Arctic Resources to Boost Russia’s Pivot to Asia

Arctic Resources to Boost Russia’s Pivot to Asia

from thearcticmonitor.org:

 

The West is not the only global player to have its eyes on Asia. Russia is looking to become a key energy supplier for the Chinese and Indian markets and will use its Arctic gas to do so.

 

Global energy markets in deep transition

 

Russia is looking at diversifying its oil and gas exports which have so far mostly targeted the European market. Additionally, the recent tensions with the West, followed by economic sanctions, and the slow-down of Europe’s economy have made it necessary for the Kremlin to find new recipients for its oil and gas exports.

 

According to recent estimates, by 2050, emerging markets will account for 70 percent of the world trade. The Pacific pivot of the world’s main economies is quietly taking shape, and the Kremlin is jumping on the bandwagon.

 

Russia and India together in the Arctic

 

Last month, Gazprom Marketing & Trading Singapore (GM&T) and Yamal Trade entered a long-term contract for liquefied natural gas (LNG) supply. And most of the gas will be delivered to India. According to Gazprom’s website, the contract will be effective for over 20 years and provide an annual supply of 2.9 million tons of LNG. Although the price of the contract has not been announced yet, it will be determined using the formula with oil indexation, the news report says.

 

What is interesting in this deal is that Russia will be using its Arctic resources to supply a client for over 20 years. Beyond being another solid evidence of the «Indo-Pacific» pivot, this move teaches us two important things. First, that discussions about dropping Arctic oil and gas projects are somewhat moot and second, that long-term economic development of the Arctic is underway.

Analysis

First, some context. Let’s look at the actors involved in Russia’s energetic pivot to Asia. GM&T is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Gazprom group. It has five offices around the world, including one in Singapore established in 2010, focusing mainly on trading LNG.

 

Yamal Trade, a subsidiary of Yamal LNG founded in 2006 and headquartered in Moscow, offers LNG exploration and production services, such as the engineering and designing of the Sabetta onshore LNG facility. The construction of the Sabetta port in the Yamal peninsula started in 2012, and it comes as no surprise that the port is designed to facilitate shipments of LNG to the Asia-Pacific region.

 

The contract signed last month did not happen overnight. The deal is the result of lengthy talks and it took years for the Russian-Indian partnership to develop and mature.

 

In October 2013, Indian state-owned oil company Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) expressed its interest in partnering with Russia to explore for oil and gas in Russia’s Arctic waters. Officials from the two countries met and discussed the possibilities for exporting Russian gas to India via pipeline.

 

A few months later, in January 2014, Russia’s Energy Ministry unveiled a draft plan to at least double its oil and gas flows to Asia over the next 20 years. In 2013, only 16% of the total Russian oil and gas exports was sent to Asia. But by 2035, the Kremlin’s goal is to raise gas exports to Asia from 6% to 31%.

 

Then, in May 2014, it became public that GM&T and Yamal Trade signed an agreement to supply up to 3 million tons of LNG, and already, India was to be the main recipient. The press release stressed that LNG would be delivered under «FOB» terms. FOB stands for «free on board», meaning that «the individual or organization buying the goods is responsible for freight costs/liability». The LNG would transit from Western Europe to Asia.

 

By the end of 2014, during the 20th Offshore South East Asia Conference and Exhibition (OSEA) in Singapore in December, Moscow’s top oil and gas officials announced that Russia would take Asia-Pacific countries as main partners in the oil and gas sector and highlighted the benefits of mutual cooperation. OSEA is «Asia’s leading business technology event for the oil and gas industry», explains the official website.

 

Russia’s economic policy statement represents a landmark in its energy policy history and will have consequences that stretch far beyond the simple business relationship established between the two countries.

 

A few days later the same month, during Putin’s visit to India, Putin declared he was ready to export LNG to India with the involvement of the ONGC in Arctic projects. According to the company’s website, ONGC is ranked as the top energy company in India, fifth in Asia and has a market value of 46.4 billion US dollars – against 99.9 billion US dollars for Gazprom in 2013.

 

Putin also specified that using a cross-country pipeline to export natural gas would be much more expensive than relying on shipping to sell it in its liquid form, LNG. In the end, it comes down to a “question of commercial feasibility”, Putin said.

 

With a booming economy and population, India was the fourth-largest energy consumer in the world in 2011, the EIA notes. And although coal is still its main source of energy, New Delhi is actively trying to reform its energy sector.

 

India is expected to start receiving LNG shipments as early as in 2017, Putin indicated during his state visit.

 

Years of negotiations between Moscow and New Delhi paved the way for the contract signed on January 23rd by GM&T and Yamal Trade. According to the terms of the contract, an annual supply of 2.9 million tons of LNG will be shipped to Asia, most of which will end up fuelling India’s fast-growing energy needs.

 

Implications for the future

 

Although some pushed for a halt in Arctic drilling, Russian Natural Resources Minister Sergey Donskoy’s statement this week is not shocking in any way. « No one has suggested that the oil production forecast [in the Arctic] should be reduced », the minister said.

 

The « Russindian » deal evidently illustrates the major ongoing transformations that are happening in the energy sector: the exploitation of resources in new areas, and the need for the world’s main energy suppliers to broaden their horizons in amending their export policies. To draw a parallel, one could argue that, to some extent, Russia is in a situation similar to the one of Canada. A situation where the traditional recipients for energy exports (the U.S and the E.U) no longer reflect stability and predictability, but rather waning economic partners.

SOURCE: The Arctic Monitor

Der vergessene Gigant

Der vergessene Gigant

von Robin Classen

Ex: http://www.blauenarzisse.de

Gerne setzen Patrioten auf Russland oder China als Alternative zur nationalen und internationalen US-​Dominanz. Dabei gibt es einen weitaus besseren außenpolitischen Partner, meint Robin Classen.

In diesen Tagen blickt die Welt angespannt auf die Ukraine: Dort nimmt der Stellvertreterkonflikt zwischen Russland und den USA langsam wieder an blutiger Fahrt auf. Auch der IS steht weiter im Fokus des öffentlichen Interesses.

Die größte Demokratie der Erde

Etwas in den Hintergrund geriet jedoch der Besuch von US-​Präsident Barack Obamas in Indien Ende Januar. Es handelt sich um ein Land, dem geopolitisch auch in Deutschland viel zu wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wird. Dabei ist Indien nicht nur eines der größten Länder der Welt, sondern beherbergt auch unvorstellbare 1,2 Milliarden Menschen. Es ist damit die größte Demokratie der Erde.

Im IT– und Pharmazie-​Sektor hat das Land längst internationale Spitzenqualität erreicht. Und auch anderweitig geht es seit dem langsamen Ausstieg aus dem Sozialismus bergauf: Indien gehört längst zu den zehn größten Volkswirtschaften der Erde. Kein Wunder also, dass Obama den Kreis seiner asiatischen Partnerländer – neben Südkorea und Japan – um das Riesenreich erweitern will. Bei den jetzigen Verhandlungen geht es vornehmlich darum, dass die USA gerne die veraltete russische Atomtechnik im Land ersetzen würden. Milliardenaufträge für US-​Unternehmen stehen im Raum.

Die USA und China werben um Indien

Auch im Anti-​Terror-​Kampf und vor allem bei der Verteidigung soll stärker kooperiert werden. Die Ausgaben für letztere wurden von der indischen Regierung gerade erst um 15 Prozent erhöht. Laut der Welt besitzt Indien zugleich die international größte Artillerie-​Streitmacht.

Indien verspricht sich seinerseits von den USA Unterstützung bei dem Streben nach einem ständigen Sitz im UN-​Sicherheitsrat. Das würde eine enorme weltpolitische Aufwertung bedeuten. Doch China will ein Bündnis zwischen den USA und Indien unbedingt verhindern. Ihm allerdings Konflikte mit letzteren in Sri Lanka, Bangladesch und Nepal im Weg. China unterstützt beispielsweise die Regierung Sri Lankas im Kampf gegen die Tamilen. Es darf dafür einen weiteren Hafen in seine „Perlenkette“ aus geopolitisch und wirtschaftlich wichtigen Häfen einreihen – auch in Bangladesch steht mittlerweile einer.

Indien ist schon ähnlich eingekreist wie Russland von Seiten der NATO. Kein Wunder, dass sich die Sympathien zueinander in Grenzen halten. Zumal auch noch um eine indische Provinz gestritten wird, die China als Süd-​Nepal ansieht. Doch China will Indien nicht an die USA verlieren – und bot daher im September 2014 Investitionen im Umfang von 20 Milliarden Dollar an.

Nicht jeder Gegner der USA ist unser Freund

Angesichts dieser Ouvertüren von allen Seiten lehnt sich das seit 2014 unter dem Premierminister und Hindu-​Nationalisten Narendra Modi neu erstarkte Indien zurück und genießt. Für eine geopolitische Seite entscheiden wird sich das Land nicht so schnell. Das muss es auch gar nicht, solange die globalen Konfliktlinien nicht direkt vor der Haustür verlaufen. Indien hat zudem noch regional mit der islamischen, terrorgeplagten Atommacht Pakistan einen regionalen Gegner.

Von Deutschland aus halten sich die Offerten sowohl von der etablierten als auch von der alternativen Politik eher in Grenzen. Die Etablierten betreiben sowieso keine Geopolitik, sondern halten sich sklavisch an die von den USA vorgegebene Richtung. Andere – links wie rechts – sind der absurden Vorstellung verhaftet, die Auswüchse der US-​Außenpolitik seien nicht etwa die logische Konsequenz des Großmachtdaseins. Stattdessen meinen sie das Ergebnis einer von dunklen Kreisen herbeigeführten, besonderen Boshaftigkeit der USA zu erkennen. Jeder ihrer Gegner soll aus dieser abstrusen Perspektive automatisch unser Freund sein. Auf Grund dieser Denkweise blieb das eher neutrale Indien meist außen vor. Oder es wurde im holzschnittartigen Weltbild dieser Personen als chinesisches Anhängsel betrachtet.

Deutschland: In Indien sehr geschätzt

Für Anhänger eines neutralen, souveränen und ungebundenen Deutschlands als mitteleuropäischer Friedensmacht, wie ich es bin, ist das ebenfalls ungebundene Indien hingegen ein idealer Partner im asiatischen Raum. Gerade der Nationalist und Islamkritiker Modi ist ein Garant für eine positive Entwicklung des Riesenreichs und eine erfrischende, charismatische Gestalt auf der internationalen Bühne.

Indien genießt zudem mit seinen Gurus, seiner reizvollen Kultur und deren Derivaten wie dem westlichen Entspannungs-​Yoga einen guten Ruf in Deutschland. Umgekehrt wird Deutschland auf Grund des gemeinsamen indogermanischen Erbes als Brudernation gesehen und für seine wirtschaftliche Potenz verehrt. Deutschkurse an zahlreichen Schulen erfreuten sich – bis zu ihrer Abschaffung zugunsten der Klerikersprache Sanskrit – größter Beliebtheit.

Die Voraussetzungen für eine vertiefte Zusammenarbeit wären also vorhanden. Wenn Deutschland sich aus den Fängen der USA befreien und dann nicht gleich wieder in die Russlands oder Chinas springen würde, sollten Berlin und Neu-​Delhi mal telefonieren. Dringend.

RIC ou BRICS

par Jean-Paul Baquiast

Ex: http://www.europesolidaire.eu

 

Les deux ne sont pas incompatibles. Nous avons assez souvent présenté le BRICS ici pour ne pas revenir sur celui-ci, ni sur ses grands projets de dédollarisation, mise en place d'un Fonds monétaire et d'une Banque internationale BRICS.

Néanmoins dans l'immédiat, même si Dilma Rousseff, pour le Brésil, ne se retire en rien du BRICS, c'est le rapprochement Moscou, Pékin et New Dehli qui se précise. Nous pouvons donc parler de RIC. Or les éventuelles difficultés de coopération pouvant naitre d'une compétition entre la Russie, la Chine et l'Inde, semblent en voie de se résoudre. Une réunion entre les trois ministres des affaires étrangères, Sergueï Lavrov, Wang Yi et Sushma Swaraj (la ministre indienne) tenue le 2 février paraît en témoigner.

Sur le plan politique, on retiendra que la Chine et l'Inde ont confirmé leur attitude de neutralité au sujet de l'Ukraine. Ceci peut paraître un peu décevant pour Moscou, mais au contraire a été perçu comme positif, le reste de la « communauté internationale » incarnée par les Etats-Unis et les pays de l'Otan souhaitant une condamnation de la Russie de la part des Chinois et des Indiens. La récente visite de Obama à New Dehli visait en partie à provoquer une telle condamnation.

