he spoke, mead horn in his hand, Asatru came alive for me (and, I think, everyone else) in a way it never had before.

I am a philosopher, and that means that my life is mostly about theory. And this is true of my relation to Asatru: theory, to the neglect of practice (though, to be clear, not the total neglect). A few hours prior to heading for the beach, McNallen had asked me what rituals I perform. I confessed to him that I performed few rituals, and very seldom. He seemed disappointed, and I felt slightly ashamed. Such is the power of a good preacher! I had encountered the same disappointment with others on revealing to them my neglect of ritual, and my standard response had been to quip “I’m a Protestant” (i.e., as opposed to a “Catholic” follower of Asatru, who needs rituals and candles and incense). But I knew I couldn’t be so glib with McNallen.

When he led that blot on the beach I felt a real sense of connection to my ancestors, and to the gods. It was a transformative experience. However, it wasn’t a “mystical experience”: I didn’t feel suddenly at one with all things, or that the Being of beings had been revealed to me. No, it was something more basic than this: it was a religious experience. And a key part of this was the presence of others. As I said, it was a constellation of factors. There was the natural setting, and McNallen’s charisma, and the truth that came through his words. But in addition there was an absolutely essential component, without which this religious experience would not have been possible: others — others like me.

A few years ago I wrote a controversial article titled “Asatru and the Political” (it’s included in my recent book What is a Rune? And Other Essays). The major point of the piece was that since Asatru is a folk religion, born of the spirit of European people, we followers of Asatru must take an interest in the survival and flourishing of the race that gave rise to it. In short, I argued that commitment to Asatru entails what is sometimes called today “white nationalism” (not the same thing, as I explain in the essay, as “white supremacism”). In Asatru: A Native European Spirituality, McNallen makes essentially the same point (without using the term “white nationalism”). I hasten to add that McNallen was making such arguments long before I was — a point to which I will return later.

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In any case, in that same essay I argued that every religion is really a way in which a people confronts itself, for every religion is an expression of a people’s spirit, born of the encounter between a distinct ethnic group, with its own inherent (i.e., genetic) characteristics and a place. What I did not emphasize is a corollary point: that religion is inherently communal. It is often asserted that the word “religion” comes from a root meaning “to bind,” and on this basis it has been speculated that “religion” means “to bind together.” If this is correct (and no one really knows), two interpretations are possible. The first is that religion binds or connects individuals to the divine (sort of like the literal meaning of “yoga,” as that which yokes us to the divine). The second is that religion binds us together in a community.

Anthropologists and sociologists favor the latter interpretation, with some going so far as to suggest that the “purpose” of religion is really nothing more than making communities cohesive. This is a vulgar, flat-souled notion that I discuss elsewhere (see my essay “The Stones Cry Out,” also in What is a Rune?). The truth is that religion binds together a community, through binding it to the divine. Both of the interpretations just mentioned are correct. Through religion, I achieve connection with the gods — but that is only possible through connection with others who have the same aim, and worship the same gods.

Religion is not the only way of making some “connection” to the divine. Mysticism is another way. So are philosophy and theology. Even art and poetry are means. But these can all be solitary activities. We may want an audience for our poetry (or our philosophy), but we don’t need one in order for poetry (or philosophy) to occur.

For religion to “occur” we need others. There can be no such thing as a private religion. Elsewhere I have discussed at length my commitment to Odinism (see “What is Odinism?” in Tyr Volume 4). Odinism is the path of one who follows Odin — really of one who seeks to become him. It is not about “worshipping” Odin, and it is not a religion. It would be accurate to call Odinism (as I define it[1]) a cult within Asatru. Though by its very nature it is a cult arguably best suited for lone individuals (at least, that’s how it is for me): a cult whose “cells” consist of isolated individuals. Until that night on the beach in California, Odinism really was Asatru for me. It was when the blot had ended that I realized my error.

What happened when the blot ended? There was silence. We ate our cake and sat around the bonfire, speaking in hushed tones. There was a kind of electricity in the air, and I think I speak for everyone there when I say that I felt lifted out of myself. I felt connected. Connected to the divine but also — and this is very unusual for me — connected to the others. I felt part of a religious community. It was then that I realized that my Odinism, while entirely legitimate, was not enough.

Imagine the absurdity of a Christian theologian who said that the practice of theology was sufficient unto itself and that he had no need of belonging to a church. But this was exactly my own position: an Odinist, a Germanic neo-pagan philosopher who never practiced his neo-paganism. And by “practice” here I mean practice with others. I was an irreligious neo-pagan. A Protestant indeed.

Of course, there’s an Odinic response to this — or one that seems plausibly Odinic: “Odin is the lone wanderer, he does not need others. If you aspire to be Odin, you do not need blots and such.” But there are two problems here. First, Odin clearly needed the company of the other gods: he returned to them from his wanderings again and again. The second problem is that while there is a part of me that is Odin, and my Odinism is the cultivation of this (again, see my essay in Tyr #4), it is only a part of me. I am still a man, and man is a social animal. And the supreme, most elevated and sublime aspect of his sociability is his religiosity. My experience on the beach didn’t teach me that I ought to come together with others and practice Asatru; it taught me that I needed to, but hadn’t been aware of the need.

Of course, the blot on the beach and the important realization I had there was more than three years ago. And I am still a lone Odinist, keeping an eye on Asatru from the periphery but seldom ever joining with others. Old habits die hard. There are many people who have a much stronger desire to come together with others than I do, but simply cannot because they don’t live near anyone. In one way I am not alone: many of us have been solitary cultists, for a great many years. Then there’s that other big problem: sometimes when you meet others who claim to follow Asatru you are very, very disappointed.

The Rise and Fall and Rise of the AFA

But all of this seems to be changing. And primarily we have Steve McNallen to thank for it. McNallen is well aware that Asatru must be about community; that the solitary practice of Asatru is ultimately insufficient. In recent years, there have been more and more occasions for people who follow the ancestral gods to come together. More people — serious, sincere, and sane people — are being drawn to Asatru and forming local kindreds, or assemblies. McNallen’s organization, the Asatru Folk Assembly (AFA) has organized several events each year for a number of years now. The most successful of these have been “Winter Nights in the Poconos,” held in the fall at a camp in Pennsylvania. And, of course, the internet is helping people to find each other.

McNallen’s own experience of Asatru — which he narrates in this new book — is one that also began in isolation. As noted earlier, McNallen decided to follow the gods of his ancestors when he was in college in the late sixties, serving in the ROTC. This was the Age of Aquarius, and I was in diapers. But I was nonetheless very much aware of the “Occult Revival” when I was a small child in the early seventies. I still remember the weird shop in the strip mall, down the block from Rose’s Department Store, where (at the age of eight or so) I bought my copies of The Sorcerers Handbook and Illustrated Anthology of Sorcery, Magic and Alchemy. (However, once my mother figured out that it was also a head shop she stopped letting me go in there.) Wicca was certainly on the scene, but Asatru was nowhere to be found.

McNallen thought that he was totally alone. In desperation, he took out ads in magazines like Fate, looking for others like himself. Slowly, he formed a small group which he called the Viking Brotherhood: the first Asatru organization in the U.S. McNallen began publishing his own periodical, The Runestone, in 1971, and by the following year the Viking Brotherhood had become a tax-exempt religious organization. He told me once that at the time he and his comrades were making Thor’s hammers out of the keys from sardine cans. (Today, of course, Thor’s hammers are available with two-day Prime shipping from Amazon — largely thanks to McNallen spreading the faith.)

But almost as soon as he had launched the Viking Brotherhood, McNallen had to report for active duty as an officer in the Army. Needless to say, this severely restricted his work on behalf of Asatru. At the time, by the way, Asatru was not Asatru. McNallen did not begin using that term until 1976, after reading it in a book by Magnus Magnusson. Up until then, he had called his religion “Norse Paganism,” or sometimes “Odinism.” It is important to note that our ancestors did not have a name for their religion at all. (“Asatru” which means “true to the Aesir,” is a term coined in the 19th century.)

Names for religions have come into use as a result of the rise of universalist faiths like Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. These religions needed to call themselves something because they imparted an ideology, and sought to convert people away from their folk religions: they needed to be able to approach people and say “we represent x.” As to the names traditionally given to folk or ethic religions, typically they do not distinguish a member of the ethnic group from an adherent to the religion. The term “Hinduism” is derived from the Persian word “Hindu,” which actually just denotes the Indian people. The etymology of “Judaism” is similar, derived from a word that simply means “Jew.”

By all rights, Asatru — which is an ethnic religion — ought to be called “Germanism,” or “Teutonism,” or something like that. Though both of these are problematic choices, for a number of reasons. But “Asatru” is problematic as well (though it looks like we are stuck with it — which is fine). Imagine if Judaism changed its name to “Yahwism,” the religion of those who worship Yahweh.[2] Inevitably, along would come a gentile who felt entitled to describe himself as a “Yahwist,” because he has decided to worship Yahweh. But if “Yahwist” had the same denotation as “Jewish,” he would have to be taken aside and politely told that the Yahwists are a people, a tribe, not just a collection of believers in a particular theology. And so he cannot be a Yahwist. (Wisely, the Jews — like most Hindus — have remained aware of the ethnic identity of their religion, and are not particularly eager to embrace converts.)

Our term “Asatru” invites a similar problem. If the religion is literally being “true to the Aesir” (“true” as in being loyal to or believing in) well then why can’t a man whose ancestors came from Niger decide that he wants to be true to Odin, Freya, and Thor? McNallen came to face this problem squarely in the seventies:

It was in about 1974 that I began to realize that there was an innate connection between Germanic paganism and the Germanic people. I had resisted the idea as being somehow racist, but I could not ignore the evidence. Within a year or two I had shifted from a “universalist” to a “folkish” position — even though neither of those terms would enter our vocabulary for many years. (pp. 62-63)

It was around the time that McNallen adopted the term “Asatru,” after his discharge from the Army, that he formed the Asatru Free Assembly as successor to the Viking Brotherhood. This is not to be confused with the Asatru Folk Assembly, his present organization. As the above quotation implies, the folkishness of the “first AFA” was largely implicit, for the simple reason that McNallen was surrounded by like-minded people. The Asatru Free Assembly went from being a small group meeting in the back of an insurance agency in Berkeley, California, to a national organization. It published booklets and audio tapes, and beginning in 1980 held an annual summit, the Althing. “Guilds” formed within the first AFA, each with its own newsletter.

There was no other Asatru organization in North America until the mid-1980s. The AFA was it. But by the mid-’80s it was dying. McNallen and his wife were both holding down full-time jobs, and trying to run the AFA on the side. The ideal situation, of course, would have been if they could have turned the AFA into their full-time work. But when they tried that, soliciting financial support from AFA members, they were accused of being “money hungry.” Some people just expect something for nothing. (A problem with which the editor of this website is all too familiar.) It was an impossible situation, and eventually McNallen had to close the AFA, the remains of which morphed (with his blessing) into Valgard Murray’s Asatru Alliance.

Then came McNallen’s years of wandering, writing for Soldier of Fortune, interviewing Tibetan resistance fighters, serving in the National Guard. With characteristic frankness, he admits that while he never wavered from being true to the Aesir during this period, the collapse of the first AFA left him quite bitter. For a long time, he simply gave up on being involved (at least in a leadership capacity) with organized Asatru. What drew him back in was precisely the realization that circumstances had forced those true to the Aesir to make explicit what had been the movement’s implicit folkishness. McNallen writes:

In 1994, I saw signs that a corrupt faction was making inroads into the Germanic religious movement in the United States. Individuals and groups had emerged which denied the innate connection of Germanic religion and Germanic people, saying in effect that ancestral heritage did not matter. This error could not be allowed to become dominant. I decided to reenter the fray and throw my influence behind Asatru as it had been practiced in America since the founding of the Viking Brotherhood back in the 1970s. I formed the Asatru Folk Assembly. (pp. 65-66)

The change from “Free” to “Folk” made things pretty explicit. (And, I will add, has the further advantage of disabusing those who thought that commitment to Asatru cost nothing.) McNallen is too much of a gentleman to name names here, but the “corrupt faction” he is referring to is typified by folks (and I use the term loosely) like the ultra-PC “Ring of Troth,” who are truer to the Frankfurt School than to the Aesir. I won’t say anything else about such people here, as their attempt to turn Asatru into a universalist creed is unworthy of serious discussion.

Article Two of the Declaration of Purpose of the Asatru Folk Assembly states:

Ours is an ancestral religion, one passed down to us from our forebears from ancient times and thus tailored to our unique makeup. Its spirit is inherent in us as a people. If the People of the North ceased to exist, Asatru would likewise no longer exist. It is our will that we not only survive, but thrive, and continue our upward evolution in the direction of the Infinite. All native religions spring from the unique collective soul of a particular people. Religions are not arbitrary or accidental; body, mind and spirit are all shaped by the evolutionary history of the group and are thus interrelated. Asatru is not just what we believe, it is what we are. Therefore, the survival and welfare of the Northern European peoples as a cultural and biological group is a religious imperative for the AFA.

As always, the cunning of reason — or the hand of the gods — has been at work: as I noted earlier, the new AFA has wings the old AFA never possessed. If the old organization had never fallen apart, and McNallen had not lived his wilderness years, we would never have seen the birth of the Asatru Folk Assembly, and the Asatru Renaissance that it has helped bring about.

There is more to the tale of the new AFA — such as the saga of its involvement in the “Kennewick Man” controversy — but for the rest you will have to read the book.

Asatru: A Native European Spirituality fills a void. It is intended to introduce readers to Asatru — readers with no prior acquaintance. As such, it is written in a highly-accessible style. And yet there is much here that will be of interest to those already well acquainted with Asatru: the fruits of almost 50 years not just of McNallen’s experience as a leader and exponent of Asatru, but of his deep reflection upon the meaning of the religion, and its integral relation to the Northern European peoples and their spirit. There is no other book I know of that is as comprehensive and illuminating an introduction to folkish Asatru.

Why Asatru?

Before I close this review there is one more issue that I need to address. There is a tendency among those in the New Right to either embrace Asatru, or simply to tolerate it (usually on the basis that it might — repeat, might — be a useful political tool). Those who tolerate it typically think it’s a bit silly — or at least not something for them. And so a lot of my readers may find this review interesting, but conclude that McNallen’s book and the AFA are for those already converted. I’d like to encourage those folks to think about things differently.

McNallen actually takes no position on whether or not the gods “really exist.” In the AFA, one can be a “hard polytheist,” who actually believes there’s an Odin riding around out there on Sleipner, or a “soft polytheist” who thinks the gods are inflections of some ultimate Brahman-like principle — or even that they are just poetic constructs that hold up a mirror to our Northern souls. There are tricky issues here, and my own position doesn’t readily fall into any of these categories. But one thing is certain: whether or not the gods “really exist,” the gods and the myths about them most certainly do poetically mirror our Northern souls. This is the first thing I’d like New Right “sceptics” about Asatru to consider. Asatru is us.

As I put it in my essay “Asatru and the Political”:

Ásatrú is an expression of the unique spirit of the Germanic peoples. And one could also plausibly claim that the spirit of the Germanic peoples just is Ásatrú, understanding its myth and lore simply as a way in which the people projects its spirit before itself, in concrete form. And this leads me back to where I began, to the “political” point of this essay: to value Ásatrú is to value the people of Ásatrú; to value their survival, their distinctness, and their flourishing. For one cannot have the one without the other.

Here I was enjoining followers of Asatru to defend the interests of people of European ancestry. But now I am enjoining those who already believe in that cause to value Asatru. Because, you see, valuing “the people of Asatru” — European (or Northern European) people — must mean, at its most basic level, coming together with them in a community.

What Asatru offers to the New Right is a community of people of European ancestry focused around the celebration of that ancestry, and common culture. I have already discussed the progress the AFA has made in building this community — in genuinely bringing people together. McNallen writes:

We console each other in times of death, and celebrate the birth of new children. We share favorite books, career tips, and recipes. We make plans to meet down at a local pub, or to attend an event the next state over. Locally, we gather for rituals and for birthday parties, or to load a truck for someone moving to a new home. (p. 69)

The Fourth Article of the AFA’s Declaration of Purpose states that it is devoted to “The restoration of community, the banishment of alienation, and the establishment of natural and just relations among our people.” The banishment of alienation — the condition so many of us on the Right suffer from. And often it is our own doing. The idea of a community of people of European ancestry celebrating that ancestry sounds really good — but there’s all that stuff about Odin . . .

Well, I mentioned earlier that I come from a long line of Methodists. And my mother attended the local Methodist church all her life. But here’s something that will surprise you: she wasn’t particularly “religious.” Yes, she believed in God and in Heaven in some sense, and she thought that the Bible was mostly a good influence on people (though I think she never read it). But my mother thought it unbecoming to carry things to extremes. In particular she looked down on people who talked about Jesus all the time: “Jesus loves you” made her flesh crawl. She thought that people who talked that way were a bit “touched” (in the bad sense), and a bit low class.

For my mother, church was about community. It was a place where you met what she called “decent people,” and often had the satisfaction of helping each other. It was a place where people were brought together by a shared desire, to one degree or another, to orient their lives to an ideal (or at least to be seen to be doing so). And it was a place where people were brought together by common ancestry — for my mother’s church was implicitly white (a fact she would have readily admitted). Yes, some of the people there were, in her eyes, a little too “Jesusy.” And others not enough. Some took the Bible just a little too seriously, and said and did peculiar things. They were cranks. But in my mother’s eyes they were “our cranks.” She derived enormous satisfaction and comfort from her participation in that community. This was something I didn’t understand until much later in life.

So, if you are skeptical about Asatru just start here — I mean just with the kind of tentative, minimalist recommendation I’ve made in the last few paragraphs. Asatru as a community of people like you. This is actually quite a lot. More may come later. Or perhaps not. Perhaps you’ll always think that people who talk about Odin are a bit “touched.” But you’ll be with your people; with people who are aware that they are your people. As Steve McNallen says in this book, “Asatru is about roots. It’s about connections. It’s about coming home.”

You can access the AFA’s splendid new website here.

Postscript: I have just learned that the AFA is raising money to buy its own hall. You can read more about it, and donate, here.

Notes

1. I derive my understanding of Odinism from Edred Thorsson. See Edred Thorsson, Runelore: A Handbook of Esoteric Runology (York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, 1987), 179.

2. This term actually is used by scholars, to denote the cult of Yahweh among the ancient Hebrews — the cult that eventually became Judaism.

jeudi, 25 juin 2015

Yeats’ heidnisches „Second Coming“

yeats_by_xxalmightystanxx.jpg

Yeats’ heidnisches „Second Coming“

English original here [2]

Übersetzung: Lichtschwert

(Auf AdS nachveröffentlicht anläßlich des heutigen 150. Geburtstages von William Butler Yeats.)

William Butler Yeats verfaßte sein berühmtestes Gedicht, „The Second Coming“, im Jahr 1919, in der Zeit des Großen Krieges und der bolschewistischen Revolution, als die Dinge wahrlich „auseinanderfielen“, darunter hauptsächlich die europäische Zivilisation. Der Titel bezieht sich natürlich auf die Wiederkunft Christi. Aber so wie ich es lese, lehnt das Gedicht die Vorstellung ab, daß die buchstäbliche Wiederkunft Christi bevorsteht. Stattdessen bekräftigt es zwei nichtchristliche Bedeutungen von Wiederkunft. Erstens gibt es die metaphorische Bedeutung des Endes der gegenwärtigen Welt und der Enthüllung von etwas radikal Neuem. Zweitens gibt es die Bedeutung der Wiederkunft nicht von Christus, sondern des vom Christentum verdrängten Heidentums. Yeats verkündet eine heidnische Wiederkunft.

Das Gedicht lautet:

Turning and turning in the widening gyre,
The falcon cannot hear the falconer;
Things fall apart; the center cannot hold;
Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,
The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere
The ceremony of innocence is drowned;
The best lack all conviction, while the worst
are full of passionate intensity.

Surely some revelation is at hand;
Surely the Second Coming is at hand.
The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out
When a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi
Troubles my sight: somewhere in the sands of the desert
A shape with lion body and the head of a man,
A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun,
Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it
Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds.
A darkness drops again; but now I know
That twenty centuries of stony sleep
Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle
And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,
Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?

Wenn man dieses Gedicht als eine Allegorie auf den modernen Nihilismus liest, wird eine Menge klar. „Turning and turning in the widening gyre“ – Kreisend und kreisend im sich erweiternden Wirbel. Man stelle sich hier einen Falken vor, vielleicht mit einer an einem seiner Beine befestigten langen Leine, der auf einer immer weiter werdenden Spiralbahn fliegt, während immer mehr von der Leine ausgerollt wird. Im Zentrum des Wirbels steht, die Leine haltend, der Falkner, der Herr des Falken. Während die Leine ausrollt und der Wirbel weiter wird, kommt ein Punkt, an dem „der Falke den Falkner nicht hören kann.“

Vermutlich ist das, was der Falke nicht hören kann, der Falkner, der den Vogel zurück auf seinen Arm ruft. Nicht länger in der Lage, die Stimme des Falkners zu hören, zieht der Falke weiter nach außen. An irgendeinem Punkt jedoch wird seine Leine zu Ende sein, an welchem Punkt sein Flug entweder mit einem heftigen Ruck enden und er erdwärts stürzen wird – oder der Falkner die Leine loslassen und der Falke seinen Flug nach außen fortsetzen wird.

Aber ohne die Leine zum Zentrum – eine buchstäbliche Leine, oder nur die Stimme seines Herrn – wird der Weg des Falken seine Spiralform verlieren, die durch die Leine zwischen dem Falken und dem Falkner festgelegt wird, und der Falke wird seine Flugbahn selbst bestimmen müssen, eine Flugbahn, die zweifellos im Zickzack mit den Luftströmungen und den vorübergehenden Wünschen des Falken verlaufen wird, aber keine erkennbare Struktur aufweisen wird – außer vielleicht irgendwelche restlichen Echos ihrer ursprünglichen Spirale.

Der Falke ist der moderne Mensch. Die motivierende Kraft des Fluges des Falken ist das menschliche Verlangen, sein Stolz, seine Lebendigkeit und sein faustisches Streben. Die Spiralstruktur des Fluges ist das allgemein verständliche Maß – die Mäßigung und Moralisierung des menschlichen Verlangens und Handelns -, das durch das moralische Zentrum unserer Zivilisation auferlegt wird, verkörpert durch den Falkner, den Herrn des Falken, unseren Herrn, den ich in nietzscheanischen Begriffen als die höchsten Werte unserer Kultur interpretiere. Die Leine, die uns vom Zentrum aus hält und ihm ermöglicht, unserem Flug ein Maß aufzuzwingen, ist die „Stimme Gottes“, d. h. der Anspruch der Werte unserer Zivilisation an uns; die Fähigkeit der Werte unserer Zivilisation, uns zu bewegen.

Wir, der Falke, sind jedoch spiralförmig zu weit hinausgeflogen, um die Stimme unseres Herrn zu hören, die uns zurück zum Zentrum ruft, daher fliegen wir spiralförmig nach außen, während unsere Bewegung zunehmend exzentrischer (ohne Zentrum) wird, unsere Wünsche und Handlungen zunehmend weniger maßvoll werden…

Daher: „Die Dinge fallen auseinander. Das Zentrum kann nicht halten.“ Wenn das moralische Zentrum der Zivilisation sie nicht mehr in der Hand hat, fallen die Dinge auseinander. Daß die Dinge auseinanderfallen, hat mindestens zwei Bedeutungen. Es bezieht sich auf Auflösung, aber auch darauf, daß die Dinge voneinander weg fallen, weil sie auch von ihrer gemeinsamen Mitte wegfallen. Es bezieht sich auf den Zusammenbruch von Gemeinschaft und Zivilisation, den Zusammenbruch der Beherrschung menschlichen Verlangens durch Moral und Gesetz, daher…

„Bloße Anarchie wird auf die Welt losgelassen.“ Anarchie, das heißt, das Fehlen von arche, griechisch für Ursprung, Prinzip und Ursache; metaphorisch das Fehlen einer Mitte. Aber was ist „bloß“ an Anarchie? Es heißt nicht „bloße“ Anarchie, weil sie harmlos und unbedrohlich sei. In diesem Zusammenhang bedeutet „bloße Anarchie“ Anarchie in uneingeschränktem Sinne, schlicht und einfach Anarchie. Daher:

The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere
The ceremony of innocence is drowned;
The best lack all conviction, while the worst
Are full of passionate intensity.

Warum sollte Nihilismus dazu führen, daß den Besten jegliche Überzeugung fehlt, und die Schlechtesten mit leidenschaftlicher Intensität füllen? Ich denke, daß Yeats uns hier seine Version von Nietzsches Unterscheidung zwischen aktivem und passivem Nihilismus darbietet. Der passive Nihilist erlebt – weil er sich in gewissem Maß mit den zentralen Werten seiner Kultur identifiziert – die Abwertung dieser Werte als enervierenden Verlust von Bedeutung, als die Niederlage des Lebens, als den Verlust aller Überzeugungen. Im Gegensatz dazu erlebt der aktive Nihilist – weil er die zentralen Werte seiner Kultur als Einschränkungen und Hindernisse für das freie Spiel seiner Fantasie und seiner Wünsche erlebt – die Abwertung dieser Werte als Befreiung, als die Freiheit, seine eigenen Werte festzusetzen, daher erfüllt der Nihilismus ihn mit einer leidenschaftlichen kreativen – oder destruktiven – Intensität.

Diese Charakterisierung von aktivem und passivem Nihilismus hält den Kampf zwischen den Konservativen und der Linken fest. Konservative sind die „Besten“, denen jede Überzeugung fehlt. Sie sind die Besten, weil sie an den zentralen Werten des Westens hängen. Ihnen fehlt jede Überzeugung, weil sie nicht länger an sie glauben. Daher verlieren sie jedesmal, wenn sie der leidenschaftlichen Intensität der Linken gegenüberstehen, die den Nihilismus als erfrischend erleben.

Die zweite Strophe von Yeats’ Gedicht zeigt genau, welche zentralen Werte abgewertet worden sind. Die apokalyptische Beklemmung der ersten Strophe läßt einen glauben, daß vielleicht die Apokalypse, die Wiederkunft Christi, bevorsteht:

Surely some revelation is at hand;
Surely the Second Coming is at hand.

Aber dem folgt der Ausruf: „The Second Coming!“, den ich als Äquivalent zu „Die Wiederkunft Christi? Ha! Ganz im Gegenteil“ interpretiere. Und das Gegenteil wird dann enthüllt, nicht durch den christlichen Gott, sondern durch den heidnischen Spiritus Mundi (Weltgeist):

Hardly are those words out
When a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi
Troubles my sight: somewhere in the sands of the desert
A shape with lion body and the head of a man,
A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun,
Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it
Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds.
A darkness drops again; but now I know
That twenty centuries of stony sleep
Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle
And what rough beast, it hour come round at last,
Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?

Zwei Bilder werden hier miteinander verbunden. Erstens ist die Gestalt mit dem Körper eines Löwen, dem Kopf eines Menschen und einem ausdruckslosen Starren eine ägyptische Sphinx – vielleicht die Große Sphinx von Gizeh, vielleicht eine der vielen kleinen Sphinxe, die über Ägypten verstreut sind. Zweitens gibt es da die Geburtsszene, die Geburt Christi in Bethlehem. Die Verbindung zwischen Bethlehem und Ägypten ist die sogenannte „Flucht nach Ägypten“. Nach der Geburt Jesu floh die Heilige Familie nach Ägypten, um König Herodes’ Massaker an den neugeborenen Knaben zu entkommen.

Yeats ist nicht der erste Künstler, der die Bilder der Sphinx und der Geburt Christi miteinander verband. Zum Beispiel gibt es ein Gemälde eines französischen Künstlers aus dem 19. Jahrhundert, Luc Olivier Merson, mit dem Titel „Rast auf der Flucht nach Ägypten“, das eine Nacht „vor zwanzig Jahrhunderten“ darstellt, in der Maria und der kleine Jesus zwischen den Pranken einer kleinen Sphinx schlafen.

Dieses Gemälde war zu seiner Zeit so beliebt, daß der Künstler drei Versionen davon schuf, und eine davon, die sich im Boston Museum of Fine Arts befindet, ist so populär, daß es Reproduktionen davon als gerahmte Drucke, Puzzlespiele und Weihnachtskarten noch heute zu kaufen gibt.

Ich weiß nicht, ob Yeats an dieses bestimmte Gemälde dachte. Aber er dachte an die Flucht nach Ägypten. Und das Gedicht scheint auf eine Umkehrung dieser Flucht hinzudeuten, und auf eine Umkehrung der Geburt Christi. Könnte Maria während der Rast auf der Flucht nach Ägypten, Jesus zwischen den Pranken einer Sphinx wiegend, die steinerne Bestie in einen Alptraum geärgert haben? Könnte sie sich endlich in ihrem unruhigen Schlaf geregt haben, den Propheten eines neuen Zeitalters schwer in ihrem Schoß, und die Suche nach einem geeigneten Platz zum Gebären begonnen haben? „Und welche rauhe Bestie, deren Stunde endlich gekommen ist, latscht nach Bethlehem hinein, um geboren zu werden?“ Und was gäbe es für einen besseren Platz als Bethlehem, nicht um die Geburt Christi zu wiederholen, sondern um sie umzukehren und ein post-christliches Zeitalter einzuleiten.

Man kann sich jedoch fragen, ob das Gedicht im Sinne des Schreckens oder der Hoffnung endet. So wie ich es lese, gibt es in Yeats’ Narrativ drei Stadien. Das erste ist das Zeitalter, als die christlichen Werte der unangefochtene Kern der westlichen Zivilisation waren. Dies war eine vitale, blühende Zivilisation, aber nun ist sie vorbei. Das zweite Stadium ist der Nihilismus, sowohl der aktive als auch der passive, der durch den Verlust dieser zentralen Werte bewirkt wird. Dies ist die Gegenwart für Yeats und für uns.

Das dritte Stadium, das erst noch kommt, wird auf die Geburt der „rauhen Bestie“ folgen. Genauso wie die Geburt Jesu die christliche Zivilisation einleitete, wird die rauhe Bestie eine neue heidnische Zivilisation einleiten. Deren zentrale Werte werden sich von den christlichen Werten unterscheiden, was natürlich Christen entsetzt, die ihre Religion wiederzubeleben hoffen. Aber an die neuen heidnischen Werte wird, anders als an die christlichen, tatsächlich geglaubt werden, was der Herrschaft des Nihilismus ein Ende setzen und eine neue, vitale Zivilisation schaffen wird. Für Heiden ist dies eine Botschaft der Hoffnung.

Source: https://schwertasblog.wordpress.com/2015/06/13/yeats-heidnisches-second-coming/ [3]

Article printed from Counter-Currents Publishing: http://www.counter-currents.com

URL to article: http://www.counter-currents.com/2015/06/yeats-heidnisches-second-coming/

URLs in this post:

[1] Image: http://www.counter-currents.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Merson_Rest_on_the_Flight_into_Egypt.jpg

[2] here: http://www.counter-currents.com/2015/02/yeats-pagan-second-coming/

[3] https://schwertasblog.wordpress.com/2015/06/13/yeats-heidnisches-second-coming/: https://schwertasblog.wordpress.com/2015/06/13/yeats-heidnisches-second-coming/

 

samedi, 16 mai 2015

"Le songe d'Empédocle" de Christopher Gérard

 
par Francis Richard
Ex: http://www.francisrichard.net

Les racines spirituelles de l'Europe sont gréco-romaines et judéo-chrétiennes. Même s'ils peuvent sembler aujourd'hui bien diminués, l'un comme l'autre, sous les coups d'un athéisme militant, les deux grands courants spirituels fondateurs, que sont le polythéisme antique et le monothéisme chrétien, continuent d'exister et de s'affronter, sous des formes toutefois bien différentes de celles d'origine.

Dans son livre, Les pierres d'angle, Chantal Delsol observe qu'"au naturel, l'homme est païen, c'est-à-dire polythéiste", que "les dieux du polythéisme sont inventés par les sociétés humaines", alors que "le Dieu du monothéisme se révèle", que "l'athéisme est né contre le christianisme" et qu'"il n'existe pas sans lui".

L'homme, au naturel, est païen. Le mot important ici est naturel. Le paganisme, naturellement, conduit au temps circulaire, à la prédestination, à la transmigration, tandis que le christianisme, culturellement, induit le temps fléché et défend la croyance que l'individu humain est une personne capable de prendre son destin en main, qu'elle est largement autonome sans être totalement indépendante.

empedocle-gerard.jpgDans Le songe d'Empédocle, Christopher Gérard fait revivre le paganisme naturel et originel européen à la faveur d'un voyage initiatique et romanesque entrepris par un jeune homme de sa génération. C'est prétexte pour l'auteur à revisiter une vision spiritualiste païenne bien différente de celle du paganisme matérialiste d'aujourd'hui.

L'auteur raconte ainsi, dans ce livre, que, depuis Empédocle, philosophe grec du Ve siècle avant Jésus-Christ, ce paganisme s'est transmis et a survécu, de génération en génération. A partir du XVe siècle, cette transmission et cette survie se sont opérées grâce à l'action d'une société secrète, la Phratrie, fondée par Pléthon.

Le héros du livre, Padraig, est le rejeton singulier d'Hélène, "une svelte Brabançonne", c'est-à-dire une svelte Belge, et de Cathall, "un journaliste venu d'Hibernie", c'est-à-dire venu d'Irlande. Livré tôt à lui-même - son père meurt après avoir sombré dans l'alcool, sa mère s'exile en Espagne -, Padraig hérite de l'hôtel particulier de son grand-père, qui abrite une bibliothèque de vingt mille volumes:

"A condition de vivre chichement, le jeune homme pouvait se permettre un luxe inouï, son rêve le plus cher: disposer de son temps, échapper au travail obligatoire, ne dépendre d'aucun maître."

Le fait est que Padraig dispose bien de son temps. Il lit, étudie, réfléchit. Un mémoire sur l'empereur Julien, le dernier souverain païen, lui fait prendre conscience qu'il est en fait "un suivant des anciens Dieux" et que sa conversion au polythéisme n'est que l'aboutissement d'un long processus, "sans doute commencé dans l'enfance".

Padraig entend parler pour la première fois de la Phratrie des Hellènes lors de propos échangés entre son grand-père Léopold Bidez et l'un de ses amis, Pierre Mazée, un dominicain défroqué, dont le pseudonyme, Psellos, lui sera connu par la suite.

Des années plus tard, cette conversation lui revient quand il découvre dans la bibliothèque de son aïeul une liasse, annotée par ce dernier, contenant un document manuscrit intitulé Groupe de Delphes "et comportant des noms manifestement des pseudonymes: Bessarion, Juvénal, Zalmoxis et bien d'autres, tout aussi étranges":

"Un certain Arminius y apparaissait comme le représentant d'un Collège thiois, secondé de deux autres frères: Psellos et Maugis."

La rencontre de Padraig avec Arminius, qui habite à deux pas de chez lui va déterminer son  destin. Arminius est certes un Incivique - il a choisi le mauvais camp lors de la deuxième Grande Déflagration et a ainsi commis l'Error le mettant au ban de la Phratrie -, mais c'est à la fois un peintre et un érudit, avec lequel ce jeune esprit indépendant va apprendre beaucoup.

Arminius va ainsi faire connaître à Padraig la longue chaîne des Païens qui, d'Empédocle, en passant par Platon, Epicure, Lucrèce, Virgile, Plutarque, Porphyre, Julien, Simplicius, Pléthon, aboutit au Groupe de Delphes. Il va aussi parler de lui à des membres actuels du groupe, qui perpétuent l'idéal de la Phratrie des Hellènes au Collège de Bretagne, à Brocéliande, où se trouve le maître Mabinog.

Pourra alors commencer l'initiation de Padraig aux mystères, au cours de laquelle il prendra le pseudonyme d'Oribase. Après Brocéliande, il en gravira en effet les degrés en se rendant les années suivantes à Delphes, où vit le maître Bessarion; à Rome, dans les environs de laquelle vit le maître Cautopatès, près de l'antique Préneste; à Kashi, en Hindoustan, où vit le Pandit Surya.

A la fin de chacune de ces étapes initiatrices, Oribase subira les assauts d'un des tableaux du polyptique peint par Arminius et intitulé Le songe d'Empédocle: "Chacune des quatre toiles est carrée, et mesure un peu plus d'un mètre soixante de côté, est frappée du même E." L'Epsilon delphique... Et cela aura pour vertu de parfaire les épreuves qu'il aura préalablement endurées...

Car, devant chacun de ces tableaux, Oribase assistera aux combats incessants entre l'Amour et la Haine, sera aux prises avec "la divine alternance: illusion et réalité, être et non-être, conjonction et dissociation", subira le flux et le reflux: "l'unité des contraires, depuis toujours et à jamais, ainsi que nous l'enseignent tous les maîtres de vérité".

Pour un Galiléen, "l'âme, auparavant inexistante, est créée par Dieu chaque fois que se forme un nouveau corps". Cette création à partir de rien est insensée aux yeux d'un Païen, pour qui l'âme est "éternelle dans l'avenir comme dans le passé"...