Par ailleurs, l'Inde et la Chine ont soutenu l'initiative de la Russie de faire adopter à l'Onu une résolution sur le caractère inadmissible d'une ingérence dans les affaires intérieures des États, ainsi que sur le refus de reconnaître un coup d'État comme un moyen de changement de pouvoir. En outre, New Dehli et Pékin ont rejoint la position de Moscou concernant le caractère inadmissible de sanctions unilatérales.

Concernant le fond de la coopération au sein du RIC, Sergueï Lavrov et Wang Yi ont annoncé soutenir la volonté de l'Inde d'adhérer à l'APEC (Coopération économique en Asie-Pacifique) et l'OCS (Organisation de coopération de Shanghai). Mais le point le plus important est que le ministre chinois aurait convaincu les représentants de la Russie et de l'Inde du fait qu'au sein du RIC, la Chine n'entendait pas affirmer une suprématie qui aurait à terme conduit l'accord entre les trois parties à l'échec.

Wang Yi a entrepris de démontrer à ses homologues que le projet commercial et économique ambitieux de la Chine, dit de la Ceinture ou Nouvelle Route de la Soie, serait bénéfique pour la Russie et l'Inde. Jusque là, Moscou et New Dehli restaient méfiants à l'égard de ce programme, craignant que les tentatives de relier la Chine à l'Europe par une "ceinture économique" via l'Asie centrale et orientale puissent détériorer les positions de la Russie et de l'Inde dans la région.

Le BRICS et la Grèce

Bien sûr, tout cela sera à concrétiser, mais débattre ouvertement de ces questions et s'engager à les résoudre ne pourra que donner une plus grande autorité aux projet du BRICS résumés en introduction. Rappelons que pour les Etats-Unis, la concrétisation de ces projets sera considérée comme une menace majeure à l'égard de leurs intérêts au sein de la zone dollar. Il n'est pas exclu que pour les contrer, Washington recoure à des moyens militaires.

Pour l'Europe, ces projets représenteraient également une menace si cédant aux pressions américaines, elle persistait à se tenir à l'écart du BRICS. Il s'agirait au contraire d'une opportunité considérable si elle s'engageait dans un rapprochement euroBRICS que de plus en plus d'Européens avertis demandent.

Dans l'immédiat si le gouvernement grec Tsipras désirait renforcer sa position par une coopération même limitée avec la Russie, élargir cette coopération à l'échelle du BRICS constituerait un atout considérable. La Grèce est un nain économique au regard des pays du BRICS, mais elle pourrait devenir un géant diplomatique si elle se rapprochait résolument des géants du BRICS.

Jean Paul Baquiast

La puissante organisation dont personne ne parle: l'OSC

 

 

 

La puissante organisation dont personne ne parle: l'OSC

Auteur : The Wealth Watchman

Ex: http://zejournal.mobi

Le réel pouvoir fondateur derrière les BRICS.

Les BRICS, comme nous l’avons déjà traité par ailleurs, ont été formés en réponse à la fraude financière et aux malversations occidentales. Son plus grand objectif est de donner à l’Orient une véritable impulsion dans des domaines comme le commerce, les mesures de sécurité et la coopération économique, le tout au sein d’un cercle qu’eux seuls, et non Washington, peuvent contrôler.

Ils ont parcouru un long chemin en un court laps de temps, c’est vrai, mais ils sont encore « les petits nouveaux du quartier ». En fait, ils ne se sont même pas conceptualisés en tant qu’idée sérieuse avant Septembre 2006 ! Leur première rencontre officielle, sans l’Afrique du Sud, n’a été tenue qu’en 2009.

Cependant, il y a une autre organisation qui est apparue avant les BRICS et qui est encore plus influente qu’eux en quelque sorte! Une organisation dont les fondateurs ont fait naître en premier l’idée ouvertement pro-marchés émergents, tout comme les BRICS.

Cette organisation dont presque personne ne parle, est appelée l’ « Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai » (OCS).

Je vous avais dit que presque personne n’en parle! Laissez-moi vous présenter l’organisation la plus puissante aujourd’hui dont presque personne n’a entendu parler. Mais c’est pour bientôt!

L’histoire derrière sa fondation

Tout d’abord, l’OCS s’ést établi avant les BRICS, en fait, leurs fondations ont été posées une décennie plus tôt, en 1996. Le but de l’OCS est un peu différent de celui des BRICS, toutefois ils ont de nombreux objectifs parallèles. Tout d’abord, la création de l’OCS est l’idée d’une alliance partielle entre deux pays, la Russie et la Chine.

Pourquoi alors ont-ils été créés ?

C’est la vraie question. Afin de bien mettre nos têtes au clair sur ce sujet, faisons un rapide récapitulatif de l’histoire.

Au tout début des années 1990, lorsque l’Union Soviétique avait pratiquement perdu la guerre froide, de nombreuses garanties et traités ont été acceptés et signés, entre Gorbatchev et les États-Unis. L’un des principes directeurs était que la Russie accepte, afin de faire disparaitre pacifiquement l’Union Soviétique, que la nouvelle Allemagne Ouest et Est réunis, adhère à l’OTAN. Cependant, tout aussi important, en retour, la garantie avait été donnée au Ministre des Affaires Étrangères soviétique, Edouard Chevardnadze, que l’OTAN (une force militaire de dissuasion créée comme un contrepoids pour surveiller les forces soviétiques en Europe), n’utilise, en aucun cas, l’Allemagne pour faire un « saute mouton » et étendre sa composition plus à l’Est.

C’était un accord des plus raisonnable, et il constituait la base d’une grande paix … une paix qui aurait pu durer indéfiniment sans l’orgueil et l’arrogance de l’Ouest et des « banksters » mondialistes qui se sont hissés à sa tête. En fait, tout bêtement, le Dragon de la Banque a immédiatement commencé à revenir sur cette promesse fondamentale faite à la Russie, et a commencé à bâtir des plans pour étendre son alliance militaire de l’OTAN vers l’Est, vers le territoire russe.

La toute première admission publique faite par les mondialistes, montrant qu’ils visaient à rompre leurs promesses sur l’expansion de l’OTAN vers la Russie, fût faite par le président Clinton, en faisant un demi-tour complet en 1996. Par ailleurs, si vous vous souvenez, 1996 fût exactement l’année durant laquelle le groupe, qui deviendra l’OCS, a été formé (ce n’est pas une coïncidence).

« Wile E. Brzezinski », Kissinger, et tous les magouilleurs de l’OTAN, ont immédiatement commencé à mettre leurs promesses dans la corbeille à papier! Dans tous les sens, et aussi vers l’Est, ils ont distribué des cartes d’adhérents à l’OTAN, à tout le monde et même à leurs animaux de compagnie!

La Hongrie, la République tchèque, la Pologne et même d’anciens satellites soviétiques, comme les pays baltes, ont été admis. Plutôt que de tenir leur promesse de ne pas étendre l’OTAN, ils ont carrément doublé le nombre d’adhérents, passant de 12 à 24 États! A l’heure actuelle, ils sont 28 membres. Ils sont même allés jusqu’à mettre quelques bases navales en Asie centrale.

Le principe élémentaire des ces traités a été violé, et Washington DC s’est mit en mouvement pour encercler militairement la Russie, pour mettre des « systèmes de défense antimissile » en place autour de leurs frontières. Tout cela a été accompli au cours d’une planification de pivot vers l’Asie, et même d’un déplacement vers les républiques d’Asie centrale. Le pouvoir vacant que l’Empire Soviétique en ruine avait laissé, allait bientôt être comblé par Brzezinski et les mondialistes occidentaux.

Quelque chose devait être fait pour contenir les agressions des États-Unis et de l’OTAN, et rapidement.

L’Orient Répond

La Russie et la Chine savaient ce que signifiait l’annonce du président Clinton sur les nouvelles adhésions à l’OTAN, et se sont immédiatement mis au travail. Dans la même année, ils ont mit en place une organisation, dans la ville de Shanghai, connue sous le nom de « Shanghai Five », car il avait cinq États membres à ses débuts. Plus tard, en 2001, avec l’admission de l’Ouzbékistan, il a été rebaptisé l’Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai.

Jetons un coup d’œil à la brève description que Wikipédia lui donne dans leur introduction: L’OCS est une organisation politique, économique et militaire eurasienne qui a été fondée à Shanghai par les dirigeants de la Chine, du Kazakhstan, du Kirghizistan, de la Russie et du Tadjikistan.

Arrêtons nous là un moment. Rappelez-vous les pays que nous avons examinés et que « Wile E. Brzezinski » avait désigné dans « Le Grand Échiquier » comme clés pour contrôler l’Eurasie? Oui, il s’agissait de l’Ouzbékistan, du Tadjikistan et du Turkménistan, etc. Il semble que la Russie et la Chine avaient un accord avec M. Brzezinski, sur la question de leur importance stratégique, parce que, dès l’instant où ils ont su que les promesses de l’OTAN étaient nulles et non avenues, ils ont commencé à bouger pour fermer l’Ouest par ce couloir particulier de façon définitive.

Ses six États membres couvrent 60% de la masse continentale de l’Eurasie, sans oublier de mentionner qu’ils représentent l’énorme quart de la population mondiale!

Cependant, si vous incluez les États «observateurs», qui sont en lice pour une adhésion officielle, alors tous ceux qui sont affiliés à cette organisation comprendraient pas moins de 50% de la population mondiale!

Eh bien, bénissez-moi, si tout ceci n’avait pas été préparé de longue date! Les seules parties ignorées sont l’Asie du Sud, le Caucase, le monde arabe et l’Europe! Presque tout le monde en Asie centrale et méridionale est soit un membre, soit un «observateur» en l’état actuel des choses!

Parlons des «observateurs» …

L’adhésion à l’OCS

Une nation ne peut pas simplement décider de rejoindre l’OCS. Ce n’est pas comme cela que ça fonctionne. L’OCS soumet un candidat à un processus de «filtrage» avant de l’accepter comme nouveau membre.

La première étape pour devenir un membre, traditionnellement, est de demander le « statut d’observateur ». Ensuite les membres tiennent une série de réunions de dialogue avec le demandeur, afin de déterminer si l’application de la nation serait un ajout positif au groupe. Le test décisif pour l’adhésion semble consister à savoir si l’application de la nation répondrait à quelque chose appelé « L’esprit de Shanghai ».

Dans leurs propres mots, pour satisfaire à « L’esprit de Shanghai », une nation candidate doit remplir ces caractéristiques : la confiance mutuelle, les avantages réciproques, l’égalité, la consultation, le respect de la diversité culturelle et la poursuite du développement commun.

Si un candidat ne peut pas répondre à la plupart ou la totalité de ces choses, il ne fait pas l’affaire. Afin d’être approuvé au « statut d’observateur », chacun des six pays membres doit vous donner le feu vert. Si le Tadjikistan pense que vous seriez un préjudice pour le groupe, alors ce que pensent la Chine et la Russie n’a pas d’importance: vous ne faites pas l’affaire! Il doit y avoir un accord unanime pour qu’un nouveau membre rejoigne les rangs.

La stratégie la plus évidente pour les États-Unis et l’OTAN ne serait-elle pas tout simplement de détruire cette nouvelle organisation de l’intérieur? Pourquoi ne rejoignent-ils pas tout simplement l’OCS, afin de contrecarrer toutes ses voix?

Les États-Unis ont déjà demandé le « statut d’observateur » à l’OCS! En fait, ils ont demandé il y a près d’une décennie, en 2006, et on leur a répondu « merci, mais non merci ».

Cela devrait cimenter, dans l’esprit de chacun, à quel point ils sont retranchés contre Washington et les élites occidentales.

Une organisation militaire

Toutefois, au cas où vous seriez tentés de penser que l’OCS est juste un groupe de gars « sympathiques », qui chantent « Kumbaya », et applique de la cire sur des propos de solidarité, de coopération et de commerce, détrompez-vous! Ne l’oublions pas, l’OCS n’est pas un « tigre de papier ». D’ailleurs, l’OCS a toujours été prévu pour des questions militaires depuis le début. Après tout, il a été construit pour offrir la sécurité aux frontières de ses États membres, à la fois contre le terrorisme et contre toute tentative de placer des systèmes de missiles autour de leur périphérie. C’était une réponse directe à l’empiètement de l’OTAN vers les frontières de la Russie.

En fait, durant leur dernière réunion en Septembre, ils ont réaffirmé leur position catégorique à propos de tels comportements : « le renforcement unilatéral et illimité du système de défense antimissile par un quelconque État ou groupe d’états nuirait à la sécurité internationale et à la stabilité stratégique ».