Cette différence de conception de l'âme, et toutes les différences qui en découlent, empêchent-t-elles un Galiléen de s'intéresser à ce que pense un Païen? Que non pas, pour peu que rien de ce qui est humain ne lui soit étranger et qu'il ait, de plus, fait ses humanités...

Francis Richard

Le songe d'Empédocle, Christopher Gérard, 344 pages, L'Age d'Homme (première parution en 2003)

Livre précédent de l'auteur chez le même éditeur:

Osbert et autres historiettes (2014)

mercredi, 29 avril 2015

Knut Hamsun, pagano europeo contro Mammona

hamsunknut.jpg

Knut Hamsun, pagano europeo contro Mammona

Autore:

Ex: http://www.centrostudilaruna.it

Quando si crede nell’individuo come persona umana e non come numero imbastardito, si è a disagio nella società dei costruttori di artifici economici. Quando si ama la propria terra natìa, fatta di boschi, paesaggi, volti conosciuti, si lenzi di natura profonda, ci si sente estranei al caos volgare della massa cosmopolita. E quando si crede alla dignità dell’uomo, al suo onore di vivere in sintonia col creato e in armonia con una vita semplice e onesta, nella comunità dei simili solidali, si avverte repulsione per il mondo sub-umano dei trafficanti di denaro, dei lucratori del lavoro altrui, della setta oscura che giorno e notte tesse la tela delle frodi finanziarie e degli inganni ideologici umanitari.

kh1.jpgKnut Hamsun fu di questo stampo: l’uomo europeo eterno. Un figlio della sua terra, la Norvegia, che portò sempre nel cuore anche quando, da giovane, visse a lungo in quell’altro mondo, quel vero e proprio mondo alla rovescia che erano già alla fine dell’Ottocento gli Stati Uniti: la terra promessa della schiuma dell’umanità, dove alcuni avventurieri senza scrupoli erano diventati magnati e grandi capitalisti, dando fondo con l’ottusità fanatica che è tipica del talmudista quacchero a tutto un prontuario di egoismi utilitaristi, in ossequio alla legge oscena del profitto. Hamsun ebbe modo di conoscere bene e da vicino il concetto di “libertà” in uso nella repubblica stellata, i suoi metodi di “umanitarismo” massonico e la sua pratica di perversione acquisitiva. Conobbe di persona l’ignoranza e la rozzezza intellettuale, la povertà spirituale e l’arroganza di un ammasso umano che con l’idea tradizionale europea di popolo non ha mai avuto nulla in comune.

Un paese che, eternamente con la Bibbia in mano, praticò e pratica lo schiavismo molto più a Nord che a Sud e sia in casa propria che in quelle altrui e fin dagli esordi, erigendo quella spaventosa società di paria alienati che è la cosmopoli industriale, nella cui fornace sin dalle origini venivano gettati bambini, donne, negri e immigrati di ogni sorta, al fine di costruire un freddo Leviatano, al cui vertice una ristretta congrega di arricchiti dominava già allora con metodi discriminatori una massa enorme di manipolati. La volgarità dei gusti americani fu ben tratteggiata dal giovane Hamsun, il quale, fin dai suoi tempi, riconobbe la sostanza inferiore di una mentalità che rifiuta l’intelligenza in favore dell’astuzia, non riconoscendo il genio creatore ma solo la scaltrezza necessaria al parvenu per far fortuna con la frode, per accumulare denaro e potere.

In La vita culturale dell’America moderna (1889) il giovane Hamsun avanzava osservazioni che ognuno di noi, a così tanti decenni di distanza, farebbe bene a rimeditare: «Dal punto di vista dello spirito, l’America è in realtà una nazione terribilmente sorpassata. Possiede uomini d’affari energici, investitori scaltri, speculatori temerari, ma ha troppo poco spirito, troppo poca intelligenza… In America si è sviluppata una vita che ha come unici scopi il procacciamento del cibo, l’acquisizione di beni materiali e l’accumulo di patrimoni. Gli Ameriani sono talmente presi dalla loro corsa al guadagno che su questa si concentra tutto il loro ingegno e ogni loro interesse orbita intorno al profitto. I cervelli si assuefanno a lavorare solo con valori e sfilze di numeri, i pensieri non hanno occupazione più gradita di quella offerta dalle diverse operazioni finanziarie».

La miseria morale di un anti-popolo suddiviso fra padroni-detentori della ricchezza e massa anonima istigata all’unica legge del consumo, veniva vista da Hamsun come la degenerazione e il rovesciamento dell’ideale europeo di civiltà. Era già qualcosa di morto nonostante fosse appena nato, qualcosa di corrotto e superato. La sindrome del produttivismo ha generato incoltura e istinti volgari, in un mare di piattezza dozzinale, dove ogni barlume di quella poca cultura ricevuta di seconda mano dall’Europa diventava, allora come oggi, “merce di strada”, giornalismo popolano, sensazionalismo plebeo, una merce priva di ogni stile, qualità, valore: «In America – scriveva Hamsun – non c’è possibilità di sviluppo per le cose che non possono essere misurate in numeri e non c’è, quindi, nessuna speranza che possa nascere una vita intellettuale… Gli Americani sono uomini d’affari, nelle loro mani tutto diventa operazione economica, ma sono gente poco spirituale e la loro cultura è pietosamente inesistente». L’America ha riclato gli sbandati di mezzo mondo, ne ha fatto dei cittadini, ma cittadini americani, e nulla di più. Essi sono un deflagrante miscuglio di iattanza anglo-calvinista e di carenza valoriale, di stampo apolide e cosmopolita. Il tutto, pericolosamente rimestato, ha prodotto il paradossale etnocentrismo statunitense, un’acida infusione di fondamentalismo biblista, insolenza xenofoba, fanatismo provinciale. Hamsun sottolineava con forza questo grossolano oltranzismo: «L’assoluta ignoranza nei riguardi dei popoli stranieri e dei loro meriti è uno dei difetti nazionali dell’America. Gli Americani non studiano il grande sapere universale nelle loro common schools. La sola geografia autorizzata in queste scuole è quella americana, la sola storia autorizzata è quella americana – il resto del mondo viene liquidato con un’appendice di un paio di pagine». Ed è infatti risaputo che le famose università americane, senza la cattura a pagamento dei migliori cervelli europei, sarebbero solo vuote cattedrali di ignoranza e di incolto provincialismo.

kh2.jpgHamsun elogiava l’autoctonia, non il provincialismo; l’autoctonia di chi, avendo come lui molto viaggiato, a ragion veduta riconosce l’importanza delle radici, della Heimat, del contatto con le sane e immutabili origini. Nato nel 1860, Knut Hamsun fin dalla giovinezza fece tutti i mestieri, da calzolaio a maestro elementare a spaccapietre, finché la sua sete un po’ vichinga per gli spazi non lo portò in America dove, anche qui, nonostante il suo animo sensibile e le sue doti di poeta e scrittore, non si peritò di fare il venditore ambulante o il cocchiere: spirito di viandante, non emigrante ignaro e disperato, ma uomo ben cosciente della sua dignità. Tanto che dopo molto aver visto e conosciuto in America, in Europa e in Asia, se ne tornò alla sua terra e di questa, sentita come Madre-patria e scrigno di identità, divenne uno dei massimi cantori che abbia avuto la narrativa europea. Amore per le proprie radici, culto della terra madre, devozione panteista verso la natura e le sue segrete energie, esaltazione della vita semplice dell’uomo dei campi, di colui che difende la propria personalità dagli assalti della violenta società progressista.

Questi i valori di Hamsun. Da uomo antico, egli disprezzava le “mezze culture” che hanno partorito l’industrialismo e la febbre mercantile; in lui il prestigio aristocratico del “signore della terra” è una celebrazione di potenza poetica, che ne fa, insieme ad altri ingegni (pensiamo a Pound, a d’Annunzio, a Heidegger), uno degli ultimi grandi testimoni della civiltà europea. Il suo soggettivismo (che non è individualistico egoismo alla liberale, ma eroismo faustiano di un figlio del popolo) e il suo lirismo naturalistico lo innalzano a figura degna di un paganesimo mistico, che si leva in una vibrante condanna della razza dei profittatori.

Rude anima nordica, la sua, ma capace di passione, di sensuale commozione e di dolci abbandoni, alla maniera della natura, che sa essere ad un tempo selvaggia e tenera. Hamsun era capace di misterici trasporti, conversava con piante e pietre, avvertiva presenze sacre nei silenzi notturni: «È la luna, dico in silenzio, con passione, è la luna! E il mio cuore batte per lei con nuovi battiti. Dura qualche minuto. Un alito di vento, un vento sconosciuto viene a me, una strana pressione dell’aria. Che cosa è? Mi guardo attorno e non vedo nessuno. Il vento mi chiama e l’anima mia assentendo si piega a quel richiamo ed io mi sento sollevato dalle realtà circostanti, stretto a un invisibile petto, i miei occhi si inumidiscono, io tremo. Dio è in qualche luogo vicino e mi guarda…», così scrisse in Pan (1894), uno dei suoi capolavori.

A un simile poeta, tuttavia, la loggia dei fabbricanti d’oro volle riservare l’infamia.Vincitore nel 1920 del premio Nobel per la letteratura, Hamsun aveva aderito fin da giovane al movimento neoromantico nazionalista norvegese, che conciliava laengtam (la volontà inflessibile) con staenming, l’armonia cosmica in cui uomo e macrocosmo si fondono. Amico della Germania ma anche della cultura russa, vide con favore l’ascesa del nazionalsocialismo tedesco, ravvisando in Hitler i tratti del vendicatore della tradizione europea contro i manipolatori economici e finanziari e il creatore di una nuova religiosità di stirpe. Resa visita al Führer nel 1943 al Berghof, collaborò col regime di Quisling, difese il progetto europeo con l’arma della sua penna. E quando Hitler morì tragicamente, lungi dal piegare la testa dinanzi ai vincitori, su un quotidiano di Oslo ne celebrò la figura di «guerriero in lotta per l’umanità, un apostolo del diritto dei popoli e un riformatore del più alto rango».

kh3.jpgCe n’era abbastanza perché, alla maniera con cui gli americani e i sovietici usavano trattare i loro oppositori intellettuali, nel 1945 venisse giudicato pazzo e rinchiuso in manicomio, ripetendo la medesima via di passione imposta a Ezra Pound. Nel suo libro Per i sentieri dove cresce l’erba, scritto negli ultimi tempi della sua vita, Hamsun così ricordava la dichiarazione che aveva reso coraggiosamente davanti ai giudici: «Mi era stato detto che la Norvegia avrebbe occupato un posto eminente nella grande società mondiale germanica in gestazione; chi più chi meno, allora tutti ci credevamo. E anch’io vi avevo creduto… Pensate: la Norvegia del tutto indipendente, rilucente di luce propria nell’estremo nord dell’Europa! E quanto al popolo tedesco, come pure al popolo russo, io li vedevo come astri rilucenti. Codeste due potenti nazioni mi possedevano e pensavo che esse non avrebbero deluso le mie speranze!».

Il sogno europeo di Hamsun parve abominio ai suoi giudici democratici asserviti ai nuovi padroni, la sua passione per la patria eterna proprio dai traditori venne spacciata per tradimento. Condannato nel 1948 a un risarcimento in denaro per i suoi “crimini”, Hamsun fu rovinato moralmente e materialmente e, ultranovantenne, venne infine rinchiuso in un ospizio e ufficialmente diffamato. Ma ciò che a noi resta di lui, e che i suoi persecutori non poterono cancellare, è l’esempio di una vita libera e nobile, di un uomo che non ha piegato la schiena neppure nella sventura. Resta la sua religione della vita, del lavoro onesto e silenzioso, la sua mistica della solitudine creatrice, del senso panico della natura primordiale e del popolo che vive in sintonia con la sua terra. Restano i valori di uomo della tradizione che attraversa la degenerazione della modernità senza farsene contagiare, ma anzi rinsaldando la volontà di opporre la qualità alla quantità, la forza di un Io integro allo sfaldamento coscienziale dell’alveare massificato: tutto questo è racchiuso nei suoi molti romanzi, da Fame (1890) a Terra favolosa (1903), da Un viandante canta in sordina (1909) fino a Il cerchio si chiude (1936). La lotta sostenuta a viso aperto e per tutta la vita da quest’uomo antico e insieme moderno appare oggi un severo e insieme trascinante insegnamento per tutti coloro che non vogliono imboccare la strada della resa di fronte ai dominatori cosmopoliti.
 
Oggi Hamsun rappresenta un esempio straordinario per tutti i popoli gelosi della loro identità, e per quelli europei in modo particolare. La congiura dei dissacratori e dei farisaici materialisti, dal basso di una putrescente “normalità” da insetti, non poteva non giudicare “pazzo” un uomo così diverso da loro, così orgoglioso della sua anima norrena e del suo sangue di contadino europeo.
 
* * *
 
Tratto da Italicum, novembre-dicembre 2014, anno XXIX, pp. 30-32.

vendredi, 10 avril 2015

Jan Stachniuk and the Spirit of the World

Jan Stachniuk and the Spirit of the World

zadr.jpgJan Stachniuk was born in 1905 in Kowel, Wołyń (in what is today Ukraine). In 1927, he began his public activity in Poznań, where he studied economics. There, he became active in the Union of Polish Democratic Youth and published his first books: Kolektywizm a naród (1933) and Heroiczna wspólnota narodu (1935). Beginning in 1937, Stachniuk published the monthly magazine Zadruga, which gave birth to a new idea current of the same name. In 1939, two additional books were published: Państwo a gospodarstwo and Dzieje bez dziejów (“History of unhistory”). During the Second World War, he inspired the ideology of the Faction of the National Rise (Stronnictwo Zrywu Narodowego) and the Cadre of Independent Poland (Kadra Polski Niepodległej). In 1943, Stachniuk published Zagadnienie totalizmu (with the help of the Faction). He fought in the Warsaw Uprising and was wounded. After the war, he failed to resume publishing Zadruga, but before the Stalinists attained power in the country, he managed to publish three more books: Walka o zasady, Człowieczeństwo i kultura, and Wspakultura. In 1949, Stachniuk was arrested and sentenced to death in a political show trial. The sentence was not carried out, and he got out of prison in 1955, but he was no longer able to perform any kind work. He died in 1963 and was buried in the Powązki Cemetery.

Stachniuk is the creator of the philosophical system known as “Culturalism” or “Evolutionary Pantheism,” which in its axiological plane is based on the spirituality of the ancient Slavs. The influence of Frederick Nietzsche, Max Weber, Georges Sorel, and Stanisław Brzozowski are also evident, but nevertheless Culturalism, when compared to other currents of European philosophy and humanities, is one of a kind. If we had to compare it to something, then, in my opinion, the closest analogue would the philosophy of Vedanta.

Cosmology and philosophical anthropology

Man is the vanguard of the creative world evolution, the most perfect expression and tool of the Creative Will, active in the world; he struggles to be something greater than he is. This process of exponentiation of the human power over nature and the elements of his own nature is culture. The cessation of this process, for whatever reason, passively submitting to the laws of bare biology and the charms of pure vegetation—this is the opposition of culture; this is backulture (“wspakultura”).[1]

The world is a will. It strives for more and more complex and higher forms.”[2] “The world is a living organic unity, developing towards perfectness. […] The vanguard of the world-in-creation is man. […] The development ability of man relies on his capability of creatively re-creating the existing natural order into a new form of power, which is the objective world of accomplishments of culture. On a biological level, man is part of the natural world order. We are born; we multiply; we feed like all mammals; but we are distinct from this level by an enigmatic capability of binding nature’s energy into a new form of cultural power.[3]

Every species of animals that exists on this world struggles to survive. In opposition to dead matter, animals try, by different means, to “manage” the environment in which they live—they hunt, defend their turf, create a herd with its own hierarchy, and so on. In a way, animals fill the world with themselves, by managing the environment—they struggle to fulfill their needs; they struggle for an existential optimum (“biovegetation” in Stachniuk’s terminology). This “optimum of biovegetational existence” Stachniuk calls “physiological happiness.” Everything that lives, including humans (as biological entities), struggles for “physiological happiness.” The essence of biovegetation is the “eternal turn”[4]—during millions of years of evolution, the lives of mammals and insects does not change significantly; they all live more or less the same way. They are constantly in the confines of “biovegetation.”

The factor that distinguishes man from other living species is his capability of creation, the enigmatic creative element. Only man is capable of progress, of development, of creating ever more perfect and better forms, to material, social and spiritual life.[5]

As we all know, man is the only specie that managed to lift itself above and beyond pure biology. He created cities, states, law, culture, art, science, technology, civilization. Man forced himself out of the eternal turn of biovegetation. How? According to Stachniuk, man remains an animal and part of the world of biology, “but in his essence there was a breach. This breach is the ability of creation, the creative genius. It is an over-biologic plane. From its nozzles, the humanistic world open up.”[6]

The creative evolution is perpetrated by another bearing, on another level. The cosmic will has forgone its prime intent and instead strives towards recycling the world into a pulsating organism of concentrated cultural power, of which man is the core. […] [E]very one of us is a very tragic being, because we belong simultaneously to two levels of existence: biovegetational and creative-humanist.[7]

The nature of man is then dualist. On the one hand, man is an animal and a part of biovegetation. On the other hand, he is something over-biological, something beyond an animal; he has a spiritual element and the capability to create. He’s the creator of “culture.” Man, as a type of being “flounces” between two levels of existence.

The moment when the emotional element was able to vanquish its internal inertia and induced man do the first cultural action is the birth of the creative will.[8]

According to Stachniuk, the fullness of humanity—panhumanism—is reached when man, with all of himself, submits to the creative will and embraces his mission, i.e., when he creates “culture.” Panhumanism can be defined as man’s will and capability to mold being according to his ever more magnificent visions, as well as the awareness and readiness of man to fulfill his leading role in the creative world evolution. Man has the capability to process the energy of the world into objective works of culture, which, in turn, serve to intensify the process of culture itself. This is his mission—it manifests itself in action and is the process of building the process of culture.

All of this is possible thanks to the “organ of man’s genius.”

It is not a bio-morpholigical organ, but has consisted of our whole physiological apparatus. […] The intangible organ in our bio-physical organism transmutes the normal course of physiological processes into dispositions of creation. This is why we speak of the organ of man’s genius.[9]

The primal biological energy, which in the animal-plant world is directed towards unlimited biological expansion is transmuted, in man, into man’s genius, that is the creative will. It, in turn, leads to an unlimited development of the instrumentarium as a tool of its mission.

The creative will is what enables man to pull himself out of the vicious circle of the “eternal turn,” thereby attaining a higher mode of existence, which enables the fulfillment of man’s mission, by building culture—which manifests itself by creating ever new “culture-creations” or the “instrumentarium of culture.”

The full and proper life of a human depends on overcoming the inertia of the biological level of existence and transforming the elemental life energy of our bodies into the creative will, which, in turn, should most fruitfully manifest itself in the development of an “instrumental will.”[10]

The organ of man’s genius enables him to experience being and life in a specific way, namely in feeling the organic unity of the world, ever evolving into ever higher forms. This way of sensing the world is (evolutionary) pantheism. It is the creative will that is the factor that distinguishes man from the rest of the animals. “Our contingent biological shell is a bearing, by which the creative will flows by divine stream; our psycho-physical personality is a contingent tool; by humbly submitting to this will, we can perform the most profound, the most burdened transmogrifications in the world.”[11]

Humanity, in Stachniuk’s eyes, is a process of creation that consists of three elements: a) human biology, b) creative will and c) instrumental will. These are the three elements of “panhumanist man.”[12] Human biology—that’s our organisms, our physical potential, our muscles, and the work of our hands. Creative will is our “inborn direction of emotion and drives in man”; it’s the subject of the humanist world.[13] The third element is the instrumental will, in other words the ability of binding the energy of the natural world into a form of cultural power.

Man is seen as a being eternally developing himself by his creations, and this work is a process that is constant throughout generations. In the light of the philosophy of Culturalism, man is not an individual, a monad existing in a void or a set of individuals, but a string of generations. Humanity is perceived by Stachniuk as the process of creating and re-creating the world, constantly perfecting it, while dismissing it means—ultimately—the rejection of humanity itself.

The philosophical anthropology of Culturalism is very much interconnected and interwined with its. . .

Theory of Culture as Meta-narration

Stachniuk’s theory of culture makes up the core of his philosophy. It is really the backbone of Culturalism. Every current in Stachniuk’s thought springs from it.

stachniuk3.jpgThe sensation of the creative pressure, the feeling of the cosmic mission of creation, the desire to contribute to the creative world evolution by man is, in the lens of Culturalism, a sign of health and moral youth. According to Stachniuk, this is normal, the way it should be. Human history is the eternal antagonism of two, contradictory, directions—“the first one is the blind pressure of man towards panhumanism, the second is the escape into a solidified system.”[14]

The axis of human history on the globe is not the struggle between Spirit and Matter, egoism and altruism, God and Satan; it’s also not the class struggle or race struggle, but the struggle of culture and backulture [wspakultura] for the power over humanity […] Each of us is a warzone between the culture current and the backulture current. […] The current of culture is the process of becoming of the force and power, the richness and dynamism of life.[15]

What is “culture”? It is the “process of binding the energy of the field of the elements.”[16] For Stachniuk, culture is not something meant to tackle or inhibit nature, it is a process of reforming it. Culture is something that emerges from nature and is its higher level. A human of “panhumanism” acts as a transformer of energy—the energy of the elements—that produces “culture-creations.” What are culture-creations? Examples are law, the state, poetry, technology, music, philosophy, a factory, and the Internet. Humanity is thus (in its ideal state) an interconnected web of energy transformers, constantly updating and perfecting the world and humanity, producing culture-creations that are, in turn, used as fuel for even more powerful culture-creations. Culture—the process of reorganizing the field of the (natural) elements—is the ultimate mission of humanity.

It is, of course, clear as day that we don’t live in a world full of conscious “panhumanists.” Why is that? As I mentioned earlier, the nature of human is dualistic—there is the bio-vegetational level and the creative-humanist level. A human being is a warzone of the battle between culture and backulture. What is backulture? It is the cessation of the process of culture; the passive yielding to the laws of bare biology and appeal of pure vegetation. It's passiveness, inertia, standstill. It is the "cosmic illness.”

The effects of backulture in the world of man can be seen as the “unhistoric” attitude and the desire to free oneself from the requirement of creation. It is the degrading of oneself to the primitive, primordial, animal level by directing oneself towards passive consumption of culture-creations. The defective human, who is under the influence of backulture, sees culture only as something to be consumed. He does not see culture as a fertile field than can be farmed in order to raise crops of culture-creations. Culture is seen purely as a thing for pleasure, for individual gratification, something that helps the individual attain “physiological happiness,” not as a mine of mighty energy capable of recreating the world as we know it.

Prime examples of backulture are, according to Stachniuk, universalist world religions like Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism, which show “contempt for creativeness.” They reduce human life to a place to score points for the “other life” or the “other world.” They show an anti-humanist and anti-creative attitude. This is why the creator of Zadruga dismisses them and looks to Paganism instead.

The wave of total backultures (…) in the last three thousand years has extinguished the dawn of the creative actions of man. The first sparks of the fire have been covered with darkness. The just barely ignited fire of India has been quickly extinguished under the shroud of Brahmanism, and then different types of Buddhism. The procession of the cross extinguished the march of Hellenic culture. In other places, Buddhism and Islam have acted similarly. On the once fertile fields poisonous weeds have spread. We know them: Brahmanism, Jainism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity, Islam, and countless other forms of elements of backulture. They captured enormous pieces of humanity. All bigger human congeries were its victims. India, China, almost all of Asia is to this day paralyzed. After a magnificent blooming of the Greco-Roman culture, lasting only a few centuries, it seemed that it has fallen into the eternal darkness of unhistory [bezdzieje]. They’ve lasted one and a half thousand years. After this period, an unbelievably lively mixture of European peoples freed themselves partially, creating modern culture. It would be disingenuous to think that all of Europe took part in its creation. All the Slavic east and almost all Romantic nations have been deeply paralyzed by Christian backulture. The world in its overwhelming mass is immersed in the darkness of this or another total backulture. Generally speaking, it rules over 90% of humanity.[17]

One may ask, of course: “How can you say that medieval Europe was decadent if it was then united and powerful? How can you call Christianity a destructive force considering the whole of European Christian culture?”

Stachniuk provided an answer for that. In a situation where backulture cannot totally break down the fire of culture, it starts acting like a parasite. It uses the lively energy of the process of culture to preserve itself and not let culture free itself completely. This is what happened in the case of Europe.

Kindly, sweet, and humble Christ, who ordered us not to resist evil, made some exceptions, major ones. Where the matters of faith were involved, he used “vane” and “fading” means and used them with feelings that can’t be described as “love.” When he saw tradesmen trading in the house of prayer, he burst with feelings not at all “sweet.” […] We have here a flash of a principle, which can be described like this: Everything is vanity, everything should be forsaken and disdained, except the situation in which this vanity can be used to strengthen the “truth.” Anger is evil, the sword and the whip are tools of evil, but if through anger, the sword, or the whip we clear the path for the Church, then anger, the sword, and the whip and all that is vane becomes worthy. This is the principle that we call the perverse instrumentalism of backulture[18]

This mechanism is actually the creator of the medieval order of Europe. Rome, undermined and its true essence destroyed by Christianity, was gradually overwhelmed by lively Germanic warrior tribes, ready to fight, conquer, and plunder. Of course, the primitive Germanic tribes were impressed by the refined and sophisticated traditions of Rome. What they didn’t recognize was that this was not the true Rome but a fleeting shadow of what it once was. Nonetheless, the Germanic people were presented with an opportunity: “Do you want to take over the Roman legacy? If you so desire, just let us baptize you.”

That said, not all went as planned. The Germanic people were, in fact, conquerors. Christianity couldn’t just do whatever it wanted with them; it had to make a compromise.

The youthful dynamism of fresh peoples was harnessed to realize the grand project of making all European peoples sick, subjecting them to the domination of the backulture of the cross. All Europe was becoming a field to broaden “the vineyards of the Lord.” The Germanic peoples, adapting to their new role, spread the sickness of the cross on the whole continent. They were appointed to that task because, thanks to their position of conquerors, they didn’t submit to the appeal of Christian mysticism, while simultaneously taking the political goals of Christianity—the creation of a universal empire—as their own. […] This is how the concept of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation was born.[19]

This is how the “perverse instrumentalism of backulture” works in practice. It harnesses the youthful energy of culture (which could be much more powerful on its own) to further spread its disease. After this single “compromise,” the next one was not necessary. Christian backulture could now, with the might of the German sword, attempt to fully Christianize the Slavs—no punches pulled, no compromises. The cross, along with the German sword, could now completely destroy the original, Pagan, Slavic culture. Slavdom became a Christian colony in the full sense of the word. Everything that was not subject to the believers of the cross was destroyed. The original tradition was severed.

Although Stachniuk was and still is considered very much anti-clerical and anti-Christian, it would be a misinterpretation to reduce him to such. He knew full well that simple “secularization” is not the answer. The reason for this is that backulture does not come only in the form of religion; there is also “secular backulture”—simplistic rationalism, “free-thought,” pacifism, “human rights” ideology, or crude hedonism. Secular backulture (also called “unhistoric rationalism”), just like Christianity, forsakes the building of culture, the great mission of empowering man, and the creative world evolution. It also fails to recognize the difference between Christian spiritualism and the creative world evolution. Anything that goes beyond pacifism, hedonism, and physiological happiness seems suspect and often outright “fascist.” But in reality, it is yet just another form of backulture.

Conclusion

Jan Stachniuk was a man ahead of his time. His concepts were often either harshly criticized or ignored during his life. He was a man that advocated embracing dynamic progress, science, and technology, whereas mainstream “national radicals” were thrilled by Nikolai Berdyaev’s static “New Middle Ages.” You could even say that his combination of embracing advanced technology and simultaneously appealing to the values of the ancient world anticipated Guillaume Faye’s concept of “Archeofuturism.”

The author of “History of unhistory” was also instrumental in reviving the pre-Christian religion of the Slavs in Poland. He is a cult figure among many contemporary Polish Rodnovers. His memory not only lives on, but proves to be an inspiration nowadays for religious organizations, (meta-)political organizations, and music bands alike.

Jan Stachniuk is an ethical maximalist and a firm believer in human potential. It’s worth to note that, unlike Nietzsche, he didn’t advocate attaining power for its own sake. A man of panhumanism should not see other people as tools for his own advancement. His goal should be becoming a hero to his community. Stachniuk’s ideal is not a single Übermensch, but a great and heroic community. His goal was creating a myth; a myth of the “national creative community.”

I am human; therefore I am fulfilling the goal of the world. […] It is through the human, through his cultural work, that the creative world evolution takes place. […] The human is not a boring creature looking for satisfaction, peace, lyrics of digestion, and caramel sensation of the mind on the basis of physiological happiness, like the secular unhistory or “eternal virtues” and communing with the “truth” revealed by various “redeemers.” The human is a boiling cosmic energy, looking for ever greater ways of expression in culture creations charged with tragic creativeness. […] The desire to live a valuable life today means to push forward the birth of the myth of the creative community, to boldly head into the fire of the coming change.[20]


  1. J. Stachniuk, Droga rewolucji kulturowej w Polsce, Toporzeł, Wrocław 2006, 5
  2. J. Stachniuk, Człowieczeństwo i kultura, Toporzeł, Wrocław 1996, 18
  3. J. Stachniuk, Droga, op. cit., 8
  4. This term should not to be confused with Nietzsche’s “eternal recurrence of the same,” which is a different concept altogether.
  5. J. Stachniuk, Człowieczeństwo, op. cit., p. 10
  6. Ibid., p. 21
  7. Ibid., p. 22
  8. Ibid, p. 24
  9. J. Stachniuk, Chrześcijaństwo a ludzkość, Toporzeł, Wrocław 1997, 11
  10. J. Stachniuk, Droga, op. cit., 9
  11. J. Stachniuk, Człowieczeństwo, op. cit., 24
  12. J. Stachniuk, Droga, op. cit., 9
  13. Ibid., 23-24.
  14. J. Stachniuk, Chrześcijaństwo, op. cit., 15
  15. J. Stachniuk, Człowieczeństwo, op. cit., 117
  16. Ibid., 27
  17. Ibid., 119.
  18. J. Stachniuk, Chrześcijaństwo, op. cit., 137.
  19. Ibid., 179.
  20. J. Stachniuk, Człowieczeństwo, op. cit., 254.

 

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jeudi, 05 mars 2015

Island baut erste nordische Kultstätte seit Wikingerzeit

Island baut erste nordische Kultstätte seit Wikingerzeit

Ex: http://www.der-dritte-weg.info

Nachdem die Zahl der Anhänger der nordischen Glaubensrichtung sich auf Island seit dem Jahr 2000 verfünffacht hat, soll in der isländischen Hauptstadt Reykjavík erstmals seit der Wikingerzeit wiedereine heidnische Kultstätte entstehen.Nach der Christianisierung Islands im Jahre 1000 durfte das Heidentum nicht mehr praktiziert werden.

Die Insel-Zeitung "The Independent" berichtet, daß die Glaubensgemeinschaft Ásatrúarfélagið, auf Deutsch „Gemeinschaft der Asen-Gläubigen“, ein Kultgebäude für die Götter mitten in Reykjavík auf einem Hügel, der die Stadt überblickt, errichten will. Die heidnische Kultstätte soll aus einem Gebäude mit einer Kuppel bestehen, so der "Indepent" weiter. In dem neuen Gebäude werde man heiraten können, Begräbnisse begehen, Lebensleiten feiern sowie das traditionelle Blót-Fest feiern können, bei dem mit Horn-Bechern auf die Götter angestoßen und zusammen gespeist wird.

Auch in Deutschland finden sich Ableger des Asen-Glaubens. Die Artgemeinschaft – Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft wesensgemäßer Lebensgestaltung wurde 1951 gegründet. Die Artgemeinschaft versteht sich als Glaubensgemeinschaft von Menschen, die von nordisch-germanischer Art sind. Sie orientiert sich nicht am germanischen Polytheismus, sondern pflegt wie andere Deutschgläubige eher einen arteigenen Monotheismus und bezeichnet ihr „nordisch-germanisches Heidentum“ als Artbekenntnis und beruft sich auf die germanischen Sittengesetze.

dimanche, 15 février 2015

David Herbert Lawrence: vers un paganisme solaire

d-h-lawrence1.jpg

David Herbert Lawrence: vers un paganisme solaire

Un auteur maudit?

par Jean-Christophe Mathelin

Ex: http://www.archiveseroe.eu

L’écrivain — et peintre — britannique David Herbert Lawrence (1885-1930), que l’on ne confondra pas avec son compatriote et contemporain T.E. Lawrence, alias Lawrence d’Arabie, est essentiellement connu des lecteurs de langue française pour deux romans : L’Amant de Lady Chatterley et Le Serpent à plumes. Le premier participa aux émois de quelques générations d’adolescents (j’en suis !) qui l’empruntaient clandestinement dans la bibliothèque de leurs parents. Ajoutons que le film de J. Jaeckin (1981) avec Sylvia Christel (Emmanuelle) dans le rôle de lady Chatterley renforçait l’impression du grand public selon laquelle D.H. Lawrence n’était qu’un auteur érotique (1). Pourtant le public cultivé savait que cet écrivain “osé”, dont certaines œuvres furent interdites dans son pays, avait aussi écrit Le Serpent à plumes, du nom de la divinité aztèque Quetzalcoatl. Ce roman d’aventures mexicaines connut un grand succès de librairie dans les années 50, et passa même en épisodes quotidiens radiodiffusés sur France Culture, à l’occasion du cinquantenaire de sa publication, en 1976. D.H. Lawrence a écrit, outre une douzaine de romans, à peu près autant d’essais, 70 nouvelles, quatre pièces de théâtre et quatre recueils de poèmes.

Compte tenu de sa mort relativement précoce — il avait 45 ans —, l’œuvre est donc considérable. Lorsque l’on s’y plonge, on découvre que l’aspect sensuel de Lawrence n’est qu’une des composantes de sa conception philosophico-religieuse, beaucoup plus vaste, “païenne”, c’est-à-dire traditionnelle et cosmique.

En effet, Lawrence ne renoue-t-il pas avec l’idéal grec antique lorsqu’il affirme : « la vie n’est supportable que quand le corps et l’esprit sont en harmonie, qu’un équilibre naturel s’établit entre eux et que chacun des deux a pour l’autre un respect naturel ». Selon lui, « l’amour physique (…) permet de renouer avec les forces instinctives et naturelles de l’existence », forces éteintes dans l’homme occidental par le mode de vie moderne. De même, il reproche au Christianisme (dans lequel il a été élevé) d’être dépourvu du sens vital, d’être, comme l’avait vu Nietzsche, une religion du ressentiment collectif. À l’inverse, la sacralisation de la sexualité par le Paganisme permettait, en reconnaissant à l’homme et à la femme leur complémentarité, par-delà leurs différences, de participer à l’Ordre du Monde (2). Lawrence, pour qui la sexualité n’est pas synonyme d’orgies, écrit : « La communion des deux fleuves de sang de l’homme et de la femme, dans le sacrement du mariage, parachève la création : elle complète le rayonnement du Soleil et le rutilement des étoiles ».

Dans le présent article, nous nous intéresserons particulièrement à l’aspect païen et surtout solaire de l’écrivain car dans la conception cosmique flamboyante de Lawrence, le Soleil occupe une place centrale, comme nous le verrons à travers quelques-uns de ses ouvrages.

Un roman païen : “Le Serpent à plumes”

dhl2268068633.jpgCette fresque mystico-politique a été écrite dans un village du Nouveau-Mexique en 1925. L’action se passe au Mexique, riche de son passé, mais usé, décadent, vidé de sa substance par les trois grands maux apportés par l’homme blanc, qui sont (selon Lawrence) le Christianisme, l’américanisme, le socialisme. Un homme est particulièrement conscient de cette déchéance, c’est l’archéologue-historien Don Ramon. Cet aristocrate de l’esprit sait pourtant qu’une chose pourra sauver son pays : le retour, aux anciennes valeurs, incarnées par le Dieu Quetzalcoatl, fils du Soleil, Seigneur de la Sagesse et de l’étoile du matin. Don Ramon ne se dissimule pas les difficultés de l’entreprise : pour amener le Mexique à renouer avec ses traditions glorieuses, il lui faudra combattre à la fois l’amour universel de la religion trompeuse, le culte du dollar et la classe politique corrompue. Tâche immense dans laquelle il sera aidé par Don Cipriano, un général auquel ses hommes ont voué leur vie pour rétablir le culte de Huitzilopochtli, Dieu du Soleil et de la guerre. Unis par un idéal commun et une amitié sans faille, « l’homme de Quetzalcoatl » (Ramon l’Européen) et « l’homme de Huirzilopochtli » (Cipriano l’indien) mènent une sorte de croisade païenne, qui connaît un succès croissant auprès du peuple. Celui-ci est en effet sensible aux beaux hymnes de Ramon, qui annoncent que Jésus ayant fait son temps, les anciens Dieux vont renaître. Une Irlandaise, Kate, se joint à eux. Fascinée par ce retour d’un pays à sa culture ancestrale, déçue par la société moderne, elle ira jusqu’à épouser Cipriano (bien qu’il lui reste toujours étranger) et devenir ainsi Malitzi, la Déesse de la végétation. Mais le jour où la religion de Quetzalcoatl sera déclarée religion officielle du Mexique, Kate repartira vers l’Europe. Don Ramon la charge d’une mission : « Dites aux gens de votre Irlande de faire comme nous ici ». C’est là que le livre de Lawrence prend tour son sens. À travers Ramon, c’est aux Européens que Lawrence s’adresse, car, malgré ses errances aux quatre bouts du monde (motivées par les persécutions subies en Angleterre), il n’a jamais cessé de penser au salut de l’Europe. Ramon, bâtisseur d’une nouvelle histoire, jette un pont entre le plus lointain passé et le plus lointain futur, là où l’homme atteindra à la plus grande vie. À l’opposé du cosmopolitisme uniformisant, il souhaite que chaque peuple retrouve ses racines spirituelles, chacun invoquant son Hermès, son Wotan ou son Mithra.