Ils disent clairement à la fois à Washington et à l’OTAN, que de tenter de rajouter des systèmes de défense antimissile, serait considéré comme une menace directe à leur stabilité et à leur sécurité.

Mais, ils ne se sont pas contentés de simplement dire aux banquiers occidentaux de faire marche arrière, ils ont commencé à organiser certains exercices de guerre assez impressionnants. En fait, l’an dernier, ils ont tenu conjointement un exercice anti-terroriste qui a impliqué plus de 7000 soldats.

Comme vous pouvez le voir, ils ont clairement évolués du stade de « renforcement de la confiance » des premiers jours, vers une alliance militaire assurée et hautement synchronisée. Laquelle est capable de répondre rapidement aux menaces internes ou externes.

Le dernier recours des « banksters »

Cela a eu pour effet de terrifier les banksters. Après tout, leur truc habituel, depuis des siècles, a toujours été de «diviser pour régner». Ils ont été maîtres en la matière pour retourner les peuples et les nations les uns contre les autres, de sorte qu’ils puissent les manipuler et les contrôler, mais cette tactique « d’empêcher les barbares de se rassembler », à l’évidence ne fonctionne plus.

Puisque le pouvoir militaro/bancaire anglo-américain ne va sûrement pas s’en aller gentiment, ils se trouvent concrètement face à une seule option: essayer d’attirer l’un d’eux dans une guerre, avant que les concurrents arrivistes (OCS, BRICS, Eurasian Economic Alliance) ne puissent complètement se fondre ensemble. Si vous regardez tout autour, c’est exactement ce que vous verrez.

En essayant de lancer inutilement une guerre contre l’Iran (qui a le «statut d’observateur» à l’OCS), de renverser le gouvernement de l’Ukraine, et de tenter d’attirer la Russie dans une guerre dans la région du Dombass séparatiste, les États-Unis et Londres ont tenté d’entraver tout nouveau progrès de cette alliance résolument anti-dollar, anti-OTAN et anti-FMI.

Par ailleurs, en 2014, l’OCS a décidé de ne pas ajouter de nouveaux membres pour l’instant, bien qu’elle devait le faire. La raison est que l’OCS pensait que le fait que les banksters tentent d’attirer la Russie dans la guerre en Ukraine était si grave, que la majeure partie de la réunion de Septembre 2014 a porté sur l’élaboration d’un accord de paix sur cette situation.

En vérité, si vous voulez connaître les forces réelles derrière l’accord de Minsk, ne cherchez pas plus loin qu’un effort conjoint du Kremlin et l’OCS.

La tentative de mettre l’Ukraine toute entière hors des sentiers du commerce eurasien, n’a été que partiellement réussie. Après tout, l’Occident a perdu la Crimée, et à ce jour, a perdu le Dombass également. Cet échec à prendre la base navale russe de la mer noire, et à attirer la Russie dans un engagement, a fait grincer les dents de Wile E. Brzezinski et de ses marionnettistes mondialistes. Si vous ne me croyez pas, il suffit d’écouter cette interview avec le « coyote » lui-même (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrRPZ6CBvPw). Il est plus bouleversé que je ne l’ai jamais vu, et il a pourtant donné beaucoup d’interviews au cours des 6 derniers mois.

Conclusion

« Wile E. Brzezinski » et les puissants « banksters » occidentaux sont désespérés et paniqués , en regardant, impuissants, leur plus grande crainte se dérouler devant eux. Une alliance eurasienne viable est en train de devenir réalité.

Dans cette nouvelle réalité, leurs anciens mécanismes de contrôle (le prêt à intérêt et l’esclavage par la dette du FMI et de la Banque Mondiale, ainsi que les incursions de « sécurité » des États-Unis et de l’OTAN) seront à la fois importuns et sans pertinence.

Le monde ne veut plus de leurs « services » voyous. Après tout, ils peuvent subvenir à leur propre sécurité!

Le monde n’a jamais eu besoin de cette drogue dette/monnaie des banksters, et grâce à la Banque des BRICS et d’autres mécanismes, ils vont bientôt avoir tout le capital dont ils ont besoin pour s’attaquer à leurs défis, libéré du contrôle de la Banque Dragon.

Les BRICS ont un énorme pouvoir, mais ils ont toujours été l’extension économique d’une précédente alliance militaro/sécuritaire, l’OCS. Jusqu’à ce point, l’OCS a préféré que les BRICS soient le visage public de l’alternative à la domination occidentale, mais l’OCS cherche à commencer à monter sur le devant de la scène, aux côtés des BRICS.

Tout cela conduit à des conjectures concernant une information récente qui a fait l’effet d’une bombe.

Est-ce que quelqu’un d’autre se souvient de l’annulation du South Stream, le gazoduc qui devait s’écouler à travers la Bulgarie et en Europe?

Qui est désormais le principal bénéficiaire de ce pipeline de gaz naturel à la place de l’Europe ?

La Turquie, un «observateur» de l’OCS, et (dans mon esprit) le joueur asiatique clé, pas encore totalement admis à bord. L’Eurasie ne peut pas bien fonctionner sans ce pays « passerelle » qu’est la Turquie.

L’abandon du South Stream à travers l’Europe est une énorme affaire, et cela m’amène à me demander: est-ce le prix à payer pour convaincre la Turquie (également membre-clé asiatique de l’OTAN) de changer de camp d’Ouest en Est? Seront-ils bientôt l’État surprise, qui passera de pays «observateur» de l’OCS, à membre à part entière au vote en 2015?

En outre, s’il devait rejoindre pleinement l’OCS, deviendrait-il le premier grand membre de l’OTAN … à quitter l’OTAN?

Cependant, qu’il soit inclus parmi les membres en 2015 ou non, une chose est certaine, ces nouvelles organisations de l’Eurasie sont en train de changer l’histoire si vite, que cela dépasse l’entendement. Le 21ème siècle ne ressemblera en rien à ses prédécesseurs. L’Asie (et progressivement l’Europe) semble être désireux de créer un monde nouveau, libéré des banksters « US/UK » et de leur contrôle militaire.

A quoi ressemblera la terre, une fois que tout le monde se sera rendu compte que la «nation indispensable» a toujours été complètement dispensable?

Enfin, qu’arrivera-t-il au dollar américain, et à ceux dont la richesse repose sur lui, une fois que cette nouvelle puissance mondiale sera prête à l’abandonner entièrement (comme ils le feront très certainement)?

Depuis plus d’un siècle, les banques occidentales ont volé la richesse et le destin des plus anciens, des dynasties de l’Est, et maintenant les peuples et les pouvoirs qui y sont situés, ont formé un partenariat aux dents solides pour une coopération sur leurs intérêts communs.

Désolé « Wile E. Brzezinski » et les amis mondialistes mais votre rêve de garder l’Eurasie divisée et sous votre pouce est bouleversé !

- Source : The Wealth Watchman

Le yuan et la roupie soutiendront le rouble

Auteur : Konstantin Garibov

Ex: http://zejournal.mobi

Le gouvernement indien élabore un scénario du renoncement à l'utilisation du dollar et de l'euro dans les régements avec la Russie. Il est prévu d'utiliser très prochainement les roubles et les roupies dans les échanges commerciaux entre la Russie et l'Inde.

Les exportateurs indiens insistent sur cette solution. « Nous n'avons pas de temps pour une longue attente : la chute du rouble nuit aux exportations indiennes car les règlements se font en dollars ». C'est ce qu'a déclaré Adjai Sakhaï, directeur général de la Fédération des exportateurs indiens (FIEO). « Tous les règlements commerciaux peuvent être effectués en roupies », - affirme Adjai Sakhaï.

Les businessmen chinois proposent la même chose – de passer aux règlements en yuans. Andrei Ostrovski, expert de l'Institut de l'Extrême-Orient, croit que l'essentiel, ce n'est pas le rouble, mais la Russie.

« Les deux pays ont intérêt à développer les liens économiques et commerciaux avec elle. Il est de plus en plus difficile de le faire avec le dollar. Le cours du rouble a chuté. Alors, pour la Chine et pour l'Inde, les exportations deviennent problématiques. La Russie a intérêt à exporter, non à importer. Alors, l'Inde et la Chine ont du mal à poursuivre les exportations en Russie. Lorsque le cours du rouble baisse, il vaut mieux travailler avec la roupie et le yuan, puisque dans le cas des règlements en une autre monnaie, les exportateurs des produits en Russie subissent de grosses pertes. Cela amène à la majoration des prix de 10-15. »

Les propositions de renoncer aux dollars et euros dans les règlements avec la Russie ont été faites bien avant la chute du rouble. Les exportateurs indiens avaient des problèmes à cause de la baisse de demande de leurs produits aux Etats-Unis, de la récession industrielle au Japon et de la crise en Europe. Les exportateurs chinois connaissent, eux aussi, une baisse de demande sur les marchés étrangers. Alors, l'Inde et la Chine sont prêtes à soutenir le rouble, mais non sans intérêt pour elles-mêmes, croit Alexandre Salitski, l'expert de l'Institut IMEMO de l'Académie des Sciences de Russie.

« Ici, tout est assez simple. Les deux pays orientaux ont un intérêt à ce que leurs monnaies aient un statut international, régional. Les accords avec la Russie, y compris dans le cadre du BRICS, visent l'utilisation des monnaies nationales des trois pays dans les règlements entre les partenaires. A mesure que dans ces pays, certains secteurs de l'économie deviennent compétitifs à l'échelle globale, il est logique de passer à ce niveau dans les règlements. Seulement, ce n'est pas si simple et cela demande du temps. »

Le chef du Centre des études orientales de l'Académie diplomatique du MAE de Russie Andrei Volodine est certain que le renoncement au dollar dans les règlements est une tendance qui gagne du terrain.

Dans ce cas, le mécanisme est simple. Si les échanges commerciaux entre les économies émergeantes deviennent plus importants qu'avec les pays industrialisés, le dollar n'est plus nécessaire dans les règlements. Ce processus est lancé, il va croissant car plusieurs économies émergeantes souffrent à cause de l'utilisation de la monnaie américaine dans les règlements. Les accords de swap, c'est le premier moyen de passer aux règlements en monnaies nationales. L'Inde, la Chine, le Brésil commencent à les pratiquer.

Il y a un point important : malgré la chute du rouble, la Chine n'a pas demandé de corriger l'accod avec la Russie sur le swap yuan-rouble.

- Source : Konstantin Garibov

Eurasian consolidation and India's policy

Eurasian consolidation and India's policy

By Zorawar Daulet Singh

Ex: http://www;atimes.com

Speaking Freely is an Asia Times Online feature that allows guest writers to have their say. Please click here if you are interested in contributing.

Since English geographer and geopolitician Halford Mackinder's published a Russia containment strategy disguised as a grand theory in 1904, the Eurasian heartland has been perceived by the Anglo-American world as a threat to its global position.

Ironically, as Mackinder was writing his paper, the heartland power, czarist Russia, was in its death throes - Japan's 1904-1905 naval victories in the Pacific had removed all illusions about Russia's status as a first-rate power.

Yet, within three decades, a revolutionary and industrializing.

Russia was emerging as a potential superpower. Stalin's crushing, albeit costly, annihilation of Hitler's Third Reich established the Soviet Union as the second global pole. China's own revolution, inspired and financed by Stalin's Russia, produced the first major consolidation of the Eurasian heartland.

Led by America, the West initiated a sustained grand strategy of countering this new force in world politics. Nicholas Spykman offered a theoretical precursor to this strategy in his 1942 book, America's Strategy in World Politics, which argued for America to project its strategic influence on the "Rimland" regions around the Soviet periphery.

Middle powers like India located on the Eurasian Rimland, however, reacted differently and consciously chose an approach that sought to maintain friendly and constructive ties with both these formidable blocs.

Despite some material costs, the overall developmental and security advantages of such an independent approach has never been credibly challenged. Indeed, this notion of sustaining a balance between the Atlantic and Eurasian worlds became an ingrained feature of Indian thinking and foreign policy practice.

During the interlude between 1991 and the resurgence of the Eurasian powers in the last decade, any notion of a balance between the two worlds became irrelevant. But the dramatic revival of the Eurasian world, and, its ongoing second phase of consolidation since the 1940s and 1950s, has revived the logic of balance in global geopolitics.

How should India view the contemporary alignment of Russia and China?

First, US policies have played an important part in driving Russia away from the West. But China's new post-Dengist identity as a great power seeking to improve its own bargaining equation with the US is also a factor in Beijing's outreach to Moscow.

As Gilbert Rozman of Princeton University perceptively notes, "Moscow and Beijing have disagreements about the future order they envision for their regions. But they agree that the geopolitical order of the East should be in opposition to that of the West."