La solarité au féminin : “L’Amazone fugitive”

Deux ans après Le Serpent à plumes, paraissait ce recueil de nouvelles, du titre de la plus longue et de la plus connue d’entre les nouvelles. L’Amazone fugitive est inspirée, elle aussi, du séjour de Lawrence au Nouveau-Mexique, et de son admiration pour ces Indiens Pueblos, adeptes du culte solaire (3). Lawrence met à nouveau en scène une femme blanche au Mexique. Comme Kate, elle est désillusionnée par une vie terne. Elle décide un jour d’abandonner le ranch de son mari et ses enfants pour rejoindre une mystérieuse tribu indienne, censée avoir conservé l’antique religion aztèque. Au terme de son périple, l’amazone fugitive rencontre trois Indiens qui la conduisent enfin dans la fameuse tribu.

« Il dit : Pourquoi a-t-elle quitté sa maison et les hommes blancs ? Veut-elle apporter le Dieu de l’homme blanc aux Chilchuis ? Non, répliqua-t-elle avec témérité. J’ai quitté moi-même le Dieu de l’homme blanc. Je suis venue chercher le Dieu des Chilchuis. (…) Il demande si vous avez apporté votre cœur aux Dieux des Chilchuis, traduisit le Jeune Indien. Dites-lui que oui, répondit-elle automatiquement. »

Traitée avec égard par ses hôtes, dont elle est néanmoins prisonnière, elle découvre peu à peu l’importance fondamentale du culte solaire pour ces Indiens. Elle réalise ainsi le sens inconscient de sa fuite : venir s’offrir en sacrifice au Dieu-Soleil. Même si cette idée lui fait parfois horreur, elle comprend qu’elle doit aller jusqu’au bout de sa quête, sans regrets :

«  Faut-il que je meure et que je sois livrée au Soleil ? demanda-t-elle.

- Un jour, dit-il avec un sourire évasif. Un jour ou l’autre nous mourrons tous. »

Nous trouvons ici un autre thème lawrencien : plutôt une mort glorieuse et volontairement choisie (on pense ici aux kamikaze) que de vivre en mort-vivant , comme la société moderne nous l’impose. Pendant les mois précédant le solstice d’hiver, où elle sera sacrifiée, elle sentira se développer en elle les mille liens la reliant à l’Univers. Lawrence est un animiste et un panthéiste convaincu ; il décrit admirablement « ce sentiment exquis (…) de se fondre dans la beauté et l’harmonie des choses » : 

« Alors elle entendit les grandes étoiles, qu’elle voyait au ciel dans l’encadrement de sa porte ouverte, parler par leur mouvement et leur éclat, faire des confidences au Cosmos tandis qu’elles dansaient en formant de parfaites figures pareilles à des clochettes au firmament et se croisaient et se groupaient dans la danse éternelle, séparées par des espaces sombres. Et, les jours froids et nuageux, elle entendait les flocons de neige qui gazouillaient et sifflaient timidement dans le ciel comme des oiseaux qui s’assemblent et s’envolent en automne, puis brusquement poussaient un cri d’adieu vers la lune invisible et s’esquivaient des plaines de l’air en dégageant une douce chaleur. Elle-même criait à la Lune invisible de ne plus être en colère, de refaire la paix avec le Soleil invisible comme une femme qui cesse d’être irritée dans sa maison. Et elle sentait que la Lune se radoucissait pour le Soleil dans le ciel hivernal quand la neige tombait avec un abandon languissant et glacé, tandis que la paix du Soleil se mêlait dans une sorte d’unisson à la paix de la Lune ».

dhl214.jpgEt le jour venu, c’est sans état d’âme qu’elle accomplira son destin. Une autre nouvelle du même recueil, intitulée Soleil, reprend encore ce thème de la femme mûre insatisfaite de son existence, mais il est traité de manière beaucoup plus pacifique, comme un conte naturiste. Juliette quitte les États-Unis, où elle dépérit, pour le Soleil de la Méditerranée. Là commencera pour elle une nouvelle existence à travers un face à face quotidien avec l’Astre divin (évoquant l’expérience d’Anna de Noailles [4]). Elle s’épanouira enfin sous ses rayons qui harmonisent à la fois le corps et l’âme :

« À sa connaissance du Soleil, à la certitude que le Soleil la connaissait dans le sens cosmique et charnel du mot, s’ajoutait une impression de détachement et un certain mépris pour tous les êtres humains. Ils étaient si loin des éléments primordiaux, si privés de Soleil. Ils étaient pareils aux vers des cimetières. »

Le jugement très dur de Lawrence sur ses contemporains résulte de sa conception selon laquelle « la seule raison de vivre est d’être pleinement vivant ». Or Lawrence reproche à la civilisation moderne de tuer l’étincelle divine dans l’individu, qui apparaît, dès lors, comme incomplet, endormi. Seul l’homme “primitif”, qu’il a rencontré notamment chez les Indiens, est pleinement humain car il se fie à son instinct. Cet homme a de plus à ses yeux l’immense avantage « d’avoir conservé avec l’Univers des liens mystérieux ».

Le nouveau Discours sur Hélios-Roi : “Apocalypse”

dhl19613.jpgCette pensée, que Lawrence exprime de manière allégorique dans ses romans et nouvelles, sera explicite dans son dernier ouvrage, paru un an après sa mort, et qui représente son testament spirituel. Apocalypse est l’étude fouillée du texte de Jean de Patmos, qui clôt le Nouveau Testament. Si la notion même d’apocalypse lui répugne, à cause de cet « ignoble désir de fin du monde », Lawrence s’intéresse à cet écrit car il y découvre deux influences opposées. Tout d’abord, le message de ceux qui « ne peuvent même pas supporter l’existence de la Lune et du Soleil », mais par-delà la strate judéo-chrétienne, il y trouve une strate païenne. Car pour faire passer de manière frappante cette vision apocalyptique, le ou les auteurs ont eu recours à un langage, à une symbolique cosmiques, donc païens (5). L’étude de l’Apocalypse est ainsi pour Lawrence prétexte à comparer entre elles ces deux conceptions du monde antagonistes :

« Ne nous figurons pas que nous voyons le Soleil comme le voyaient les civilisations anciennes. Nous ne voyons qu’un petit luminaire scientifique, réduit à un ballon de gaz enflammé. Dans les siècles précédant Ézéchiel et Jean, le Soleil était encore une réalité magnifique. Les hommes en tiraient force et splendeur, et lui rendaient hommage, lustre et remerciements. À l’époque de Jésus, les hommes ont fait du ciel une machine de destin et de fatalité, une prison. Les chrétiens s’évadaient de cette prison en reniant radicalement le corps. Mais hélas, quelles petites évasions, ces évasions par reniement ! — ce sont les plus fatales des évasions. La chrétienté et notre civilisation idéaliste n’ont été qu’une longue évasion, cause de stagnation infinie et de misère — la misère que les gens connaissent aujourd’hui, qui ne vient pas d’un manque physique, mais d’une façon plus mortifère, d’un manque de désir vital. Mieux vaut manquer de pain que manquer de vie — grande évasion dont le seul fruit est la machine ! »

Lawrence développe sa vision d’un Paganisme solaire, qui rejoint l’expérience des grands mystiques et anticipe l’inconscient jungien :

« Et certaines des grandes images de l’Apocalypse remuent en nous d’étranges profondeurs, nous procurent une étrange et sauvage vibration pour la liberté, la vraie liberté : fuite vers quelque chose et non fuite vers nulle part. Fuir la petite cage exiguë de notre univers, exiguë car elle n’est qu’une extension à sens unique, une suite morne sans aucune signification ; la fuite vers le Cosmos vital, vers un Soleil à la vie grande et sauvage, qui abaisse ses regards pour nous raffermir, ou bien, foudroyant, merveilleux, passe son chemin. Qui dit que le Soleil ne peut pas me parler ! Le Soleil a une vaste conscience flamboyante, moi j’en ai une petite. Quand j’arrive à me débarrasser de mon fatras d’idées et de sentiments personnels, et à descendre jusqu’à mon être solaire dépouillé (6), alors le Soleil et moi pouvons nous entretenir sur l’heure, échange flamboyant, il me donne vie, Soleil de vie, et je lui envoie un peu d’une vivacité nouvelle venue d’un monde au sang vif — le grand Soleil (…) aime le sang rouge et vif de la vie, et peut l’enrichir à l’infini si nous savons comment le recevoir.  »

Ce Paganisme solaire est naturellement complémentaire d’un Paganisme lunaire :

« Et nous avons perdu la Lune, la Lune fraîche, brillante et changeante. C’est elle qui peut toucher nos nerfs, les polir de son rayonnement soyeux et les policer par sa fraîche présence. Car la Lune est la maîtresse et la mère de nos corps aquatiques, le corps pâle de notre conscience nerveuse et de notre chair moite. La Lune pourrait nous apaiser et nous guérir entre ses bras comme une grande et fraîche Artémis. Mais nous l’avons perdue, nous l’ignorons dans notre stupidité, et rageuse, elle nous fixe et nous cingle de coups de fouet nerveux. Oh ! prenons garde à la coléreuse Artémis des cieux nocturnes, prenons garde à la rancune et au croissant d’Astarté.  »

Mais attention, prévient Lawrence, le culte solaire n’a rien à voir avec la moderne “bronzette” :

«  Nous ne pouvons nous assimiler le Soleil en nous couchant tout nus comme des cochons sur une plage. Le Soleil lui-même qui nous bronze nous désagrège du dedans (…) il ne peur que fondre sur nous et nous détruire (…) dragon de destruction et non plus faiseur de vie. (…) Nous ne pouvons nous assimiler le Soleil que par une sorte de culte, de même avec la Lune — en décrétant un culte au Soleil ».

Il s’agit d’un état de conscience et d’un vitalisme (7) :

« Il y a une éternelle correspondance vitale entre notre sang et le Soleil : il y a éternelle correspondance vitale entre nos nerfs et la Lune. Si nous perdons le contact et l’harmonie avec la Lune et le Soleil, tous deux se retournent contre nous comme deux grands dragons de destruction. Le Soleil est une source de vitalité sanguine, il rayonne de force à notre égard. Mais si une fois nous lui résistons en disant : ce n’est qu’un ballon de gaz ! — alors la vraie vitalité rayonnante de sa lumière se change en subtile force désagrégeante et nous défait. Même chose pour la Lune, les planètes, les grandes étoiles. Ce sont nos producteurs ou nos destructeurs, il n’y a pas d’échappatoire. »

Ce Paganisme est aussi un panthéisme (8) :

« Le Cosmos et nous-mêmes ne faisons qu’un. Le Cosmos est un grand organisme vivant dont nous faisons toujours partie. Le Soleil est un grand cœur dont les pulsations parcourent jusqu’à nos veines les plus fines. La Lune est un grand centre nerveux étincelant d’où nous vibrons sans cesse. Qui peut dire le pouvoir que Saturne a sur nous, ou Vénus ? C’est un pouvoir vital, ondoiement extrême qui nous traverse sans interruption. Et si nous renions Aldébaran, Aldébaran nous transperce d’infinis coups de poignards. Celui qui n’est pas avec nous est contre moi ! — c’est la loi cosmique. Et tout ceci est vrai à la lettre, comme le savaient les hommes du temps passé, et comme ils le sauront à nouveau ».

Malheureusement, le lien cosmique s’est dégradé depuis l’Antiquité jusqu’à nos jours :

« Or la connexion en nous est rompue, les centres sont morts. Notre Soleil, tellement plus banal, est tout autre chose que le Soleil cosmique des Anciens. Nous pouvons voir ce que nous appelons Soleil, mais nous avons perdu Hélios pour toujours, et plus encore le grand globe des Chaldéens. Nous avons perdu le Cosmos, nous en avons déconnecté notre sensibilité, c’est notre principale tragédie. Qu’est-ce que notre minable petit amour de la nature — la Nature — comparé à une ancienne et magnifique vie commune avec le Cosmos, honorée du Cosmos ! (…) Le Soleil ne nous nourrit plus, ni la Lune. En langage mystique, la Lune s’est obscurcie et le Soleil est devenu noir. Quand j’entends des gens modernes se plaindre d’être seuls, je sais ce qui est arrivé. Ils ont perdu le Cosmos ».

Il nous faut donc retrouver une sensibilité, une conscience cosmiques :

«  Nous ne manquons ni d’humanité ni de subjectivité ; ce dont nous manquons, c’est de vie cosmique, du Soleil en nous et de la Lune en nous. (…) Maintenant, il nous faut retrouver le Cosmos, et ça ne s’obtient pas par un tour de passe-passe mental. Il nous faut revivre tous les réflexes de réponse qui sont morts en nous. Les tuer nous a pris deux mille ans. Qui sait combien de temps il faudra pour les ranimer ?  »

Nous avons ici l’ouvrage capital de la pensée lawrentienne, qui expose dans un style éblouissant son Paganisme panthéiste et solaire. Un des plus beaux discours sur Hélios-Roi depuis celui de l’Empereur Julien ! On peut considérer cet écrit inclassable (9), mais sublime, comme le successeur du Zarathoustra de Nietzsche, auquel il s’apparente par le style et la recherche de valeurs supérieures (10).

Les poèmes solaires de Pensées

Parues également à titre posthume, quelques années après Apocalypse, on retrouve dans ce recueil les différentes facettes de l’auteur. Le Soleil y est omniprésent, comme dans le charmant poème « Femmes solaires  », qui rejoint totalement le personnage de Juliette :

« Comme ce serait étrange si des femmes s’avançaient et disaient :

Nous sommes les femmes solaires !
Nous n’appartenons ni aux hommes ni à nos enfants ni à nous-mêmes
Mais au Soleil.
Ah ! quel délice de sentir le Soleil sur moi !
Quel délice de s’ouvrir comme une fleur
Lorsqu’un homme vient et vous regarde
Le visage plein de lumière, de sorte qu’une femme
Ne peut que s’ouvrir comme une fleur
Percée par les rayons étincelants ».

Les préoccupations sociales de Lawrence apparaissent dans le poème « Les classes moyennes », où il proclame son mépris pour la bourgeoisie :

« Les classes moyennes
Sont sans Soleil.
Elles n’ont que deux étalons,
L’homme et l’argent,
Elles n’ont absolument aucune parenté avec le Soleil. »

DH-Lawrence-L.jpg

En politique, sa conception aristocratique l’amène à se situer en dehors des partis classiques. Il s’en exprime dans « Démocratie » :

« Je suis démocrate dans la mesure où j’aime dans l’homme sa liberté solaire.
Je suis aristocrate dans la mesure où je hais l’étroit esprit de possession.
J’adore le Soleil en tous les hommes
Lorsque je vois briller sur un front
Clair et sans peur, si petit soit-il.
Mais lorsque je vois ces ternes hommes qui arrivent à la puissance
Si laids, pareils à des cadavres, absolument privés de Soleil
Et qui se dandinent machinalement
Comme de gros esclaves victorieux,
Alors je suis plus que radical,
J’ai envie d’amener la guillotine.
Et lorsque je vois des travailleurs
Pâles, vils, semblables à des insectes
Machinalement affairés
Qui vivent comme des poux sur une maigre pitance
Et ne regardent jamais plus haut,
Alors je voudrais, comme Tibère, que la foule n’eût qu’une tête
Pour que je pusse la trancher.
Lorsque les êtres sont totalement dépourvus de Soleil
Ils ne devraient pas exister »

Dans « l’Espace » reparaissent les conceptions panthéistes d’Apocalypse :

« L’espace, bien sûr, est vivant,
C’est pourquoi il bouge ;
Et c’est ce qui le rend éternellement spacieux et aéré.
Quelque part en lui est un cœur sauvage
Dont les battements me transpercent
Et je l’appelle le Soleil ;
Et je me sens aristocrate, plein de noblesse,
Lorsqu’un battement me traverse
Venant du cœur sauvage de l’espace, que je nomme Soleil suprême. »

Pour Lawrence comme pour Nietzsche, la morale chrétienne n’est qu’une morale d’esclaves, avec sa comptabilité anxieuse du péché. La vraie immoralité est pour lui très différente, ainsi qu’il l’a exprimée dans le poème du même nom :

« Il est immoral
D’être mort-vivant,
Éteindre en soi le Soleil
Et l’éteindre dans les autres »

Lawrence, héraut du Soleil

Initié, visionnaire, Lawrence l’a certes été. Comme tous les prophètes, il fut d’abord incompris, à commencer dans son propre pays. Précurseur de la révolution sexuelle, il avait aussi dénoncé les dangereux mirages de la société industrielle. En cette fin de millénaire, où l’homme occidental met toute la planète en danger, où nos systèmes sans âme génèrent toutes sortes de pathologies abjectes, combien les faits ont abondé dans son sens ! Sa vie illustre parfaitement les mots de Teilhard de Chardin : « Ceux qui ont raison trop tôt s’exposent à finir en hérétiques ». Lawrence avait aussi prévu la renaissance du Paganisme, ce qui lui fut reproché. Cette renaissance païenne, aujourd’hui évidente, est pour nous indissociable d’un réveil de la solarité, auquel nous travaillons. Lawrence, chantre du Soleil, nous montre la voie : par la hauteur de ses visions, par la force de son art, il doit être considéré comme l’un des grands représentants de la solarité du XXe siècle.

► Jean-Christophe Mathelin, Antaios n°14, 1999.

Docteur en géologie, JC Mathelin est professeur. Depuis 1992, il anime la revue Solaria et le Cercle de Recherches sur les Cultes Solaires. Il prépare une anthologie des hymnes et prières au Soleil.