Unlike the US, India has absolutely no problem with a stronger Russia, and, a Moscow buttressing its Asian identity. A Moscow-Beijing alignment, however, poses some challenges - although not nearly as serious as this development is for America's global position.

What are the implications of this global triangular development for India?

A modicum of a balance of power is a positive development for the overall international system. The short history of unipolarity leaves no doubt about the adverse impact of an unrestrained superpower on the lesser powers. As Russian President Vladimir Putin recently remarked, "The very notion of 'national sovereignty' has become a relative value for most countries."

While India shares some values with the West, such as a commitment to democracy and a liberal vision of a rule-based system, it finds that many Western norms on global governance and managing international security often contradict that liberal vision.

A challenge to Western predominance, and, certainly against its most unilateralist impulses, is not unwelcomed by the Indian strategic elite.

At the regional level, the rise of China is producing a variety of challenges: some evident, others still in flux. For example, China's evolving role beyond its core focus on East Asia is bringing new forms of Sino-Indian strategic interactions, especially in states that overlap the peripheries of India and China. Just as India is discovering the logic of multipolarity, smaller states in Southeast and South Asia are also recognizing the virtues of multiple options to advance their developmental and security interests.

The foreign policies of Vietnam and Sri Lanka exemplify this. Both these states have lived under Chinese and Indian power for most of their existence and are seeking opportunities to make new friends.

In the Sri Lankan case, it is primarily Indian apathy and lack of statecraft that has enabled Colombo to acquire more than the usual maneuvering space. In Vietnam's case, it is the sheer consequence of China's growing power that is impelling Vietnam to pursue multiple strategic partnerships. Ironically, it is Moscow that has assumed the leading role in modernizing Vietnam's military capabilities. For both India and China, the challenge is to ensure that their smaller neighbors remain at the very least non-aligned and sensitive to their respective concerns. India needs to re-discover a rich tradition of statecraft that had got subsumed in domestic instability and parochialism in recent decades.

Globally, India is facing an interdependent world but with the Atlantic and Eurasian great powers intensifying their competition over many issues and regions. Dmitry Trenin argues that the "US-Russian crisis" will spill over into a struggle waged "in the realms of geoeconomics, information, culture, and cyberspace".

The US and China are also competing for the future of an East Asian order but the high economic interdependence between China and its neighbors, and, China and the US (two-way trade in 2013 was US$562 billion) has made the game assume a more complex shape. But with Moscow and Beijing coordinating and backing up each other's core interests, the US ability to divide the Eurasian world has become severely constrained.

While the instinct for a balanced posture comes naturally to Indian policymakers, the pursuit of India's own interests has invariably been a more challenging endeavor. Indeed, this was always the most powerful critique of non-alignment: India got the meta-vision right but struggled with the micromanagement of its own interests and role. Yet, rather than focus on defining Indian interests clearly and sensibly, the contemporary discourse around Indian foreign policy typically revolves around challenging the meta-vision - by posing absurd questions such as 'will India will swing west or east?' This is the wrong analytical level to advance a debate on India's foreign policy.

Only once Indian interests are defined can India pursue and defend these. On core frontier issues, India has recognized it needs to manage its disputes by itself. No great power can solve these questions for India. Fortunately, nuclear conditions have obviated several scenarios of conflict escalation on India's frontiers. As a territorial status quo power, India's future challenge is managing its stalemates with China and Pakistan, and, exercising political will if opportunities for genuine border settlements arise.

But on several other fronts, the opportunity for constructing issue-based partnerships, often with different great powers, is becoming logical. For example, on climate change, Suresh Prabhu, a newly inducted minister in the government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has expressed a new realistic position where India cannot secure its interests by riding Chinese coat-tails, because the latter's capacity to assume responsibilities outpaces India's.

Prabhu remarked, "India and China must cooperate. But we must remember that India's interests are not the same as China's. …There is no way India could be asked to take the same kind of climate actions as China."

On developing a framework for cyber governance, India does not agree with the US position. In the July BRICS summit at Fortaleza, Modi noted, "BRICS countries, should take the lead in preserving cyberspace, as a global common good." On terrorism, beneath the veneer of a global consensus, India has found its partners have fleeting attention when it comes to operationalizing a shared revulsion for cross-border terrorism. On global finance, the gradual trend line towards a multiple reserve currency system with an internationalizing yuan offers benefits in terms of a less imbalanced and thus stable system, and, access to diverse forms of international capital.

On the maritime commons, India has common interests with big trading nations such as US and China, who all seek security of shipping lanes, even as India simultaneously seeks to shape the geopolitics on its own maritime frontiers, which are in proximity to international sea lines of communication.

On energy security, India seeks to leverage Western technological advantages when it comes to tapping non-conventional hydrocarbons but also has more durable interests with the energy rich powers such as Russia, Iran and Saudi Arabia. On pursuing new lines of communication to Eurasia, India has a long-term common interest with Iran and Russia, the two leading powers with the keys to access that space.

Although the accompanying rhetoric is still measured by Cold War standards, world politics is at an inflexion point where the fierce competition between the Atlantic and Eurasian worlds could fuel more global instability. The competition is a manifestation of a post-unipolar power transition with the great powers disagreeing on both the path towards a new equilibrium or what should be the normative design of a future world order. As Putin remarked at the Valdai Forum in October, "The goal of reaching global equilibrium is turning into a fairly difficult puzzle, an equation with many unknowns."

India needs a more sophisticated outlook and domestic conversation on global and regional affairs, and, the skill and poise to work constructively with a variety of great powers who appear unlikely to get along with each other for the foreseeable future.

Speaking Freely is an Asia Times Online feature that allows guest writers to have their say. Please click here if you are interested in contributing. Articles submitted for this section allow our readers to express their opinions and do not necessarily meet the same editorial standards of Asia Times Online's regular contributors.

Zorawar Daulet Singh is a research scholar at King's College London.

(Copyright 2014 Zorawar Daulet Singh)

Alain Daniélou’s Virtue, Success, Pleasure, & Liberation

Alain Daniélou’s Virtue, Success, Pleasure, & Liberation

By Collin Cleary 

Ex: http://www.counter-currents.com

Alain Daniélou
Virtue, Success, Pleasure, and Liberation: The Four Aims of Life in the Tradition of Ancient India ^[2]
Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions, 1993.

One hears a great deal today about “multiculturalism,” and the multicultural society. We (i.e., we Americans) are told that ours is a multicultural society. But, curiously, multiculturalism is also spoken of as a goal. What this reveals is that multiculturalism is not simply the recognition and affirmation of the fact that the U.S.A. is made up of different people from different cultural backgrounds. Instead, multiculturalism is an ideology which is predicated on cultural relativism. Its proponents want to convince people that (a) all cultures are equally good, rich, interesting, and wholesome, and that (b) a multicultural society can exist in which no one culture is dominant. The first idea is absurd, the second is impossible.

The apostles of multiculturalism are moved less by a genuine desire to “celebrate diversity” than by a hatred for Northern European culture, which is the semi-official, dominant culture of America. Indeed, multiculturalists generally nurture the most naive and simplistic ideas of what a culture is. Their conception of “culture” is fixated at the perceptual level: culture is costume,music, dance, decoration, food. What is essential to culture, however, is a certain Weltanschauung: a view of the world, and of human nature. It is in their response to these world views that multiculturalists reveal their true colors, for they tolerate and permit only those elements of a culture’s world view that do not conflict with liberal ideology.

Out of one side of their mouths, the multiculturalists tell us that one cannot judge a culture, that morality is culturally relative, that cultures are not better or worse, just “different,” and that we must revel in these differences. Thus, the English do not drive on the “wrong” side of the road, merely the left side. But when it’s not a matter of traffic laws, but a matter of severed clitorises, then the other, louder side of the multiculturalists’ mouths open, and they tell us that this sort of thing isn’t just different, it’s evil. In addition to this, one also sees that multiculturalism involves a relentless trivialization of important cultural differences. Thus, college students are encouraged to see religion almost as a matter of “local color.” Isn’t it wonderful that the Indians cook such spicy food, and worship such colorful gods! Isn’t it all terribly charming? They are further encouraged to view religion as a thoroughly irrational affair. Rather than encouraging an appreciation for different faiths, what this produces is a condescending attitude, and resistance to taking the claims of religion seriously when they conflict with the “rational” agenda of modern liberalism.

Indeed, multiculturalism is so anti-cultural that one is tempted to see behind it an even deeper, more sinister agenda. Perhaps the whole idea is to deliberately gut the world’s cultures, reducing their differences to matters of dress and cuisine, and to replace those earthborn guts with a plastic, Naugahyde culture of secularism, scientism, and egalitarianism. Why? Because real, significant cultural differences make it very hard for our corporations to do business overseas and to sell their wares. Solution: homogenization masquerading as “celebration of diversity.” The multiculturalists are right when they declare that de facto, the United States is a multicultural society. But there has never been a multicultural society in the history of the world in which there was not one dominant culture which provided a framework allowing the others to co-exist. To the multiculturalist, the unacknowledged framework is modern liberalism. I will assume that I do not have to rehearse for my readers the many arguments for why modern liberalism is untenable as a long-term societal framework.Where should we look, then, for a framework for a multicultural society? Why not look to the Indian caste system? It was the caste system that allowed Aryan and non-Aryan to co-exist peacefully in India for centuries.

The liberals will immediately object that the caste system is oppressive and unjust. In Virtue, Success, Pleasure and Liberation, however, Alain Daniélou argues that the caste system is actually a supremely just and peaceful arrangement. It is just because it is built on a recognition of real human difference; a “celebration of diversity,” if you will. Aristotle held that justice is treating equals equally, and unequals unequally. If people are not the same, then it is a mistake to treat them as if they are. The caste system is built on the idea that some human beings are born to work, others to fight and lead, and others to pray. The caste system gives to each human being a place, a community, a code of ethics, and a sense of identity and pride. Daniélou points out that although the system involves hierarchy, each level of the hierarchy is regarded as intrinsically valuable and as essential. Each plays a role that is regarded as important and indispensable. Thus, it is the caste system which truly affirms that different groups are merely different, not better or worse.

Is Daniélou whitewashing the caste system? Consider the words he quotes from the Mahabharata: “There is no superior caste. The Universe is the work of the Immense Being. The beings created by him were only divided into castes according to their aptitude.” But what of individuals born to the wrong caste? For example, what of a child born to the merchant class who shows aptitude to be a priest or scholar? Such things happen. Daniélou tells us that exceptional individuals are allowed to live “outside” the caste system, and are accepted as valuable members of the society as a whole. Modern society is structured on the premise that everyone is exceptional and can make up his mind what he wants to do. Given that sort of freedom, most people get lost — as witness the modern phenomenon of the “slacker,” or the flotsam and jetsam going in and out of psychiatrists’ offices every day.

Despite what I have said, this book is not a treatise on the caste system, but on the four things that all human lives must possess or achieve in order to be complete. In discussing virtue, success, pleasure, and liberation, Daniélou quotes extensively from ancient Indian texts, offering us an abundance of excellent advice about how to understand life and to live well. Indeed, this is really a book about how to lead a truly human life. Daniélou places the four aims in a cosmic context, showing how the same fourfold division is present in all levels of reality. It is present, of course, in the four castes (worker/artisan, producer/merchant, warrior/aristocrat, priest/scholar), and in the four stages of biological development (childhood, youth, maturity, old age), the four seasons, the four elements, the four races of humanity (black, yellow, red, white), the cycle of ages (yugas), the four bodily functions (digestion, assimilation, circulation, excretion), and the four points of the compass (in this order, significantly: south, east, west, north).

This is an excellent companion volume to Daniélou’s The Myths and Gods of India ^[3].

Source: Tyr, vol.. 1 (Atlanta: Ultra, 2002).

 

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URL to article: http://www.counter-currents.com/2014/10/virtue-success-pleasure-liberation/

URLs in this post:

[1] Image: http://www.counter-currents.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Virtue.jpg

[2] Virtue, Success, Pleasure, and Liberation: The Four Aims of Life in the Tradition of Ancient India: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B005IQ6AVY/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B005IQ6AVY&linkCode=as2&tag=countecurrenp-20&linkId=2SMLM6Q3BGWZDR7W

[3] The Myths and Gods of India: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B005PQUZ3G/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B005PQUZ3G&linkCode=as2&tag=countecurrenp-20&linkId=7R45BK5EQM4HKVC3

Alain Daniélou’s The Myths & Gods of India

Alain Daniélou’s The Myths & Gods of India

By Collin Cleary

Ex: http://www.counter-currents.com

Alain Daniélou
The Myths and Gods of India ^[2]
Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions, 1991.
(Originally published as Hindu Polytheism by Bollingen Foundation, New York, 1964.)