Notes :

  • (1) Le génie littéraire de D.H. Lawrence est aujourd’hui largement reconnu et ses audaces érotiques ont été dépassées depuis, par des auteurs qui n’ont pas son talent.
  • (2) A. Maupertuis, Le sexe et le plaisir avant le christianisme : L’érotisme sacré, Retz, Paris 1977.
  • 3) Voir à ce sujet C.G. Jung, Ma vie, Gallimard, 1962.
  • 4) Notamment les poèmes « La Prière au Soleil » et « L’Accueil au Soleil » : cf. Solaria n°7.
  • 5) Le succès historique de la Bible auprès des populations européennes, a priori peu réceptives aux religions du désert, pourrait entre autres s’expliquer par le fait qu’elles y auraient reconnu des éléments indo-européens : un message apollinien dans l’Évangile de Jean (le Prologue par ex.), une eschatologie iranienne dans l’Apocalypse, etc.
  • 6) Pour Jung, lorsque le mystique descend au fond de son âme, il y trouve le « Soleil de l’au-delà ». Voir C.G. Jung, Métamorphoses de l’âme et ses symboles, Librairie de l’Université - Georg et Cie, Genève, 1983.
  • 7) La théorie du vitalisme solaire fut soutenue notamment par le stoïcien Posidonius. Voir F. Cumont, La Théologie solaire du paganisme romain, Mémoires présentés à l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres de l’Institut de France, II, 2, Paris, 1913.
  • 8) Vieille théorie stoïcienne. Voir l’article « Panthéisme » dans l’Encyclopaedia Universalis.
  • 9) Osons une comparaison avec Citadelle de Saint-Exupéry, livre posthume et philosophique, un peu décousu, mais profond et poétique.
  • (10) Notamment le très solaire Prologue.


A lire :

  • Le Serpent à plumes, Stock, 1957, (Londres, 1926).
  • L’Amazone fugitive, Stock, 1976, (Londres 1928).
  • Apocalypse, Balland, 1978, (Londres 1931).
  • Matinées mexicaines - Pensées, Stock, 1986 (Londres 1935).

mercredi, 28 janvier 2015

To celebrate Imbolc

Song: Imbolc (Candlemas)
Artist: Lisa Thiel
Album: Circle Of The Seasons
# song: 03

Lyrics

Blessed Bridget comest thou in
Bless this house and all of our kin
Bless this house, and all of our kin
Protect this house and all within

Blessed Bridget come into thy bed
With a gem at thy heart and a crown on thy head
Awaken the fire within our souls
Awaken the fire that makes us whole

Blessed Bridget, queen of the fire
Help us to manifest our desire
May we bring forth all thats good and fine
May we give birth to our dreams in time

Blessed Bridget comest thou in
Bless this house and all of our kin
From the source of Infinite Light
Kindle the flame of our spirits tonight

Blessed Bridget come into thy bed
With a gem at thy heart and a crown on thy head
Awaken the fire within our souls
Awaken the fire that makes us whole

Blessed Bridget, queen of the fire
Help us to manifest our desire
May we bring forth all thats good and fine
May we give birth to our dreams in time

Blessed Bridget comest thou in
Bless this house and all of our kin
From the source of Infinite Light
Kindle the flame of our spirits tonight

Lisa Thiel - Imbolc (Candlemas)

 

Reclaiming - Welcome Brigid - sung by Beverly Frederick

 

 

mercredi, 14 janvier 2015

Odin, Buddha, Pan & Darwin

Peter Bickenbach: Odin, Buddha, Pan & Darwin – eine Rezension

Ellen Kositza

Ex: http://www.sezession.de

(Rezension aus Sezession 63 / Dezember 2014)

peter-bickenbach_odin-buddha-pan-darwin_720x600.jpgPeter Bickenbach setzt sich aus christlicher Perspektive mit dem sogenannten Neuheidentum auseinander. Per aspera ad astra: Darum das Bedauerliche an diesem Buch zuerst. Aus christlicher Sicht ist der Neo-Paganismus (der in seinen modischsten Erscheinungsformen sich gern schwarzgewandet präsentiert) ein Obskurantentum, eine düster-magische Geschichte, auch wenn »Lichtgottheiten« dort als Rollenträger (unter anderen) fungieren. Nun kommt das Buch selbst reichlich verschleiert daher:

Der verrätselte Titel an sich (in Lila) verrät wenig, er verschwindet auch optisch im Braun des Untergrunds. Wir finden auch keinen Hinweis zum Autoren – ist er Sozialwissenschaftler, Theologe oder »interessierter Zeitgenosse«? Wir erfahren es nicht; und wenn eine Fußnote besonders interessant erscheint, finden wir über Strecken »Ebenda« und müssen blättern. Da ein Literaturverzeichnis fehlt, bleibt uns, gewissermaßen abgedunkelt zu lesen. Das macht dann nicht viel, wenn man erkennt: Es ist keine Publikation für eine breite Leserschaft, sondern für eine enger gefaßte »Szene«. Wir dürfen diese als jungkonservatives Milieu begreifen. In diesem Rahmen hat Bickenbachs Buch seine Meriten.

Bickenbach wendet sich implizit an ein »anti-modernes« Publikum, an Leser, die mit dem Fortschrittsglauben hadern, die sich auf einem Weg jenseits materialistischer Vorstellungen sehen, die ein Heil jenseits der sichtbaren Welt erahnen. »Anlaß dieses Buches waren Begegnungen und Gespräche mit Menschen, die kein lebendiges Christentum erfuhren und die Kirchengeschichte nur aus zeitgenössischen Darstellungen kennen«, schreibt Bickenbach. Nach seiner Einschätzung orientierten sich »auf der politisch rechten Seite« die meisten Anhänger an einem »Germanentum«, wobei sich esoterische und radikal-biologische Standpunkte unterscheiden ließen. In drei untergliederten Großkapiteln (»Geschichte und Selbstverständnis der Neuheiden«, »Die Deutung von Brauchtum und Überlieferung« und »Postmoderne Religiosität«) sortiert der Autor sein Arsenal gegen jene, die gegen die »orientalische Wüstenreligion«, die »seelische Verknechtung« und den »Identitätsraub« und den vorgeblichen »Völkermord« durch das Christentum polemisieren.

Erst die zeitgenössische verunklarende Verkündigungspraxis, die statt der eigentlichen Offenbarung die angeblichen Ansprüche »moderner Scheinwerte« in den Vordergrund gestellt habe, »konnte die Vorstellung nähren, das Christentum sei eine Religion der Schwachen, Zukurzgekommenen und Lebensuntüchtigen.« Bickenbach entlarvt – und er tut dies auch mit Hilfe »neo-paganer« Nenngrößen wie Julius Evola – das »lyrisch-subjektive Pathos«, das von Naturerscheinungen hervorgerufen werden kann; er hat auch seinen Nietzsche gründlich gelesen, wie er überhaupt neben gebotener Polarisierung eine Synthese anstrebt.

Das Christentum, das er meint, ist streitbar, tüchtig, kulturstiftend und heroisch. Nach Bickenbach verdankt die neuheidnische Kritik am Christentum dem liberalen Protestantismus ihre Beweggründe. Sie argumentiert selbst auf dem Boden einer relativistischen, individualistischen und eigentlich antitraditionellen Religionserfindung – es gibt keine »heidnische Überlieferung«. Der Autor zitiert aus umgedichtetem Liedgut: »O du fröhliche, o du ahnende / lichtverkündende Wintersonnwendzeit«, er verweist auf Parallelen linker und rechter Religionskritik. Die Neuheiden bekämpfen zugleich einen Pappkameraden, nämlich ein von langer Hand umgewertetes, verbogenes, »geupdatetes« Christentum.

Bickenbach begleitet beispielhaft den Glaubensweg des irrlichternden Gorch Fock, der als Sohn frommer Eltern erst Gott gegen Nietzsche verteidigte, dann zum »Germanengläubigen« wurde (»Mein Zion ist Walhall!«) und im Verlauf des Jahres 1915 bei seinen Einsätzen in Rußland, Serbien und Verdun Monate vor seinem Tod ringend zum Glauben seiner Väter zurückfand: »Den größten Segen des Krieges haben die erfahren, die sich von ihm zu Gott führen ließen.«

Peter Bickenbach: Odin, Buddha, Pan & Darwin, Neustadt a.d. Orla: Arnshaugk 2013. 274 S., 18 € – hier bestellen

mercredi, 07 janvier 2015

Les courants de la Tradition païenne romaine en Italie

Renato del Ponte:

Ex : http://www.archiveseroe.eu/romanitas-a114141076

 

mercredi, 24 décembre 2014

From Pagan Spirituality to Christian Consumerism

yule9.gif

Winter Solstice

From Pagan Spirituality to Christian Consumerism

by RUEL F. PEPA
Ex: http://www.counterpunch.org

Solstice: the sun stands still. In temperate countries of the northern and southern hemispheres, every year there are two: summer and winter. The northern hemisphere’s summer solstice, which occurs on a day in the middle of the year (June 20 to 22, depending on the year), is the southern hemisphere’s winter solstice. Conversely, the southern hemisphere’s summer solstice, which occurs on a day in the third week of December (December 20 to 23, depending on the year), just prior to the New Year, is the northern hemisphere’s winter solstice. In the tropics, these astronomical events are not physically felt, except for the holiday celebration called Christmas that is associated with the northern’s hemisphere winter solstice and was brought by European Christian religions to countries like the Philippines, where I was born.

Dies natalis Solis invicti: Birthday of the unconquered Sun

Though we are more familiar now with the so-called Christmas season, connected with the winter solstice, there has always been something religious or spiritual about this time of year that antedates the Christian era. The traditions of caroling and midnight service, and common symbols in the celebration of Christmas, like mistletoes, decorated trees, candles and lights, wreaths and hollies, among others, were present in European paganism long before the advent of Christianity. Christmas is therefore the “Christianization” of the winter solstice celebration, whose institutionalization over time has led to the theft of most, if not all, of the major highlights from the pagan world.

yulee096f.jpgIn the Hebrew scriptures of the Jewish religion, known as the Old Testament in the Christian Bible, there occurs a single instance of the word “solstice” that is not in any way associated with the annual summer and winter astronomical events. In the book of Joshua, chapter 10 and verses 12 to 14, it is reported that the tribal deity of ancient Israel, called YHWH, caused the sun to stand still in Gibeon to give the Israelites, known to be the people of the said tribal deity, the best opportunity to slaughter and annihilate, in broad daylight, an enemy tribe called the Amorites.

“Then Joshua spoke to the Lord in the day when the Lord delivered up the Amorites before the sons of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, ‘O sun, stand still at Gibeon, And O moon in the valley of Aijalon.’ So the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, Until the nation avenged themselves of their enemies. Is it not written in the book of Jashar? And the sun stopped in the middle of the sky and did not hasten to go down for about a whole day. There was no day like that before it or after it, when the Lord listened to the voice of a man; for the Lord fought for Israel.…”

This Lord, the sadistic tribal deity of ancient Israel, is a far cry from the god of love whose son, Jesus, is mythically believed by Christians to have been born sometime during the winter solstice and in whose honor Christians celebrate Christmas. By contrast to the murderous solstice of the Jewish story, the pagan winter solstice has always symbolized renewed hope, faith in the restorative cosmic forces and most of all, a love of life.

“In the depths of winter I finally learned there was in me an invincible summer.” – Albert Camus

The pagan winter solstice is an exaltation of the human spirit’s rebirth and revitalization, from “the dark nights of the soul” (“la noche oscura del alma”, with apologies to St. John of the Cross) into the energizing warmth of a radiant morning. It is the grandeur of this splendid background that the Christian religion stole for its prevailing celebration called Christmas, to the point of claiming: “It is not the birth of the Sun but rather that of the Son.”

Christianity, whose key figure, Jesus Christ, is a paragon of humility, should be humble enough not to monopolize the significance of the annual December 25 celebration. Deities from other religions whose births, in different periods, have been celebrated on the same date include: Attis and Dionysus, both of Greece; Mithra of Persia; Salivahana of Bermuda; Odin of Scandinavia; Crite of Chaldez; Thammuz of Syria; Addad of Assyria, and Beddru of Japan.

The winter solstice has influenced the lives of many generations of humanity, through the passing of different civilizations. Therefore the universalizing slogan “Jesus is the reason for the season,” is inaccurate. A more logically acceptable statement for Christians is: “Jesus is our reason for the season.” An all-encompassing claim that articulates ownership of the winter solstice celebration, by claiming that Jesus Christ is the season’s only source of meaning, is a blatant audacity of narrow-minded fundamentalist and evangelical Christians. Christians should be more sensitive not to monopolize the winter solstice celebration and should acknowledge the fact that most—if not all—material symbolisms in Christmas originate from the pagan realm. The legacy of the ancient pagans is still carried on by modern pagans who continue to use the ancient material symbolisms inherited from their precursors with comparable spiritual intensity and pomp.

Yule-Goddess-5x7-Greeting-Card.jpg

It is tragic that the originally spiritual celebration of the pagan winter solstice has been ruined by the materialism of modern nominal Christianity. The modern winter solstice celebration has become commercialized and has lost, not only the graciousness originally associated with ancient pagan spirituality, but also the magnanimity of Christian virtues exemplified by the teachings of Jesus Christ.

“The black moment is the moment when the real message of transformation is going to come. At the darkest moment comes the light.” – Joseph Campbell

Even Christianity has been made seasonal by Christmas, which has become the only time of the year when nominal Christians affirm their shallow Christianity through their superficial adoration of their so-called Lord. I think that Christians, to be true to their commitment, should draw their inspiration and get moved to action not only during the Christmas season but also on a daily basis by the words of wisdom and example of Jesus. A truer spirit of Christianity might well reside in the pagan spirituality that has animated the ancient winter solstice celebration with its promise of renewed hope, faith in the restorative cosmic forces and love of life.

Merry Yuletide Season to All!

RUEL F. PEPA writes for News Junkie Post.

samedi, 13 décembre 2014

Rites païens du berceau à la tombe

 

Sortie aux Editions de la Fôret du premier tome d’une série de trois consacrée aux rites païens du berceau à la tombe.

Ce premier tome aborde les thèmes de la naissance et de l’enfance. Nombre de jeunes couples et parents identitaires pourront se reporter à ce livre, véritable bréviaire en la matière.

Prix: 16€ + frais de ports (2,10 € France uniquement et 4,15 € Europe)

Terre et Peuple - BP 38 - 04300 Forcalquier

lundi, 01 décembre 2014

Feronia e i culti femminili legati alle acque

Intervento di Renato Del Ponte al convegno "Feronia e i culti femminili legati alle acque" organizzato a Verona il 4 Maggio 2012

vendredi, 24 octobre 2014

Alain Daniélou’s Virtue, Success, Pleasure, & Liberation

Alain Daniélou’s Virtue, Success, Pleasure, & Liberation

By Collin Cleary 

Ex: http://www.counter-currents.com

Alain Daniélou
Virtue, Success, Pleasure, and Liberation: The Four Aims of Life in the Tradition of Ancient India [2]
Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions, 1993.

danndex.jpgOne hears a great deal today about “multiculturalism,” and the multicultural society. We (i.e., we Americans) are told that ours is a multicultural society. But, curiously, multiculturalism is also spoken of as a goal. What this reveals is that multiculturalism is not simply the recognition and affirmation of the fact that the U.S.A. is made up of different people from different cultural backgrounds. Instead, multiculturalism is an ideology which is predicated on cultural relativism. Its proponents want to convince people that (a) all cultures are equally good, rich, interesting, and wholesome, and that (b) a multicultural society can exist in which no one culture is dominant. The first idea is absurd, the second is impossible.

The apostles of multiculturalism are moved less by a genuine desire to “celebrate diversity” than by a hatred for Northern European culture, which is the semi-official, dominant culture of America. Indeed, multiculturalists generally nurture the most naive and simplistic ideas of what a culture is. Their conception of “culture” is fixated at the perceptual level: culture is costume,music, dance, decoration, food. What is essential to culture, however, is a certain Weltanschauung: a view of the world, and of human nature. It is in their response to these world views that multiculturalists reveal their true colors, for they tolerate and permit only those elements of a culture’s world view that do not conflict with liberal ideology.

Out of one side of their mouths, the multiculturalists tell us that one cannot judge a culture, that morality is culturally relative, that cultures are not better or worse, just “different,” and that we must revel in these differences. Thus, the English do not drive on the “wrong” side of the road, merely the left side. But when it’s not a matter of traffic laws, but a matter of severed clitorises, then the other, louder side of the multiculturalists’ mouths open, and they tell us that this sort of thing isn’t just different, it’s evil. In addition to this, one also sees that multiculturalism involves a relentless trivialization of important cultural differences. Thus, college students are encouraged to see religion almost as a matter of “local color.” Isn’t it wonderful that the Indians cook such spicy food, and worship such colorful gods! Isn’t it all terribly charming? They are further encouraged to view religion as a thoroughly irrational affair. Rather than encouraging an appreciation for different faiths, what this produces is a condescending attitude, and resistance to taking the claims of religion seriously when they conflict with the “rational” agenda of modern liberalism.

Indeed, multiculturalism is so anti-cultural that one is tempted to see behind it an even deeper, more sinister agenda. Perhaps the whole idea is to deliberately gut the world’s cultures, reducing their differences to matters of dress and cuisine, and to replace those earthborn guts with a plastic, Naugahyde culture of secularism, scientism, and egalitarianism. Why? Because real, significant cultural differences make it very hard for our corporations to do business overseas and to sell their wares. Solution: homogenization masquerading as “celebration of diversity.” The multiculturalists are right when they declare that de facto, the United States is a multicultural society. But there has never been a multicultural society in the history of the world in which there was not one dominant culture which provided a framework allowing the others to co-exist. To the multiculturalist, the unacknowledged framework is modern liberalism. I will assume that I do not have to rehearse for my readers the many arguments for why modern liberalism is untenable as a long-term societal framework.Where should we look, then, for a framework for a multicultural society? Why not look to the Indian caste system? It was the caste system that allowed Aryan and non-Aryan to co-exist peacefully in India for centuries.

The liberals will immediately object that the caste system is oppressive and unjust. In Virtue, Success, Pleasure and Liberation, however, Alain Daniélou argues that the caste system is actually a supremely just and peaceful arrangement. It is just because it is built on a recognition of real human difference; a “celebration of diversity,” if you will. Aristotle held that justice is treating equals equally, and unequals unequally. If people are not the same, then it is a mistake to treat them as if they are. The caste system is built on the idea that some human beings are born to work, others to fight and lead, and others to pray. The caste system gives to each human being a place, a community, a code of ethics, and a sense of identity and pride. Daniélou points out that although the system involves hierarchy, each level of the hierarchy is regarded as intrinsically valuable and as essential. Each plays a role that is regarded as important and indispensable. Thus, it is the caste system which truly affirms that different groups are merely different, not better or worse.