Typically, those who profess an interest in what might be called “Indo-European spirituality” gravitate toward either the Celtic or Germanic traditions. The Indian tradition tends to be ignored. In part, this is because present-day Indians seem so different from us. We think of their culture and philosophy as “Eastern,” as alien. Physically, the Indians look very different from those of European descent (though higher caste Indians tend to look very European, right down to lighter skin and hair, and sometimes blue eyes). But if we wish to rediscover the religion and traditions of our ancestors, what better place is there to begin than with India? The oldest Indo-European texts are the Vedas, after all. To be sure, it is hard to separate what comes from the ancient Aryans in Indian religion, myth, and mysticism, and what was contributed by the indigenous peoples conquered by the Aryans. But the same problem exists with respect to the Celtic and Germanic traditions. In addition, we know far more about the culture and religion of the ancient Aryans who invaded India, than we do about the culture and religion of the Celts and the Vikings. For one thing, more ancient texts survive in India. Therefore, anyone wishing to re-construct the “old ways” must become deeply immersed in all things Indian.

It is a cliche to state this in a review, but I write the following with total sincerity: if you read only one book on Hinduism, it must be Daniélou’s Myths and Gods of India. Indeed, it is hard to imagine why one would need to read any other. Danielou’s account of Hinduism is exhaustive, profound, and detailed. The book contains, first of all, cogent arguments on behalf of polytheism.

It details the Indian cosmogony and cosmology; the nature of Space, Time, and Thought; the nature of Brahman and Maya. Daniélou gives a complete description of every major Hindu divinity in terms of his or her function, myths, and symbolism. He details the minor gods and genii. He discusses the theory behind Mantras and Yantras. There is even extensive coverage of ritual, and the manner in which the gods must be worshiped. Alain Daniélou was born in 1907 in Paris. He was a true Renaissance man, trained in music, painting, and dance. He gave recitals and exhibited his paintings. Daniélou was also an avid sportsman: a canoeing champion, and an expert race-car driver.

He was also homosexual. Daniélou and his gay lover ventured to India, traveling around in a deluxe, Silverstream camper imported from southern California, photographing erotic sculpture. They later settled down in a Maharajah’s estate on the banks of the Ganges and devoted themselves to Sanskrit, Hinduism, music, and entertaining. Daniélou gradually “went native” and stayed in India many years. In time, he became known throughout the world as an authority on Indian music and culture. He published works dealing with Hindu religion, society, music, sculpture, architecture, and other topics. It was Daniélou, more than anyone else, who was responsible for popularizing Indian music in the West (among other things, he was the “discoverer” of Ravi Shankar). Daniélou died in 1994.

The Myths and Gods of India is a delight to read, but it can also be treated as a reference work for those needing a clear and accurate account of various gods or Hindu religious concepts. For the student of Inda-European culture, the book is a treasure trove. Indeed, those who are familiar with the Inda-European comparativist school of Georges Dumézil, Jaan Puhvel, and others, will get the most out of this book. I will offer a few brief examples here.

Daniélou writes on page 27 that “Human beings, according to their nature and stage of development, are inclined toward . . . different aspects of the Cosmic Being. Those in whom consciousness is predominant worship the gods (deva); those in whom action or existence predominates worship genii (yaksha) and antigods (asura); and those in whom enjoyment or sensation predominates worship ghosts and spirits (bhuta and preta).” This suggests, of course, the Inda-European tripartition identified by Dumézil. On page 66 we learn that Soma was “brought to earth by a large hawk,” just as Odin, in the form of an eagle, brought mead to the JEsir. On page 87 we are told that “The earth is also represented as a goddess, or as a cow that feeds everyone with her milk. She is the mother of life, the substance of all things.” What can this remind us of, except the Norse Audumla?

There also seem to be parallels between Agni (the god of fire) and Loki. Like Loki, Agni is an outcast among the gods. Daniélou tells us further that, “The fire of destruction, Agni’s most fearful form, was born of the primeval waters and remains hidden under the sea, ever ready to destroy the world” (p. 89). This is reminiscent of the Midgard Serpent, the progeny of Loki. Page 151:
“When Vishnu sleeps, the universe dissolves into its formless state, represented as the causal ocean. The remnants of manifestation are represented as the serpent Remainder (Sesa) coiled upon itself and floating upon the abysmal waters.”

Daniélou tells us (p. 92) that “the sun . . . is envisaged [by the Hindus] under two aspects. As one of the spheres, one of the Vasus, the physical sun is the celestial form of fire, of agni. As the source of light, of warmth, of life, of knowledge, the solar energy is the source of all life, represented in the twelve sons-of-the-Primordial-Vastness (Adityas), the twelve sovereign principles.” In Futhark (pp. 51-52), Edred Thorsson tells us that “The sun was known by two special names in the North . . . Sol represents the phenomenon, while sunna is the noumenon, the spiritual power residing in the concept.” Also, the “twelve sons-of-the-Primordial-Vastness” immanent within the solar energy must remind us of the twelve sig-runes that make up the Wewelsburg “sun-wheel” of Karl Maria Wiligut.

Page 99: “When the gods were receiving the ambrosia of immortality, the Moon [Soma; equivalent to Mead] detected the anti-god Rahu disguised as a god. Because of the Moon Rahu had to die, but although his head was severed from his body, he could not truly die, for he had tasted the ambrosia. His head remained alive.” Mimir?

Page 103: “Rudra, the lord of tears, is said to have sprung from the forehead of the Immense-Being (Brahma) and, at the command of that god, to have divided himself into a male form and a female form . . . “Athena?

Page 103: “The Maruts (immortals) are a restless, warlike troupe of flashy young men, transposition in space of the hordes of young warriors called the marya (mortals). . . . They are the embodiment of moral and heroic deeds and of the exuberance of youth.” Maruts = Einherjar; Marya = Indo-European Männerbünde. Page 104: “The Maruts are the friends of Indra, the wielder of the thunderbolt . . .” Thor? Page 110: Indra’s thunderbolt is “shaped like a mace … ”

Page 111: “Indra had been the deity worshiped among the pastoral people of Vraja.” Again, just as Thor was.

Page 118: Varuna “is the ruler of the ‘other side,’ of the invisible world.” He is “said to be an antigod, a magician.” Odin? Page 119: “He catches the evildoers and binds them with his noose.” Criminals sacrificed to Odin were hung. Varuna also “knows the track of birds in the sky,” just as Odin knows the track of Huginn and Muninn.

Page 132: The god of death is named Yama, which means “Twin” (Ymir). “Yama’s brother is the lawgiver, Manu, who shares with him the title of progenitor of mankind.” Yama “owns two four-eyed dogs with wide nostrils . . . They watch the path of the dead.” What can this remind us of except the Greek hellhound, Cerberus?

Page 138: “In contrast to the gods, the antigods [asura] are the inclinations of the senses which, by their nature, belong to the obscuring tendency, and which delight in life, that is, in the activities of the life energies in all the fields of sensation.” This is an accurate description of the Norse Vanir. Asura is cognate with Aesir, so, oddly enough, the term shifts meaning either in the Norse or the Indian tradition.

Page 159: The four ages (yugas) are represented as white (the golden age), red, yellow, and black (the dark age). The stages of the alchemical process (as represented in the West) are black, white, yellow, and red.

Pages 243-45 detail the Upanishadic account of creation out of the primal man Purusha: “He desired a second. He became as large as a woman and man in close embrace. He divided himself into two. From him arose a husband and a wife. Hence it is that everyone is but half a being. The vacant space is filled by a wife.” This is extraordinarily similar to the account of the creation of
men and woman given by Aristophanes in Plato’s Symposium. The world is then created out of Purusha’s body-just as the world is created out of Ymir’s body in Norse myth. “The virile member was separated; from this virile member came forth semen and from semen the earthly waters.” This is identical to the account of the creation of the ocean in the Greek myth of the sacrifice of Ouranos by Kronos.

The account of the hero Kumara/Skana (pp. 297-300) is strikingly like the saga of Sigurd, and also similar in some respects to the Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach. The “essences” (apsaras; pp. 304-305) are “water nymphs, eternally young women who are the courtesans and dancers of heaven.” Rhine Maidens? “They are depicted as uncommonly beautiful, with lotus eyes, slender waists, and large hips. By their languid postures and sweet words they rob those who see them of their wisdom and their intellect.” Sirens? “One can master them by stealing their clothes while they bathe. They choose lovers among the dead fallen on the battlefield.” Valkyries?

The above merely scratches the surface of this immensely rich text, which demands careful study and multiple readings.

 

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URL to article: http://www.counter-currents.com/2014/10/alain-danielous-the-myths-and-gods-of-india/

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Author: Natalia Rogozhina

Indian authorities close down Coca-Cola factory

Ex: http://journal-neo.org

 

The closing down of the recently built factory belonging to Coca-Cola in India, located close to Varanasi in the state Uttar Pradesh, is the result of a prolonged and persistent struggle by the local residents, which has been going on for the past 11 years. The grounds for the protests were the concerns of the locals regarding the depletion and the pollution of the ground waters, due to the activities of the company, as well as the unlawful seizure of the territories belonging to local communities. As a result, the Regulatory Authorities of India refused to issue Coca-Cola a permit for the activities of the new enterprise (one of the 58 factories, located on the territory of the country) and refused to present their decision for consideration to the National Green Tribunal (NGT), which sanctioned the closure of the enterprise in the first place. India is one of the few developing countries, where the active role in supporting ecological safety belongs to the court system.

The Court ruled that the five-fold increase in groundwater withdrawals, requested by the company will aggravate the water supply situation even further, which has significantly deteriorated since the arrival of Coca-Cola in India in 1999.

Back in 2009, the local authorities of Mehdiganj (the area of Varanasi being part of it) were forced to impose restrictions for peasants to use the ground waters, which could not but entail their negative response, aimed at the largest American corporation. The situation was aggravated by the fact that 70% of the water withdrawal accounts for the period from March till June, when the level of the groundwater occurrence reaches its minimum, which restricts the possibility of it being used by the locals, living at the expense of agriculture.

One Coca-Cola enterprise only uses one million liters per day. However, the production of the final product (600 bottles per minute) requires a quarter of the withdrawn ground water volume. A large part of it becomes waste which is discharged, without a full cycle of purification, into the environment and reaching the fields and water reservoirs, causing their contamination. State ecological authorities of India took samples of the waste produced by nine Coca-Cola factories and found a very high content of lead, cadmium and chromium, exceeding the safe standards for the health of the population by 30 times, which can result in the immune system malfunctions and presents a danger for cancer occurrence. One cannot say the same about the Coca-Cola drinks sold in the USA. There, according to conclusions made by the Indian non-government organisation ‘Centre for Science and Environment’, no poisonous substances were found in the company’s products. The Indian parliament has even prohibited the sale of Coca-Cola drinks in the building of the legislation authority, due to the high content of pesticides and chemicals, including DDT.

Another problem for Coca-Cola became the territorial aspect. Business expansion requires new areas, part of which is in the ownership of the communities, and the private usage of which is prohibited by Indian law. At the end of 2013, the Mehdiganj local authorities issued an order which envisaged evicting Coca-Cola from the territories unlawfully taken by it. Earlier the Supreme Court of India ruled in favour of banning the placement of any structures into the communal properties. Therefore the instruction of the local authorities on demolishing the Coca-Cola factory does have legal grounds.

The loss of the project worth 25 million dollars is a great financial fiasco for Coca-Cola, which considers India to be one of the major sale markets (among 200 countries where its products are being sold), generating high profits, which have significantly decreased in developed countries. This is due to the fact that people there are becoming increasingly concerned about their health and the consumption of Coca-Cola products presents a serious threat to it. Coca-Cola, which is considered to be the largest foreign investor in India (2 billion dollars from 1993 up to 2011), is planning to invest 5 billion dollars by 2020, into the development of its business in the country. And all of this is happening despite the growing discontent of the population, legal costs, and disputes with local authorities. Now the company has to improve its ecological image by trying to convince the Indian population that it does not have to do anything with water contamination or its shortages.

However, the statements of the company have not reassured Indian society; neither have the attempts of Coca-Cola to expand its charity activity in India. The population is protesting against the American company in different ways every day. According to Amit Srivastava, head of India Resource Center, R&D institution, which is taking an active part in arranging the protest campaign, “Coca-Cola’ is a shameless and non-ethical company, which places receiving its profit above the well-being of the communities, existing in proximity to its enterprises”. Nandlal Master, a representative of another non-governmental structure, campaigning for the closure of the factory, admits: “The local community has achieved a great victory and it has proven that it is possible to destabilize the authority of a large business”.

Natalia Rogozhina, PhD in Political Science, Head Research, Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, exclusively for the online magazine “New Eastern Outlook”.

First appeared: http://journal-neo.org/2014/10/07/rus-coca-cola-vlasti-indii-zakry-vayut-zavod-kompanii/

Bhagavad-Gîtâ - Le Chant du Bienheureux

Bhagavad-Gîtâ: le Chant du Bienheureux

108 pages. Traduit du sanskrit par Emile Burnouf et présenté par le Pr. Jean Haudry.

Elément central du Mahâbhârata, connu pour être la plus grande épopée de la mythologie hindoue, la Bhagavad-Gîtâ (« Chant du Bienheureux ») est un des écrits fondamentaux de l’Hindouisme qui s’inscrit dans la tradition héroïque indo-européenne.

Il s’agit d’un dialogue dans lequel le Seigneur Krishna, 8e avatar de Vishnou, tend à dissiper le doute chez le kshatriya Arjuna au moment d’une bataille qui risque de faire nombre de morts parmi ceux que ce dernier aime.

Composé de 18 chapitres et vraisemblablement rédigé entre les Ve et IIe siècles av. J.-C., l’intérêt capital de ce texte sacré tient du fait qu’il invite à dépasser le brahmanisme sans le répudier pour autant.

Au-delà de toutes les sensibilités spirituelles, la Bhagavad-Gîtâ nous enseigne avant tout la dévotion et le détachement pour lesquels le verset II.38 semble parfaitement convenir : « Tiens pour égaux plaisir et peine, gain et perte, et sois tout entier à la bataille : ainsi tu éviteras le péché . »

Pour commander auprès des Editions du Lore: http://www.ladiffusiondulore.fr/antiquite/379-bhagavad-gita-le-chant-du-bienheureux.html

Incontro pubblico con la Comunità Sikh

Russland schmiedet Asien-Partnerschaft mit Wirtschaftsmacht Indien

Russland schmiedet Asien-Partnerschaft mit Wirtschaftsmacht Indien

Ex: http://www.unzensuriert.at

 

Der Gipfel der Shanghaier Organisation für Zusammenarbeit (SOZ) in der tadschikischen Hauptstadt Duschanbe hatte ein zentrales Thema: die Sanktionspolitik der USA und der EU gegen Russland wegen des Ukraine-Konflikts. Der russische Staatspräsident Wladimir Putin nutzte den Gipfel, um weitere Verbündete für eine weltweite Gegenstrategie gegen den Wirtschaftskrieg des Westens zu gewinnen.

Russland wird 2015 statutenmäßig den SOZ-Vorsitz übernehmen und will dies für einen weiteren Aufbau dieser Organisation nutzen. Aktuell gehören der Organisation die Volksrepublik China, Russland, Usbekistan, Kasachstan, Kirgisistan und Tadschikistan an.

Indien soll als neues SOZ-Mitglied gewonnen werden

In der Vergangenheit scheiterte eine Aufnahme der Wirtschaftsmacht Indien an schwelenden Grenzkonflikten mit China. Diese Konflikte sollen nun unter Vermittlung Russlands ausgeräumt werden. Moskau und Peking haben große Pläne mit der Organisation: Neben einer SOZ-Entwicklungsstrategie bis 2025 sollen ein Regierungsabkommen über die Förderung der internationalen Frachttransporte von Fahrzeugen sowie die Gründung einer SOZ-Bank auf Basis der Eurasischen Entwicklungsbank vorangetrieben werden.

Bereits jetzt arbeiten China und Indien im Rahmen der BRICS-Staaten an einer alternativen Weltwirtschaftsordnung als Gegengewicht zu den USA und haben dazu bereits Mitte Juli eine „alternative Weltbank“ mitbegründet. 

Inde : vers le grand conflit hindouistes/islamistes

Al Qaïda et le califat du sous-continent indien

Jean Bonnevey
Ex: http://metamag.fr

Revendiquant depuis près de 20 ans son autorité sur les jihadistes du monde entier, Al Qaïda est en perte de vitesse. Fragilisé par l’émergence de l’EI en Syrie et en Irak, le réseau fondé par Oussama ben Laden  tente de revenir en ouvrant un nouveau front.

Cette nouvelle branche est nommée en anglais « Qaedat al-Jihad in the Indian Subcontinent » (« Al-Qaïda en guerre sainte sur le sous-continent indien »). Elle est déjà active en Afghanistan et au Pakistan, sous l’autorité du Pakistanais Assim Oumar, un Pakistanais lui-même subordonné au mollah Omar, le chef des talibans afghans. La création d'«al-Qaida en guerre sainte sur le sous-continent indien» est le fruit de deux ans de travail, précise al-Zawahiri. Le chef du mouvement islamiste, déclare que la naissance d’Al-Qaïda en Inde est une bonne nouvelle pour les musulmans « de Birmanie, du Bangladesh, de l’Assam, du Gujarat, d’Ahmedabad et du Cachemire » afin de faire face à l’ «injustice » et à l’ »oppression ». Le chef de la nébuleuse islamiste entend mener le combat pour faire renaître un califat sur des terres considérées comme musulmanes par Ayman al-Zawahiri.

On sait peu de choses sur le chef de la nouvelle branche indienne d'al-Qaida. Assim Oumar lit assurément le pachto, la langue du peuple pachtoune, qui forme l'ossature du mouvement taliban. Mais il parle et écrit surtout en ourdou, langue nationale du Pakistan, qui se rapproche de l'hindi indien. Turban de charbon enroulé autour de la tête, barbe hirsute, Assim Oumar apparaît dans des vidéos de propagande diffusées notamment par al-Qaida. «Pourquoi les musulmans de l'Inde sont-ils totalement absents du jihad», s'interrogeait-il l'an dernier dans une vidéo en ourdou diffusée sur internet par Al-Qaida. Il appelait les jeunes musulmans indiens à faire preuve «d'honneur» et de «zèle» afin que l'Inde soit dirigée à nouveau par sa minorité musulmane et non sa majorité hindoue. «Ne forcez pas les infidèles à prononcer la profession de foi... C'est à eux de décider s'ils veulent devenir musulman ou continuer à pratiquer leur ancienne religion. Mais puisque cette planète est celle d'Allah, il est nécessaire d'y établir le système d'Allah», disait-il en ourdou. Ses allocutions sont truffées de références à l'empire moghol, musulman, qui a régné sur l'Inde du 16ème à la moitié du 19e siècle, et au califat ottoman. Il appelle ainsi à un «renouveau» islamique en Inde, au moment où les djihadistes prennent le contrôle des régions entières de l'Irak et de la Syrie.

 

Par cette déclaration, Al Qaïda remobilise ses forces, alors que l’Etat Islamique, qui a crée un califat avant elle, ne cesse de multiplier les actions et s’est sérieusement implanté en Irak, territoire de création d’Al Qaïda par Abou Moussab al Zarkaoui, tué par les forces américaines en 2006. Suite à la diffusion de la vidéo, les services de renseignement indiens ont demandé aux gouvernements provinciaux de plusieurs Etats de se placer en état d'alerte.

«Nous prenons le sujet très au sérieux. De telles menaces ne peuvent être ignorées», a déclaré à l’AFP une source des services de renseignement indiens. «Nous avons demandé aux Etats, en particulier au Gujarat, au Madhya Pradesh, à l’Uttar Pradesh et au Bihar, de se mettre en état d’alerte». Déjà actif en Afghanistan et au Pakistan, Al-Qaïda revendique depuis longtemps avoir autorité sur les jihadistes qui luttent pour rétablir un califat sur les terres considérées comme musulmanes.

«C’est un coup publicitaire qui montre un certain désespoir, car l’EI est désormais la vraie menace mondiale», estime Ajit Kumar Singh, du groupe de réflexion Institute of Conflict Management, dont le siège est à New Delhi. «C’est une bataille pour la suprématie entre Al-Qaïda et l’EI». Parmi les Etats cités dans la vidéo par Ayman al-Zawahiri, le Cachemire, seul Etat indien en majorité musulman, est depuis longtemps en proie à un mouvement séparatiste, mais les représentants de ce dernier soulignent que la nébuleuse jihadiste ne joue aucun rôle sur ce territoire.

 

 

India and Japan must propel the Eurasian juggernaut

Railway highways in Eurasia

India and Japan must propel the Eurasian juggernaut

 

By Atul BHARDWAJ (India)

Ex: http://orientalreview.org

The breakup of Sino- Soviet ideological alliance was Kissinger’s unkindest cut of the Cold War. A strong socialist consolidation could have offered a vigorous challenge to transatlantic hegemony. Not only did Kissinger create schisms within the communist ranks, he also made sure that India and Japan, the Asian giants, disenchanted with the West, were kept away from the probable Eurasian formation. The death of Stalin and the Japanese and the Indian elite joining the American’s anti-communist war, made China feel isolated and vulnerable. In early 1970s, China formally abandoned the communist bloc to become partners with capitalist America.

 

Almost 25 years after the end of Cold War, the specter of a budding Sino-Russian alliance is once again giving America sleepless nights. America is palpably worried because the post cold war Russia-China alliance is not standing on ‘love and fresh air’ of ideology. This new Eurasian ties are being built on strong fundamentals – Chinese economic and financial might combined with Russian resolve and military power. It is built on the common belief, that “unipolarity is pernicious” and needs to be challenged.

 

The formation of the BRICS bank – China’s proposal of a new “economic Silk Road” linking Germany, Russia and China coupled with the Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu’s announcement of the prospects of extending the Siberia railway line through Western Mongolia to Urumxi, China, and from there to Pakistan and India are not just bold but path breaking moves.

 

The year 2014 is fast turning out to be a year where the discourse is increasingly veering towards currency swap and connectivity corridors. Neither the Silk Road nor the currency swaps ideas are new. However, the current Chinese economic diplomacy overtures have gained greater salience due the fact that Russia, with hydrocarbon trade estimated at approximately a trillion dollars per year has abandoned the “petro-dollar” as the trading unit for oil and gas transactions. Coupled to this development is the fact that China, the second biggest economy in the world and a top importer of oil is inching closer to Russia and earnestly “seeking oil trading arrangements with its major suppliers, including Russia, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Venezuela, based on exchange of national currencies.” It is reported that by 2018 Russia would be pumping into China 38 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year with “transactions to be valued in the Russian ruble, Chinese yuan or possibly in gold.”

 

These developments have already caused jitters in the U.S. stock markets and rising levels of global skepticism related to the future of dollar as a reserve currency. Tensions are also building up in the Black Sea where it was recently reported that the American warship are unnecessarily loitering around with a hope to threaten President Putin. Russia is well versed with this futility inherent in the American gunboat diplomacy. Such maneuvers on the high seas were common during the Cold War, when the Soviet and the US warships, bound by the rules of engagement, used to engage in a peaceful duel, with both just engaging in harassing each other by showing off ship handling skills or by training the missiles from left to right.

 

The question is will the churning in the global political economy lead to increased muscle flexing and gunboat diplomacy by the US or will the dwindling dollar usher in a new era of genuine multi-polarity in the international order. However, before we move further, it must be clarified that the decline of the US in the 21st century is not absolute. It is merely relative to the remarkable growth of China. What is happening today is not the liquidation of the US Empire but the shaking of its foundation? The rise of China from a state of poverty and Russia from a state of strategic dormancy does open up the international order, offering more choices to emerging economies like India.

 

This time India should not fall into the American trap and betray the BRICS and thus the emerging Eurasian formulation. This is probably the world’s best chance to tame Western hegemony. India along with Japan should not fretter away this opportunity merely because of a tiny Senkaku island and Shinzo Abe’s fetish to turn Tokyo into a military garrison.

 

It is high time that the proposal of a new “maritime silk road” is not seen as Chinese stratagem, a devious scheme to deceive the region and establish hegemony, but a broader strategy to enhance connectivity across Asia, offering a fresh model to catapult the region out of the territorial trap. The Russo-Chinese baby steps to move out of the U.S. underwritten system of dollar dominance, and perpetual insecurity to chart a new world order.

 

The writer is a senior fellow of the Indian Council of Social Science Research, Institute of Chinese Studies. He is an alumnus of King’s College, London.

L'Inde prise en otage

CRISE IRAKIENNE

L'Inde prise en otage

Michel Lhomme
Ex: http://metamag.fr

L'enlèvement de plus de 40 Indiens par les djihadistes appartenant à l’Etat islamique d'Irak et du Levant ( EIIL ) n'est pas anecdotique dans le déroulement de cette flambée sunnite en Irak et dans la région.