Is Daniélou whitewashing the caste system? Consider the words he quotes from the Mahabharata: “There is no superior caste. The Universe is the work of the Immense Being. The beings created by him were only divided into castes according to their aptitude.” But what of individuals born to the wrong caste? For example, what of a child born to the merchant class who shows aptitude to be a priest or scholar? Such things happen. Daniélou tells us that exceptional individuals are allowed to live “outside” the caste system, and are accepted as valuable members of the society as a whole. Modern society is structured on the premise that everyone is exceptional and can make up his mind what he wants to do. Given that sort of freedom, most people get lost — as witness the modern phenomenon of the “slacker,” or the flotsam and jetsam going in and out of psychiatrists’ offices every day.

Despite what I have said, this book is not a treatise on the caste system, but on the four things that all human lives must possess or achieve in order to be complete. In discussing virtue, success, pleasure, and liberation, Daniélou quotes extensively from ancient Indian texts, offering us an abundance of excellent advice about how to understand life and to live well. Indeed, this is really a book about how to lead a truly human life. Daniélou places the four aims in a cosmic context, showing how the same fourfold division is present in all levels of reality. It is present, of course, in the four castes (worker/artisan, producer/merchant, warrior/aristocrat, priest/scholar), and in the four stages of biological development (childhood, youth, maturity, old age), the four seasons, the four elements, the four races of humanity (black, yellow, red, white), the cycle of ages (yugas), the four bodily functions (digestion, assimilation, circulation, excretion), and the four points of the compass (in this order, significantly: south, east, west, north).

This is an excellent companion volume to Daniélou’s The Myths and Gods of India [3].

Source: Tyr, vol.. 1 (Atlanta: Ultra, 2002).

 


Article printed from Counter-Currents Publishing: http://www.counter-currents.com

URL to article: http://www.counter-currents.com/2014/10/virtue-success-pleasure-liberation/

URLs in this post:

[1] Image: http://www.counter-currents.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Virtue.jpg

[2] Virtue, Success, Pleasure, and Liberation: The Four Aims of Life in the Tradition of Ancient India: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B005IQ6AVY/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B005IQ6AVY&linkCode=as2&tag=countecurrenp-20&linkId=2SMLM6Q3BGWZDR7W

[3] The Myths and Gods of India: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B005PQUZ3G/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B005PQUZ3G&linkCode=as2&tag=countecurrenp-20&linkId=7R45BK5EQM4HKVC3

Alain Daniélou’s The Myths & Gods of India

dan1411091265.jpg

Alain Daniélou’s The Myths & Gods of India

By Collin Cleary

Ex: http://www.counter-currents.com

Alain Daniélou
The Myths and Gods of India [2]
Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions, 1991.
(Originally published as Hindu Polytheism by Bollingen Foundation, New York, 1964.)

Typically, those who profess an interest in what might be called “Indo-European spirituality” gravitate toward either the Celtic or Germanic traditions. The Indian tradition tends to be ignored. In part, this is because present-day Indians seem so different from us. We think of their culture and philosophy as “Eastern,” as alien. Physically, the Indians look very different from those of European descent (though higher caste Indians tend to look very European, right down to lighter skin and hair, and sometimes blue eyes). But if we wish to rediscover the religion and traditions of our ancestors, what better place is there to begin than with India? The oldest Indo-European texts are the Vedas, after all. To be sure, it is hard to separate what comes from the ancient Aryans in Indian religion, myth, and mysticism, and what was contributed by the indigenous peoples conquered by the Aryans. But the same problem exists with respect to the Celtic and Germanic traditions. In addition, we know far more about the culture and religion of the ancient Aryans who invaded India, than we do about the culture and religion of the Celts and the Vikings. For one thing, more ancient texts survive in India. Therefore, anyone wishing to re-construct the “old ways” must become deeply immersed in all things Indian.

It is a cliche to state this in a review, but I write the following with total sincerity: if you read only one book on Hinduism, it must be Daniélou’s Myths and Gods of India. Indeed, it is hard to imagine why one would need to read any other. Danielou’s account of Hinduism is exhaustive, profound, and detailed. The book contains, first of all, cogent arguments on behalf of polytheism.

It details the Indian cosmogony and cosmology; the nature of Space, Time, and Thought; the nature of Brahman and Maya. Daniélou gives a complete description of every major Hindu divinity in terms of his or her function, myths, and symbolism. He details the minor gods and genii. He discusses the theory behind Mantras and Yantras. There is even extensive coverage of ritual, and the manner in which the gods must be worshiped. Alain Daniélou was born in 1907 in Paris. He was a true Renaissance man, trained in music, painting, and dance. He gave recitals and exhibited his paintings. Daniélou was also an avid sportsman: a canoeing champion, and an expert race-car driver.

He was also homosexual. Daniélou and his gay lover ventured to India, traveling around in a deluxe, Silverstream camper imported from southern California, photographing erotic sculpture. They later settled down in a Maharajah’s estate on the banks of the Ganges and devoted themselves to Sanskrit, Hinduism, music, and entertaining. Daniélou gradually “went native” and stayed in India many years. In time, he became known throughout the world as an authority on Indian music and culture. He published works dealing with Hindu religion, society, music, sculpture, architecture, and other topics. It was Daniélou, more than anyone else, who was responsible for popularizing Indian music in the West (among other things, he was the “discoverer” of Ravi Shankar). Daniélou died in 1994.

The Myths and Gods of India is a delight to read, but it can also be treated as a reference work for those needing a clear and accurate account of various gods or Hindu religious concepts. For the student of Inda-European culture, the book is a treasure trove. Indeed, those who are familiar with the Inda-European comparativist school of Georges Dumézil, Jaan Puhvel, and others, will get the most out of this book. I will offer a few brief examples here.

Daniélou writes on page 27 that “Human beings, according to their nature and stage of development, are inclined toward . . . different aspects of the Cosmic Being. Those in whom consciousness is predominant worship the gods (deva); those in whom action or existence predominates worship genii (yaksha) and antigods (asura); and those in whom enjoyment or sensation predominates worship ghosts and spirits (bhuta and preta).” This suggests, of course, the Inda-European tripartition identified by Dumézil. On page 66 we learn that Soma was “brought to earth by a large hawk,” just as Odin, in the form of an eagle, brought mead to the JEsir. On page 87 we are told that “The earth is also represented as a goddess, or as a cow that feeds everyone with her milk. She is the mother of life, the substance of all things.” What can this remind us of, except the Norse Audumla?

There also seem to be parallels between Agni (the god of fire) and Loki. Like Loki, Agni is an outcast among the gods. Daniélou tells us further that, “The fire of destruction, Agni’s most fearful form, was born of the primeval waters and remains hidden under the sea, ever ready to destroy the world” (p. 89). This is reminiscent of the Midgard Serpent, the progeny of Loki. Page 151:
“When Vishnu sleeps, the universe dissolves into its formless state, represented as the causal ocean. The remnants of manifestation are represented as the serpent Remainder (Sesa) coiled upon itself and floating upon the abysmal waters.”

Daniélou tells us (p. 92) that “the sun . . . is envisaged [by the Hindus] under two aspects. As one of the spheres, one of the Vasus, the physical sun is the celestial form of fire, of agni. As the source of light, of warmth, of life, of knowledge, the solar energy is the source of all life, represented in the twelve sons-of-the-Primordial-Vastness (Adityas), the twelve sovereign principles.” In Futhark (pp. 51-52), Edred Thorsson tells us that “The sun was known by two special names in the North . . . Sol represents the phenomenon, while sunna is the noumenon, the spiritual power residing in the concept.” Also, the “twelve sons-of-the-Primordial-Vastness” immanent within the solar energy must remind us of the twelve sig-runes that make up the Wewelsburg “sun-wheel” of Karl Maria Wiligut.

Page 99: “When the gods were receiving the ambrosia of immortality, the Moon [Soma; equivalent to Mead] detected the anti-god Rahu disguised as a god. Because of the Moon Rahu had to die, but although his head was severed from his body, he could not truly die, for he had tasted the ambrosia. His head remained alive.” Mimir?

Page 103: “Rudra, the lord of tears, is said to have sprung from the forehead of the Immense-Being (Brahma) and, at the command of that god, to have divided himself into a male form and a female form . . . “Athena?

Page 103: “The Maruts (immortals) are a restless, warlike troupe of flashy young men, transposition in space of the hordes of young warriors called the marya (mortals). . . . They are the embodiment of moral and heroic deeds and of the exuberance of youth.” Maruts = Einherjar; Marya = Indo-European Männerbünde. Page 104: “The Maruts are the friends of Indra, the wielder of the thunderbolt . . .” Thor? Page 110: Indra’s thunderbolt is “shaped like a mace … ”

Page 111: “Indra had been the deity worshiped among the pastoral people of Vraja.” Again, just as Thor was.

Page 118: Varuna “is the ruler of the ‘other side,’ of the invisible world.” He is “said to be an antigod, a magician.” Odin? Page 119: “He catches the evildoers and binds them with his noose.” Criminals sacrificed to Odin were hung. Varuna also “knows the track of birds in the sky,” just as Odin knows the track of Huginn and Muninn.

Page 132: The god of death is named Yama, which means “Twin” (Ymir). “Yama’s brother is the lawgiver, Manu, who shares with him the title of progenitor of mankind.” Yama “owns two four-eyed dogs with wide nostrils . . . They watch the path of the dead.” What can this remind us of except the Greek hellhound, Cerberus?

Page 138: “In contrast to the gods, the antigods [asura] are the inclinations of the senses which, by their nature, belong to the obscuring tendency, and which delight in life, that is, in the activities of the life energies in all the fields of sensation.” This is an accurate description of the Norse Vanir. Asura is cognate with Aesir, so, oddly enough, the term shifts meaning either in the Norse or the Indian tradition.

Page 159: The four ages (yugas) are represented as white (the golden age), red, yellow, and black (the dark age). The stages of the alchemical process (as represented in the West) are black, white, yellow, and red.

Pages 243-45 detail the Upanishadic account of creation out of the primal man Purusha: “He desired a second. He became as large as a woman and man in close embrace. He divided himself into two. From him arose a husband and a wife. Hence it is that everyone is but half a being. The vacant space is filled by a wife.” This is extraordinarily similar to the account of the creation of
men and woman given by Aristophanes in Plato’s Symposium. The world is then created out of Purusha’s body-just as the world is created out of Ymir’s body in Norse myth. “The virile member was separated; from this virile member came forth semen and from semen the earthly waters.” This is identical to the account of the creation of the ocean in the Greek myth of the sacrifice of Ouranos by Kronos.

The account of the hero Kumara/Skana (pp. 297-300) is strikingly like the saga of Sigurd, and also similar in some respects to the Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach. The “essences” (apsaras; pp. 304-305) are “water nymphs, eternally young women who are the courtesans and dancers of heaven.” Rhine Maidens? “They are depicted as uncommonly beautiful, with lotus eyes, slender waists, and large hips. By their languid postures and sweet words they rob those who see them of their wisdom and their intellect.” Sirens? “One can master them by stealing their clothes while they bathe. They choose lovers among the dead fallen on the battlefield.” Valkyries?

The above merely scratches the surface of this immensely rich text, which demands careful study and multiple readings.

 


Article printed from Counter-Currents Publishing: http://www.counter-currents.com

URL to article: http://www.counter-currents.com/2014/10/alain-danielous-the-myths-and-gods-of-india/

URLs in this post:

[1] Image: http://www.counter-currents.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/MythsandGodsofIndia.jpg

[2] The Myths and Gods of India: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0892813547/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0892813547&linkCode=as2&tag=countecurrenp-20&linkId=IH7O6QJKVC7I7LVQ

jeudi, 23 octobre 2014

Paganism & Christianity, Nietzsche & Evola

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Paganism & Christianity, Nietzsche & Evola

By Jonathan Bowden 

Ex: http://www.counter-currents.com

Editor’s Note:

This text continues the transcript by V. S. of Jonathan Bowden’s interview at the Union Jack Club in London on Saturday, November 21, 2009, after his lecture/performance on Punch and Judy [2]. The title is editorial. 

Q: When did you decide to convert to paganism and why?

B: Well, I never really converted to paganism. I mean, there are some orthodox pagans, if you can have such a thing, who probably think I am not one. But I’m a Nietzschean and that’s a different system. Somebody made this for me. [Points to odal rune pendant.] And I like Odinic paganism sort of as an objectification of my sort of sensibility. Does one believe the gods objectively exist in another realm? Well, you see, religion is a philosophy about life which is sacristic and has rituals in which you partly act out, therefore it’s more important because it’s made slightly more concrete than ideas or it’s really just based upon ideas. There are relatively simple but powerful ideas at the crux of all the big religious systems. Most people are born in a system and just accept that and go along with it as long as it’s not too onerous or they feel like they live their life through it properly.

I just agree with the ethics of that type of Nordic paganism, which is really how the Vikings lived and how they behaved. I’m less concerned with small groups, which I respect. I like the Odinic Rite, but I personally believe that those sorts of things will only ever activate post-modern minorities and very small ones at that.

I think people should identify with what they think they are and the values that they hold. This symbol really means strength or courage or masculinity or the first man or the first principle of war or the metaphysics of conflict. So, I just think it’s a positive system of value.

I never really was a Christian. Culturally, I have great admiration for elements of Christian art. More so than most people who are pagan who have violently reacted against it. I don’t really share that emotionalism. But I don’t agree with Christian ethics. Deep down, they’ve ruined the West, and we’re in the state that we are because of them.

Q: Just added on to that: How do we create more Nietzscheans? How do we spread Nietzscheanism as a religion, as an idea?

B: You’ve got to get people quite young. I think you’ve got to introduce alternative value systems to them. This is a society that says weakness is good, weakness should be pitied, the ill are weak, the disabled are weak, people who’ve got various things wrong with them (too fat, too thin, bits dropping off) they need help. They may need help. But the value system that lies behind that desire to help worships the fact of weakness and the fact that people are broken. If you worship the idea of strength and tell the weak to become stronger, which is a reverse idea for helping them essentially. You help them in order to get stronger. You totally reverse the energy pattern and you’ve reversed the system of morals that exists in this culture now. You’ve reversed the sort of things that Rowan Williams or his predecessor or his likely successor always says, basically. I think that’s what you have to do.

I personally think it’s a moral revolution, not anything political, that will save the West, because all the technology is here, all the systems of power are here. You only have to change what’s in people’s minds. It’s very difficult though.

Q: So, to a young person watching this video, never heard of you before, where would he go to find out about Nietzscheanism?

B: Just go to the Wikipedia page, surprisingly, although it’s a bit trivial, is actually quite accurate in a tendentious way. Although some of the philosophical debates about him and the genealogy of his works might confuse people because it views it in an academic way. And you don’t need to put his name to it. There’s a cluster of power-moral, individualistic, elitist, partly antinomian, partly gnostic, partly not, partly pagan, vitalist and other ideas which go with that sort of area.

Strength is morality. Weakness is sin. Weakness requires punishment. If you’re weak, if you’re obese, if you’re a drug addict, become less so. Become stronger. Move towards the sun. Become more coherent. Become more articulate. Cast more of a shadow. It’s almost a type of positive behaviorism in some ways. But it’s not somebody wagging their finger and so on, because you’re doing it for yourself. It comes from inside.

Q2: Do you not think though that Nietzscheanism doesn’t have a transcendental element to it?

B: That’s why I’m wearing this [rune pendant], you see, because I probably think there ought to be such a thing. Many people need to go beyond that. If his thinking before he went mad, probably because he had tertiary syphilis, it’s up to sort of 1880, so we’re talking about thinking that’s 130 years old.

I think in some ways he’s an anatomist of Christianity’s decline, because Christianity been declining mentally and in some ways extending out into the Third World where it’s real catchment area now is. I mean, there will be a non-White pope soon. Christianity will begin to wear the face of the south very soon. It’s the ideal religion for the south. It’s pity for those who fail, for those who are weak, for those who are hungry, for those who are broken. Have pity on your children, O Lord. It’s an ideal religion. Don’t take it through violence or fear or aggression. Submit and be thankful for what He will give you in His wisdom.

But it’s ruining us. For centuries we were strong even despite that faith, but of course we made use of it. The part that fits us is the extreme transcendence of Christian doctrine. That’s what Indo-Europeans like about that faith. The enormous vaulting cathedrals, the Gothic idea that you can go up and up and up. It’s that element in it that we like, and we made into ourselves. But we forgot the ethical substratum. We forgot the sort of troll-like ethical element that there is no other value but sympathy, there is no other value than compassion, that love is the basis of all life. And ultimately that is a feminine view of civilization which will lead to its collapse in masculine terms.

Q2: How would you view the works of Julius Evola?

B: Yes, they’re the counter-balance to Nietzsche. There is a lot of religious elements in there of a perennialist sort that a lot of modern minds can’t accept. You see, Nietzsche is a switchblade, and nearly all people in this society are modern even if they think they’re not. Nietzsche is a modern thinker. Nietzsche is a modernist. Nietzsche can reach the modern mind. Nietzsche’s the most Right-wing formulation within the modern mind that people can accept.

My view is that people who accept Evola straight out aren’t living in the modern world. That’s not a criticism. It’s a description of where they are. I think for people to become illiberal they have to become illiberal first within the modern world. Some people would say you have to go outside of it. You know, the culture of the ruins and the revolt against the modern world, per se. But I personally think that we’re in modernity.

But there will be people who go to Nietzsche and Thus Spake Zarathustra, which is really a semi- or pseudo-religious text, is not enough and they’ll want to go beyond that and they’ll want a degree and a tier of religiosity. The dilemma always in the West is what to choose. Back to Christianity or on to paganism? Which system do you choose?

Evola said he was a Catholic pagan, didn’t he? One knows what he means. But I see paganism peeping out of everything. I see paganism peeping out of Protestantism, the most Jewish form of Christianity, through its power-individualism and its extremist individuality (Kierkegaard, Carlyle, Nietzsche). I see paganism saturating Catholicism and peeping out of it at every turn, aesthetically, artistically, the art of the Renaissance, the return of the Greco-Roman sensibility, the humanism of the ancient world. Some of the greatest classicists were Medieval Popes and so on. I see it just looming out. The whole structure of the Catholic Church is a Roman imperial structure, Christianized. So, I see it peeping out.

Our law is Roman. All of our leaders were educated and steeped in the classical world to provide a dialectical corollary to Christianity without them being told that’s what is happening. The decline of the classics is partly because people don’t want to go back there, basically. So, you don’t teach it to anyone apart from tiny little public school elites, which are .2% of the population who read a few authors who no one else even knows exist. You know, big deal.