 

 

L'Irak est devenu le deuxième fournisseur de pétrole brut de l'Inde. Cette position a été principalement engendrée par les sanctions américaines contre l'Iran, qui l'ont rétrogradé de deuxième fournisseur de l'Inde après l'Arabie saoudite à la quatrième place. Aussi, la capture des champs pétrolifères irakiens par les djihadistes est un revers majeur pour la sécurité énergétique de l'Inde car l'Inde est le quatrième pays consommateur d'énergie dans le monde. La facture des importations d'énergie du pays est une véritable courbe ascendante en raison de l'augmentation de la demande intérieure et de la réduction de la production de ses mines de charbon, suite en particulier aux protestations des ONG humanitaires sur les conditions de travail dans les mines indiennes. Ainsi, malgré d'énormes réserves, l'Inde a importé en 2013 pour 14 milliards de dollars de charbon. Les projets de centrales nucléaires indiennes ayant été retardés par l'activisme des communistes et des paysans, l'Inde est et restera fortement dépendante du pétrole notamment irakien.  Pour le pays, une simple augmentation de 1 dollar du prix du baril de brut, peut avoir un impact direct de 415 000 dollars dans le budget (Hindustan Times, en date du 19 Juin 2014). On parle aujourd'hui suite, à la crise irakienne, d'une augmentation du prix du pétrole susceptible d'aller jusqu'à 120 dollars le baril. Une telle augmentation anéantirait tous les efforts du gouvernement indien pour réduire l'inflation de la roupie. Pour assurer la stabilité économique de l'Inde, le prix du brut doit être à 98 dollars le baril maximum. La crise irakienne va donc sévèrement impacter les importations de brut du pays. <:SECTION itemprop="description">

 

 

L'enlèvement des Indiens en Irak n'est pas une question diplomatique secondaire confinée dans l'espace géopolitique de l'Irak. Cet événement peut avoir des ramifications et des répercutions pour les quelque sept millions d'expatriés indiens de la région du Golfe dont une partie réside actuellement au Qatar pour la construction des stades de la coupe du monde de football 2022. L'objectif de l'EIIL est d'établir un califat islamique dans la région. Si cet élan n'est pas stoppé, les djihadistes peuvent, à plus ou moins long terme, faire aussi capoter les Emirats du Golfe, d'autant que sans aide extérieure, ces micro-états n'auraient pas les moyens de répondre à un assaut terroriste d'envergure. En ce cas, ce serait toute la diaspora indienne qui se retrouverait menacée. <:SECTION itemprop="description">

 

 

L'Inde traverse une crise économique terrible. Les sept millions de travailleurs indiens expatriés sont une source de transferts de fonds d'un montant de 30 milliards de dollars par année. C'est loin d'être négligeable. Par conséquent, les pays du Golfe ne sont pas seulement la principale source des importations d'hydrocarbures de l'Inde mais restent aussi essentiels pour le bien-être économique de l'Inde. <:SECTION itemprop="description">

 

Avoir une vision géopolitique

En fait, la géopolitique en constante évolution dans la région semble se diriger vers une ligne de fracture profonde entre chiites et sunnites. Une telle faille ne peut être sans impact sur la population musulmane du sous-continent. Cette ligne de fracture a d'ailleurs pris une forme meurtrière et terroriste dans le pays voisin et « ennemi », le Pakistan qui, pour la première fois depuis des années, vient de déclencher une opération militaire d'envergure. Même si le débat fait rage sur la réelle nature de l'EIIL, le fait fondamental n'en demeure pas moins qu'il appartient au discours sunnite djihadiste engendré par l'invasion américaine de l'Irak. Ce discours a aussi ses partisans en Inde.  De fait, la tentative de rapprochement américano-iranien contraint l'Arabie saoudite à durcir son discours sunnite dans la région. Si le projet américaine est de créer un clivage permanent au Moyen-Orient, d'activer des chiismes rivaux face à des blocs régionaux sunnites, cela aura forcément des répercussions en Asie centrale (Afghanistan et nord du Pakistan) mais elle affectera aussi dans une certaine mesure le sunnisme indien.

Gaz de schiste et indépendance énergétique

Pour les Etats-Unis, l'exploitation actuelle du gaz de schiste a changé la donne. Le pétrole irakien est moins vital qu'il y a dix ans. Mais c'est loin d'être le cas pour l'Asie dont tout le développement repose sur le pétrole du Moyen-Orient. Les enjeux économiques de la crise irakienne pour l'Asie sont donc colossaux. Chine et Inde sont donc obligés de se soutenir et de se rapprocher de la Russie pour pouvoir garder l'option, pourtant insuffisante pour eux, du gaz russe. Dans l'affaire irakienne, les Etats-Unis semblent avoir privilégiés uniquement leurs propres intérêts. Ils ont négligé l'approvisionnement énergétique de leurs alliés proches. Ils peuvent le payer très cher dans le jeu des alliances en cours qui deviennent de fait extrêmement mobiles et de plus en plus complexes. 

L'Inde est de retour

L'Inde est de retour

par Jean-Gilles Malliarakis

Ex: http://www.insolent.fr

Oublions Jules Verne. Un tour d'horizon mondial, au XXIe siècle, se révèle facile à accomplir en moins de 80 minutes. Il suffit de passer par les sites des grands journaux du monde entier. Or, en les survolant ce lundi 19 mai, du "Washington Post" au "South China Morning Post", en passant par le "Times" ou le "Daily Telegraph" de Londres, "die Welt" de Berlin ou "La Repubblica", une chose pouvait frapper le visiteur. Chacun de ces titres prestigieux affichait 20 ou 30 articles de première page.

Mais on n'y trouvait aucune évocation, de la principale nouvelle politique mondiale. Elle était pourtant connue, discrètement mentionnée la veille, dimanche 18. Idem les jours suivants.

Elle glisse, inaperçue et anecdotique.

Elle était pourtant pressentie depuis plusieurs semaines : il s'agit du basculement à droite de l'Inde sous la conduite de Narendra Modi.

Le vieux parti hérité de Gandhi et de Nehru, le parti du Congrès a été balayé. Le BJP, parti du peuple Hindou, avec 172 millions de voix a doublé le nombre de ses électeurs de 2009. Sa victoire de 1999 avait porté au pouvoir Atal Bihari Vajpayee, avec seulement 86,6 millions de suffrages. Aujourd'hui, avec 282 sièges, il détient la majorité absolue à l'assemblée législative fédérale, la Lok Sabha. Pour la première fois depuis 1984, un chef de gouvernement va pouvoir diriger cet immense pays de manière homogène sans dépendre d'une coalition.

La victoire éclatante du BJP ne se limite pas en effet à une simple alternance électorale, comme il en existe dans toutes les démocraties.

Évoquons d'abord ce qui passionne les économistes, lesquels considèrent trop souvent les ratios financiers sans percevoir le modèle de développement social. Churchill le disait avec humour : "je ne crois aux statistiques que lorsque je les ai moi-même trafiquées". Car les agrégats inventés au cours du XXe siècle, et adulés des technocrates du FMI, du monde bancaire, etc. devraient en vérité n'être pris en compte qu'à titre indicatif. En particulier le taux de croissance du produit intérieur brut ne nous informe que de la santé relative, instantanée, approximative et quantitative de l'évolution prévisible de la richesse des nations, certainement pas des perspectives des sociétés.

Le parti qui vient de l'emporter en Inde peut dès maintenant se prévaloir de l'expérience gestionnaire d'un État, le Gujarat, peuplé de 60 millions d'habitants sur 196 000 km2. À comparer avec l'Allemagne de l'ouest, qui comptait 63 millions d'habitants sur 248 000 km2 avant l'unification, on ne saurait parler d'un simple galop d'essai local. Dès lors la réussite incontestable de son ministre-président, Narendra Modi de 2001 à 2014, pratiquement sans faute économique, a servi de premier argument pour la conquête du pouvoir fédéral à New Delhi. On l'a, certes, exprimé en termes de croissance. On a pu évaluer que cet État, pendant les 12 années de gestion de Narendra Modi et de ses "modinomics" a bénéficié d'un taux de croissance très supérieur à la moyenne nationale, une tendance durable accentuée depuis 10 ans. Etre exécrées par la gauche c'est toujours bon signe. Cela tient à une double préoccupation due au parti BJP en général et à Narendra Modi en particulier, celle de l'équipement et de la formation en liaison avec les nouvelles mais aussi à une moindre intervention redistributrice et dirigiste de l'État. Telle Margaret Thatcher, ce politique est issu de la classe moyenne, où on travaille dur dans l'échoppe paternelle et où on ne dépense que ce que l'on a gagné.

On pourrait, à certains égards, comparer la prospérité qu'il a développée dans le Gujarat, à celle de la Bavière en Allemagne, sans doute la région la plus traditionnelle du pays, et cependant en pointe dans l'économie.

Dans un cas comme dans l'autre il ne s'agit pas d'un paradoxe. Le nouveau Premier ministre indien est né en 1950. Il pratique et milite ardemment pour l'Hindouisme depuis l'âge de 13 ans. Cela déplaît fortement au courant dominant du monde actuel comme le catholicisme des dirigeants bavarois irrite ses détracteurs. Un article du "Courrier international" le dit de façon cocasse. On lui reconnaît d'innombrables qualités, y compris le sens de l'humour et l'élégance, mais on l'étiquette de l'épithète, supposée éliminatoire, de "controversé". La grammaire journalistique du New York Times, en France celle d'Anne Sinclair, appliquée au sous-continent indien, cela devrait faire sourire.

Cela dénote une méconnaissance du problème central de l'Inde depuis son indépendance.

Ce pays, hindou à 80 %, cherche à effacer les traces de l'épouvantable oppression musulmane subie pendant des siècles sous la domination moghole puis perse. Le parti du Congrès, politiquement correct, parfaitement adapté aux mots d'ordre mondialistes a toujours voulu nier ce problème de l'identité nationale. N'y voyons pas un hasard de l'Histoire.

Dans cette lutte terrible contre l'islamisme, tant pakistanais qu'intérieur, on a voulu interdire les enjeux mémoriels et stigmatiser le "suprémacisme" des Hindous dans leur pays. En 2002 les États-Unis sont allés jusqu'à refuser à ce titre un visa à Narendra Modi. Il faudra bien pourtant que l'occident s'habitue à respecter ce choix qui n'attentera pas à la condition de 13 % de musulmans que compte le pays. On verra s'affirmera en Inde les valeurs éternelles et l'identité profonde de nos lointains cousins indo-européens, la plus ancienne religion du monde, assez voisine de celle des héros de l'Iliade.

Convenons à l'évidence que deux nouvelles grandes puissances ont principalement émergé dans le monde depuis 20 ans, à taille à peu près égale : la Chine et l'Inde. Chacune de ces deux nations compte plus d'un milliard d'hommes. Chacune pèse plus que les 57 États musulmans additionnés. Elles se sont toutes les deux adaptées, résolument, à l'économie de marché. Mais elles ont abordé cette évolution de manière très différente.

Et il n'entre pas dans le propos de la chronique d'aujourd'hui sous-estimer la réussite technique de l'Empire du Milieu dans de nombreux domaines. Non seulement les chiffres parlent mais une visite dans les rayons de nos grands magasins suffirait à éclairer ceux que l'étude de la pensée chinoise et des séjours espacés à Pékin ou Shanghai, à défaut de la campagne, n'auraient pas amenés à comprendre l'importance de ce pays.

Reste une immense différence entre le développement de ce très grand pays, toujours gouverné par un parti unique, qui se dit encore communiste, et qui demeure imperturbablement oppresseur, etc. et l'émergence de l'Inde, terre de liberté et de diversité.

JG Malliarakis
       

Modi et le nouvel empire des Indes

Le tsunami hindouiste : un événement mondial majeur

 

Modi et le nouvel empire des Indes

Jean Bonnevey
Ex: http://metamag.fr

L’occident, fasciné par l’image de Gandhi et le mythe du libérateur anti-colonialiste non violent d’une Inde opprimée par les Anglais, a toujours cultivé le culte d’une dynastie démocratique et laïque, celle des Nehru Gandhi. Au delà des clichés de la récupération politique, des scandales et des échecs, la dernière élection marque objectivement la fin d’une mainmise d’un clan sur le deuxième pays le plus peuplé du monde. C’est la sanction d’années de ralentissement économique, d’effacement politique, de retard vis-à-vis de la Chine et d’humiliations face au Pakistan et au terrorisme musulman.