The difficulty with Evola is that it’s a very great leap for the modern mind. Although in his sensibility, I agree with his sensibility, really. I agree with him going out amidst the bombings, not caring. I agree with that sort of attitude towards life, which is an aristocratic attitude towards life. But we’re living in a junk food, liberal, low middle class society. You’ve got to start where you are. I think Nietzsche is strong enough meat for most people and is far, far, far too strong for 80% now.

Today, the mentally disabled have been allowed into the Paralympics. So, you will have the 100 yard cerebral palsy dash at the next Olympics in London in 2012. This is the world we’re living in. Nietzsche would say that’s ridiculous and so on. And that is a shocking and transgressive and morally ugly attitude from the contemporary news that we see. So, it’s almost as if Nietzsche’s tough enough for this moment.

But I’m interesting in that he said, “God is dead in the minds of men.” That doesn’t necessarily mean, of course, although he was a militant atheist, he’s living open the idea that . . . [God objectively exists—Ed.]. You see, the Christian idea of God was dying around him, mentally, and it has died. I mean, hardly anyone really, deep down, believes that now. Even the people who say that they do don’t in the way that they did 100 years ago or their predecessors did.

So, it has died, but I think there are metaphysically objectivist standards outside life. Whether our civilization can revive without a return to them is very open. It’s very questionable. Where that discourse is to come from is . . . The tragedy would be if Christianity sort of facilitated our greatness, but ended up ruining us, which of course might be the true thesis.

Now we’re getting into deep waters.

Q: What is your view of Abrahamic religions?

B: I think religion is a good thing. The Right always supports the right of religion to exist. Religion does cross ethnic and racial boundaries. Afghanistan was Buddhist once. I prefer people to have some sort of religious viewpoint, even the most tepid sort of thing, but none at all, because at least there is a structure that is in some sense prior.

But, personally, I prefer tribally based religions. I prefer religions that are about blood and genetics and honor and identity and are nominalist and that are specific. But I think people will adopt different systems because they’re physiologically different even within their group. You can see that about certain people. Certain people, Christianity suits them very well and they can be quite patriotic and quite decent people and so on in that system and there we are. But for me? No.

I’m a barbarian in some ways. People can worship what gods they want within the Western tradition, and that’s all right.

 


Article printed from Counter-Currents Publishing: http://www.counter-currents.com

URL to article: http://www.counter-currents.com/2014/10/paganism-christianity-nietzsche-evola/

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[1] Image: http://www.counter-currents.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/NietzscheSeated.jpg

[2] Punch and Judy: http://www.counter-currents.com/2013/03/the-real-meaning-of-punch-and-judy/

vendredi, 10 octobre 2014

Bhagavad-Gîtâ - Le Chant du Bienheureux

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Bhagavad-Gîtâ: le Chant du Bienheureux

108 pages. Traduit du sanskrit par Emile Burnouf et présenté par le Pr. Jean Haudry.

Elément central du Mahâbhârata, connu pour être la plus grande épopée de la mythologie hindoue, la Bhagavad-Gîtâ (« Chant du Bienheureux ») est un des écrits fondamentaux de l’Hindouisme qui s’inscrit dans la tradition héroïque indo-européenne.

Il s’agit d’un dialogue dans lequel le Seigneur Krishna, 8e avatar de Vishnou, tend à dissiper le doute chez le kshatriya Arjuna au moment d’une bataille qui risque de faire nombre de morts parmi ceux que ce dernier aime.

Composé de 18 chapitres et vraisemblablement rédigé entre les Ve et IIe siècles av. J.-C., l’intérêt capital de ce texte sacré tient du fait qu’il invite à dépasser le brahmanisme sans le répudier pour autant.

Au-delà de toutes les sensibilités spirituelles, la Bhagavad-Gîtâ nous enseigne avant tout la dévotion et le détachement pour lesquels le verset II.38 semble parfaitement convenir : « Tiens pour égaux plaisir et peine, gain et perte, et sois tout entier à la bataille : ainsi tu éviteras le péché . »

Pour commander auprès des Editions du Lore: http://www.ladiffusiondulore.fr/antiquite/379-bhagavad-gita-le-chant-du-bienheureux.html

mardi, 07 octobre 2014

Pour un paganisme cosmique

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Pour un paganisme cosmique

140 pages. Papier glacé 130gr/m2

Véritable compendium, cet ouvrage n’a pas pour objectif de décider à la place du lecteur mais a été conçu dans le but de l’orienter vers divers concepts inhérents à l’idée d’un paganisme cosmique, où tout est mouvement, cette impermanence du Devenir.

Construit à partir de citations rigoureusement classées par thèmes et commentées humblement par Amaury Petitloup, ce compendium regroupe autant la sagesse et le savoir des textes sacrés de l’Antiquité que la pensée d’auteurs plus contemporains dont certains n’étaient jusqu’à présent pas accessibles en langue française.

Un livre unique en son genre que le lecteur aura plaisir à consulter tout au long des différentes étapes de son existence.

Voici quelques-uns des thèmes abordés :

Palimpeste - Religions-racines - Ecriture primordiale - Mémoire ancestrale - Lieu sacrés et Omphalos - L’intuition surhumaniste - Réaction anti-dualiste - Panenthéisme - Monisme - Hiérarchie divine - La Grande Synthèse - Rites - Chaos primordial - Principe créateur - Vers un nouveau paganisme : erreurs à éviter...

Pour commander auprès des Editions du Lore:

http://www.ladiffusiondulore.fr/editions-du-lore/572-orientations-pour-un-paganisme-cosmique.html

 

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lundi, 03 février 2014

L'hiver chez les anciens scandinaves

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L'hiver chez les anciens scandinaves

Joëlle Delacroix *
Ex: http://www.metamag.fr

L'année viking se découpe en deux saisons ou misseri : le misseri d'été commence mi-avril et dure jusqu'à mi-septembre. Le misseri d'hiver correspond à l'autre semestre. L'hiver s'installe mi-novembre et les mois qui le constituent (ýlir, jólmánađr, þorri, gói) sont durs. La neige, la glace, le vent et la nuit étreignent l'univers des Vikings. Ull, dieu de l'hiver, tient le monde entre ses mains. C'est un dieu Ase, fils de Sif, adopté par Þórr. Excellent chasseur, adepte des sports d'hiver, il habite Ydalir, la vallée des Ifs, un pays de montagnes enneigées. Son épouse Skadi est une géante du froid et de la montagne. C'est un dieu important de la mythologie scandinave dans les temps anciens, mais son rôle a été amoindri au profit d'Óđinn.
 
La grande fête du solstice d'hiver, Jól, coupe heureusement cette période. Elle célèbre l'allongement des jours et l'espérance en la saison nouvelle. Elle est entourée de tout un ensemble de croyances liées au panthéon des dieux scandinaves. Lors de la christianisation des Vikings, l'église a remplacé cette fête par les fêtes de Noël.

La saison de l'hiver chez les anciens Scandinaves.

A l'approche de la mauvaise saison, le bóndi, homme libre de la société viking, a pris soin de rentrer du bois et de la tourbe qui serviront à chauffer sa maison. Il a veillé également à remettre en état les différents bâtiments de sa ferme. Le foin est rentré ; les animaux, notamment les moutons, ont été rassemblés ; les réserves de viande salée et de poissons séchés sont constituées. Maintenant que l'hiver est venu, l'activité se concentre dans la skáli, bâtiment principal de la ferme scandinave.

Les femmes se consacrent aux travaux de tapisserie, de broderie et de tissage, qui font partie de leurs prérogatives. Frigg, la femme d'Óđinn, file elle-même. Elle connaît le destin de chaque homme et chaque dieu, mais elle ne partage ce savoir avec personne. A ce titre, elle tisse le fil utilisé par les Nornes (Urd - le passé -, Verdande - le présent - Skuld - l'avenir) pour construire la destinée des mortels.

Les hommes veillent à réparer les outils endommagés. Ils s'adonnent aux travaux de sculpture du bois ou de forge qui permettront de construire et parer bateaux, traîneaux ou chariots. Ils s'occupent des bêtes, rentrées dans la bâtisse adjacente. Pour se détendre, la maisonnée joue à des jeux de tables ou aux dés. Hommes et femmes racontent des histoires, des contes, les histoires des dieux ou évoquent les souvenirs de leurs expéditions. Dans la demeure du chef viking, le scalde récite les poésies qui louent les exploits de son maître.

S'il doit sortir, le Viking chausse ses skis ou ses patins. Il peut aller chasser ou pêcher, ceci en creusant un simple trou dans la glace. Ces sports d'hiver donnent lieu également à des jeux voire à des compétitions.

La fête de Jól.

La fête de Jól, qui dure plusieurs jours, survient pour rompre l'isolement et fêter le solstice d'hiver. Cette réjouissance est l'occasion d'un sacrifice, le blót, au cours duquel un porc engraissé pour l'occasion ou un cheval est sacrifié. Le sang de l'animal sacrifié est recueilli dans un récipient spécial, le hlautbolli, et sert ensuite à la consultation des augures. Plus spécialement, le blót permet au Viking, non pas d'influencer son destin en le connaissant par avance, car il sait que « nul ne survit d'un soir à la sentence des Nornes », mais plutôt à capter des forces bénéfices. En l'occurrence, lors du sacrifice de Jól, il s'agit de forces bénéfiques liées aux puissances de la fertilité et du renouveau, les forces des Alfes.

Un grand festin est apprêté au cours duquel on boit la bière brassée spécifiquement pour cette fête – la jólaöl -, et l'on mange la chair bouillie de l'animal sacrifié. Des toasts sont portés en l'honneur des ancêtres et des dieux. On boit beaucoup ; on mange copieusement. Sans doute, au tout début du banquet, les invités se sont-ils juré de ne pas tenir compte des paroles prononcées sous l'emprise de l'ivresse, comme le veut la coutume. Toutes sortes de divertissements, poèmes, danses, chants, jeux se succèdent. La fête de Jól, à l'instar des fêtes dédiées au solstice d'hiver, est donc liée aux puissances de la fertilité et du renouveau, représentées dans le panthéon scandinave par les Alfes, des divinités anciennes, énigmatiques, placées apparemment au même rang que les Vanes et les Ases. Ces divinités régissent les forces de la fertilité, de la végétation et du renouveau. Elles sont également liées au culte des ancêtres.

Grímnismá - les dits de Grímnir - l'un des poèmes mythologiques de l'Edda poétique présente Freyr comme le seigneur du Álfheimr, la demeure des Alfes. C'est un dieu Vane, le frère de Freyja, la déesse de l'amour. Il est lui-même dieu de la fertilité et l'un des dieux les plus populaires, avec Þórr. Il a reçu Álfheimr et le royaume associé en cadeau, lorsqu'en enfant, il a perdu sa première dent. Il possède un sanglier magique aux soies d'or, qu'il peut chevaucher ou atteler à son chariot. Ainsi, le porc ou sanglier et encore le cheval sont les animaux qui lui sont les plus couramment associés. C'est en son honneur qu'ils sont donc sacrifiés lors des fêtes de Jól. De nos jours, d'ailleurs, le jambon traditionnellement servi à Noël en Suède rappelle ces offrandes faites à Freyr. Dans les campagnes, on continue de brasser la bière spécifiquement pour Noël.

 
La fête de Jól est aussi liée au culte des ancêtres, culte que véhiculent également les Alfes. A cette occasion, Óđinn traverse le ciel, suivi de sa Chasse Sauvage, assemblée composée des guerriers morts au combat qui, la nuit venue, retournent à la Vallhöll, le palais du dieu, pour festoyer. Óđinn, lui-même, chevauche Sleipnirr, son cheval à huit pattes ; des chiens et des chevaux noirs l'escortent. Curieux banquet, auquel assistent toutes les nuits les Einherjar, les guerriers morts au combat et choisis par les Valkyries, filles d'Óđinn, pour gagner la Valhöll. Ils ne manquent ni d'hydromel ni de viande. La boisson est fournie en abondance par la chèvre Heiđrún, qui, juchée sur le toit de la Vallhöll, broute les jeunes feuilles du frêne Yggdrasil. Le cuisinier fait bouillir chaque nuit la chair du sanglier Sæhrímnir qui ressuscite ensuite.

Dans cette Chasse Sauvage du solstice d'hiver, Óđinn est parfois décrit comme étant accompagné par Dame Hölle ou Holda, qui tire avec elle un chariot peuplé d'enfants en bas âge. Ce personnage, parfois associé à Frigg l'épouse d'Óđinn en raison de son activité de filage ou à Hel, la déesse de la mort, à cause de son aspect effroyable, dispose chez elle d'un lac dans lequel elle dépose les âmes des enfants morts.

En savoir plus :
• Boyer Régis, La vie quotidienne des Vikings (800-1050), Editions Hachette
• Boyer Régis, Les Vikings, Editions Plon
• Marillier Bernard, BA.BA Vikings, Pardès
• Anne-Laure d'Apremont, BA.BA Tradition Nordique, volume 2
• Jean Renaud, Les dieux des Vikings, Ouest France Editions

* article paru sur le site Histoire pour tous

samedi, 18 janvier 2014

La fête de la Sainte Lumière

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La fête de la Sainte Lumière

 

(Epiphanie, Ste. Maigre)

  

par le Dr. COREMANS

 

Elles sont passées, les douze nuits [de la période solstitiale, ndlr]; le monde souterrain s'est fermé. La terre appartient aux vivants, au présent, à l'avenir; les morts, le passé gîtent dans le sombre empire de Hella. La fête du jour annonce l'espoir, le futur bonheur! Pour quelques heures, les dignitaires, élus la veille, entrent en fonctions. C'est à eux à justifier le choix du hasard, s'ils veulent que le peuple le ratifie vers l'Iostur  ou au champ de Mai. En attendant, on se livre à la joie. La Ste Lumière éclaire l'oie du banquet, les cornes à boire se remplissent et se vident bravement! Grimm croit que cette fête était consacrée à Berchta ou Helle, en sa qualité de déité lunaire, à Helle qui brille et qui éclaire au milieu des ténèbres. Tout en fêtant la renaissance du soleil, nos ancêtres ne voulaient pas oublier les bienfaits de l'astre qui préside aux nuits raffraîchissantes de l'été, à la rosée si salutaire aux plantes, après les brûlantes journées estivales. N'omettons pas, en outre, de faire remarquer que si la science nie l'influence de la lune sur les variations du temps, le peuple y croyait et y croit encore partout. 

 

Néanmoins, si l'on témoignait de l'attachement et de la reconnaissance à la bonne déesse, on ne se montrait pas moins sévère à l'égard des génies ténébreux de mort et de destruction sur lesquels elle règne dans les profondeurs de la terre. On vengeait sur eux les outrages qu'ils avaient fait souffrir, pendant six mois, aux déités bienfaisantes de la lumière. C'est ainsi, comme nous l'avons dit, qu'en Italie, la Béfana, représentée sous les traits d'une femme maigre et décharnée, est maltraitée, lapidée et enfin sciée par le peuple, le treizième jour après les fêtes de Noël. Des usages de ce genre se rencontrent aussi dans les contrées méridionales de l'Allemagne, qui avoisinent l'Italie. Il est aussi évident que des réminiscences du paganisme se sont jointes aux terribles détails du martyre de Ste Macre, Mager ou Maigre, dont on célèbre la fête, en Champagne, le jour de l'Epiphanie.

  

D'après la tradition, cette sainte endura le martyre du temps de la grande persécution des Chrétiens, sous Dioclétien. Elle fut jetée au feu, et, n'en ayant reçu aucun dommage, on lui coupa les mamelles, on la roula sur des morceaux très aigus de pots cassés et ensuite sur des charbons enflammés; enfin, Dieu l'enleva à la cruauté des hommes! Tel est le résumé des rimes populaires que chantent parfois encore les enfants qui, le jour des Rois, parcourent, en Champagne, les villages avec un mannequin figurant une femme et qu'ils disent être l'effigie de Ste. Maigre! Nous voyons, dans cette sainte, une christianisation d'un usage païen qui ne pouvait se maintenir, après la chute du paganisme, que sous une forme nouvelle.

  

St Mélanie, évêque et confesseur, est pour Rennes, ce que Ste Macre ou Maigre est devenue pour Reims et la Champagne. Les miracles que la voix populaire lui attribue sont innombrables. Comme St. Macaire, il avait, dit-on, le pouvoir de faire parler les morts.

  

Les habitants des montagnes du Monta-Rosa prétendent qu'un mirage céleste fait quelquefois apercevoir, le jour de l'Epiphanie, la «vallées perdue», dont les souvenirs délicieux vivent dans la tradition de leur contrée alpine. Effectivement, qu'est cette vallée perdue, sinon un pays d'espérance, et la fête du treizième jour n'était-elle pas aussi principalement consacrée à l'Espoir?

 

Nous cherchons tous et toujours la vallée perdue, mais quel est l'heureux mortel qui la retrouve?

 

En Flandre comme en plusieurs parties de l'Allemagne, on nomme le jour des Rois: le Grand Nouvel An, et les Tyroliens attribuent à l'eau bénite de ce jour des forces particulières. Ils en aspergent les champs, les étables, les granges, etc. C'est aussi une croyance populaire à peu près générale que les mariages contractés le jour de la Sainte-Lumière sont heureux par excellence. En Brabant et en Flandre, les enfants chantent la veille et le jour des Rois différentes rimes qui paraissent très anciennes et qui ont trait, soit à la Sainte-Lumière soit à la demande d'un nouveau couvre-chef, le vieux s'étant sans doute usé, pendant le cours de l'année antérieure.

 

 

Dr. COREMANS.

 

(ex Etudes sur les mythes,  tome I, Les fêtes du Joul,  Héliopolis, 1851).

 

Note sur l'auteur: le Dr. Coremans, né à Bruxelles à la fin du XVIIIième siècle a dû quitter sa ville natale, en compagnie de son père, haut fonctionnaire impérial, à l'arrivée de la soldatesque jacobine dans les Pays-Bas autrichiens (1792). Elevé à Vienne, il y entre à la faculté de droit et s'engage dans les Burschenschaften  nationalistes et grandes-allemandes, qui s'opposent au morcellement du monde germanique, confirmé par le Traité de Vienne de 1815. Revenu à Bruxelles, parfaitement trilingue, il reste un légitimiste absolu: sa fidélité politique va à l'Autriche, au cadre germanique et centre-européen plutôt qu'à la dynastie des Habsbourg qui ne veut rien comprendre aux aspirations du peuple à l'unité. Païen dans l'âme, il rédigera une quantité d'études sur les mythes et les traditions populaires; dans bien des domaines de l'ethnologie, il sera un pionnier, mais, depuis, il a été bien oublié.