L’Inde signe une volonté de retour en force qui va changer l’équilibre du sous-continent indien, de l’Asie et du monde. La plus grande démocratie du monde est également le plus grand pays païen de la planète, la seule grande puissance nucléaire non monothéiste, comme on l’oublie trop souvent. « Le Congrès a réalisé une mauvaise performance, nous devons beaucoup réfléchir sur cette défaite cuisante. En tant que vice-président du parti, je me tiens responsable  », a dit Rahul Gandhi aux journalistes réunis dans la capitale indienne. Agé de 43 ans et héritier de la famille Nehru-Gandhi, Rahul Gandhi est le fils de l'ancien Premier ministre Rajiv Gandhi et de l'actuelle présidente du Congrès Sonia Gandhi. En tant que candidat du parti à la Primature, il a affronté Narendra Modi, candidat du principal parti d'opposition, le Parti Bharatiya Janata(BJP), aux élections générales. Félicitant le BJP pour sa victoire écrasante, Sonia Gandhi, idole déboulonnée, a dit que « gagner et perdre font partie de la démocratie, nous respectons le verdict » . Cependant, elle a ajouté que « nous espérons également que le nouveau gouvernement ne va pas compromettre l'unité du pays » .

Le nouveau pouvoir indien est démocratique, mais sous surveillance des Usa car nationaliste. Mais les indiens n’en ont que faire. L’immense victoire du parti nationaliste hindou de Narendra Modi lors des législatives en Inde s'est jouée, comme prévu, sur des questions de politique intérieure et notamment celle de la relance d'une économie en berne. Mais ce succès pourrait aussi aboutir à replacer le pays sur la scène internationale. Le Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) et le futur chef du gouvernement vont d'abord concentrer leurs efforts sur une nécessaire relance de la croissance. Les relations commerciales et économiques avec les Occidentaux auront à coup sûr une incidence sur la politique que va devoir mener Narendra Modi. Avec la Chine dont l'économie est désormais quatre fois plus importante, le déficit commercial indien s'établit à 40 milliards de dollars,  faute à la politique d'exportation menée par Pékin et un certain immobilisme indien.

Les données de l'équation diplomatique ont  changé récemment au détriment de l’Inde: la Chine affiche ses ambitions de grande puissance et les Etats-Unis lorgnent de plus en plus du côté de l'Asie quand ils évoquent leur avenir, tout en se retirant d'Afghanistan. L’Inde de Modi sera plus active. L’Inde va devoir affirmer plus clairement son statut de puissance régionale.

Le principal sujet de préoccupation concerne les relations avec le voisin pakistanais à propos du Cachemire, région à majorité musulmane dont Islamabad revendique la possession. Les services pakistanais du renseignement et de la sécurité considèrent  le président Modi comme un adversaire potentiel et le tenant d'une ligne dure dans les relations bilatérales. « Modi a toujours pris parti contre le Pakistan », rappelle un haut responsable de la défense. « La politique indienne va être beaucoup plus musclée avec lui . »

En politique, les nationalistes convergent sur une idée: la « hindutva », c'est-à-dire la «  hindouité » : le conservatisme social, le rejet de l'influence occidentale, le nationalisme économique par l'autosuffisance, l'affirmation aux frontières, et surtout et avant tout l'hostilité envers l'islam. Sans doute est-ce par sage précaution que Modi vient déjà d'être invité par Nawaz Sharif, Premier ministre du Pakistan ! Tout est là, pour la paix régionale. La relation New Delhi-Islamabad déterminera le niveau de tension dans cette Asie du Sud. Narendra Modi,  a été au pouvoir comme ministre en chef de l'État du Gujarat depuis 1998. En 2002, un pogrom anti-musulman eut lieu principalement dans la mégapole d'Ahmedabad, un millier de morts, surtout musulmans, face à l'indifférence de la police gujarataise. Mais il y eut, avant cela, des violences anti-hindoues de la part de fanatiques musulmans.

 

Le terrorisme musulman est un défi majeur pour l’Inde avec de nombreux attentats très meurtriers depuis des années. Des groupes seraient liés à des organisations islamistes basées au Pakistan, le Lashkar-e-Taiba et le Jaish-e-Mohammed, luttant contre la présence indienne au Cachemire. Mais des diplomates indiens et étrangers pensent que le géant asiatique, devenu la 10ème puissance économique mondiale, est désormais la cible de groupes islamistes locaux et non plus seulement d'organisations venues du Pakistan ou du Bangladesh voisins. Pour le terrorisme islamiste comme pour le Pakistan ou la Chine la donne vient de changer radicalement dans le sous-continent indien.

Illustration en tête d'article : Narendra Modi saluant ses partisans après la victoire.

En savoir plus : lire nos articles consacrés aux élections en Inde :Les élections les plus longues du monde ont débuté, Un cas particulier : le Bihar, Les musulmans courtisés et Maladresse de Rahul Gandhi ,premiers sondages sortis des urnes. 

 

INDES : ELECTIONS 2014

INDES : ELECTIONS 2014 [3]

 

Les musulmans courtisés

Michel Lhomme
Ex: http://metamag.fr

Narendra Modi, candidat du Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP : Parti du peuple Indien) au poste de premier ministre de l'Inde et probable vainqueur du scrutin en cours a déclaré qu'il ferait appel à ses « frères » musulmans comme à tout autre citoyen du pays. Il a précisé que les questions litigieuses du temple de Ram et de la réforme du Code civil seraient traités dans le cadre constitutionnel. Un projet prévoit en effet un code civil universel qui s'opposerait en droit au code « coutumier » musulman ou tribal. 

 

Narendra Modi a notamment souligné qu'il considérait tous les Indiens comme un seul peuple et qu’il en est de sa responsabilité en tant que futur chef d'Etat de parler à tous les segments religieux de la société, y compris les musulmans. Pour appuyer cette déclaration, il a fait allusion à son travail en tant que ministre en chef du Gujarat qui possède une forte population musulmane et des militants hindouistes déterminés. On se rappelle les émeutes communautaires de 2002. 

En Inde, les élections sont toujours l'occasion de surenchères religieuses dans les campagnes électorales et l'appui total du BJP au temple de Ram a renforcé l'exaltation des militants hindouistes sur le terrain. Narendra Modi se devait de calmer le jeu. Face à un journaliste engagé du BJP qui l'interrogeait sur les raisons d'un tel rapprochement, Modi a même dû taper sur la table : « Vous ne me ferez pas glisser sur ce genre de terrains. Je rencontrerai tous mes compatriotes. Ils sont mes frères. Vous pouvez voter avec la couleur que vous voulez mais Modi n'a pas de  couleur », allusion à la bataille entre la couleur safran du BJP et le vert des partis musulmans. Il a ajouté: « Même si je perds les élections, qu'il en soit ainsi, je n'ai pas de problème. Mais le pays a été détruit par la mentalité d'entre vous, et je n'aurai jamais cet état d'esprit ! » Est-ce un tournant dans la campagne ? 

La communauté musulmane a attaqué le programme du BJP et de son candidat sur les questions du temple de Ram et du Code civil. Cela a même été ces dernières semaines le point de discorde entre ce parti et la communauté musulmane. Narendra Modi est bien obligé s'il veut gouverner l'Inde de rassurer et de garantir le respect de la Constitution. En politique professionnel, il s'est dissocié de l'influence du RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) qui lui colle à la peau. Le RSS est l'armée de réserve radicale, le mentor idéologique de l'hindouisme identitaire dont le BJP constitue la façade publique. Le candidat toujours en tête des sondages est bien obligé de composer au centre. « Je dois diriger le gouvernement. Un gouvernement fonctionne selon la Constitution. Je crois que le gouvernement ne dispose que d'une religion, l'Inde, l'Inde en premier. Un gouvernement ne dispose que d'un livre saint, notre Constitution. Un gouvernement ne dispose que d'une sorte de dévotion, la Nation. Un gouvernement ne dispose que d'un style de fonctionnement, le « Sabka Saath, Sabka vikas »  ( la coopération de tous, le développement de tous ) ».  Le mandat du futur premier ministre indien est de cinq ans. Or, les cinq premières années de l'Inde vont être décisives car toute la région est en reconfiguration stratégique. C'est pour cela que nous avons décidé de couvrir les élections indiennes avec attention. Pour l’Europe, entre eurasisme et eurosibérie, n’y a t-il pas un autre axe Paris-Berlin, Moscou-Delhi ?

The U.S. Empire Is Trying Desperately To Contain the Eurasian Alliance

The U.S. Empire Is Trying Desperately To Contain the Eurasian Alliance of Russia, China, Central Asian Nations, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Pakistan

By Jack D. Douglas

Ex: http://www.lewrockwell.com

The U.S. and its puppets, especially the E.U. and Nato, have been trying to weaken the rebuilding Russian empire as much as possible to contain it, while maintaining the  U.S. Global Empire.

This has become a vital, crucial goal because of the rapid growth of Chinese power and the ever closer Alliance of Russia, China, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Central Asia, Pakistan, etc.

The U.S. and E.U. are desperate to stop Russia from rebuilding its vast Central Asian states within the Russian Federation and this new Alliance, especially because of the vast Caspian Sea oil and gas. The E.U. is highly dependent on Russia for gas and on Russia, Iraq, Iran and the pro-Russian Caspian Sea powers, especially Kazakhstan. The Russian move into the Black Sea is another major step in that direction. Kazakhstan publicly supported the Russian move to reunite with the Crimea. Kazakhstan is the great prize, with 30% of its population  Russian and a vast border with Mother Russia. Russia is probably not at this time trying to reunite Kazakhstan with Russia, since that would involve many more problems, but simply to keep it as a close ally, as the Ukraine was until the violent overthrow of the Kiev government by the U.S. supported coup.

Russia, Iran, Iraq, and their Central Asian allies are close to a vast oligopoly on the oil and gas exports of the world, especially to the E.U., U.K., China, India, etc.

Saudi Arabia is desperate to break the growing Iran-Iraq-Syria-Hizbollahp-Russian-Central Asian power block. Right now it is trying desperately to build its own military forces to offset the U.S. withdrawal from the region, but that is absurd. In the long term, Saudi Arabia will align with Russia-China-Iran-Central Asia or be overthrown from within by those who will become reasonable.

China, now firmly in the Russian-Central Asia-Iran-Iraq block with gas lines from Russia, etc., is moving forcefully into all of the South China Sea to control oil and gas there. The U.S. is desperate to stop that, but China keeps moving out.

All of that puts the dying U.S. Empire on a collision course with the vast Russian-Chinese-Iranian-Central Asian Alliance. Pakistan has become very anti-U.S. because of the U.S. attacks in Pakistan and is allying more and more with China. Even India is working more and more closely with Iran and its allies to get the gas they need. Just yesterday the president of Iran spoke in Afghanistan calling for a great regional entente, working together more and more closely. That is the likely route for Iranian oil and gas to India.

Ultimately, the U.S. Empire must withdraw from its vast over-stretch to save itself financially and economically, politically and militarily.

The E.U. knows that, so Germany’s Prime Minister talks privately with Putin in German and Russian about the American Global Crisis. [She knows Russian and he knows German, so it's easy.] Germany, the E.U. and Russia are moving toward a long run understanding once the crippled U.S. implodes financially or withdraws to save itself. The CEO of Siemens, the giant and vital German technology corporation, has just visited with Putin in Russia and made public statements of strong plans to continue working with Russia very closely. Other German CEO’s have done the same, acting as informal reassurances from the Prime Minister that her public words going along with the U.S. more or less do not mean any kind of break with the close relations with Russia.

The Best of Jack D. Douglas

L’Inde soutient la Russie dans la crise ukrainienne

L’Inde soutient la Russie dans la crise ukrainienne

Ex: http://www.dedefensa.org

Notre estimé MK Bhadrakumar attire notre attention sur une intervention du conseiller de sécurité nationale du gouvernement indien Shivshankar Menon (notamment rapportées par le Times of India de ce 7 mars 2014). Menon estime que la Russie a des “intérêts légitimes” en Crimée, ce qui revient, pour le moins, à “comprendre” avec une nuance presque approbatrice la position russe en Crimée et vis-à-vis de la crise ukrainienne.

Cette position indienne est doublement surprenante, d’une part parce qu’elle marque un engagement inhabituel de ce pays dans une crise majeure, contre le bloc BAO et les USA, d’autre part parce qu’elle surpasse largement le “soutien” ambiguë de la Chine à la Russie. La Chine favorise en général les coups d’arrêt à l’hégémonie du bloc BAO, ce qui implique un certain soutien à la Russie, mais se montre intraitable sur la question du principe de la souveraineté, ce qui porte une ombre sur ce soutien dans la circonstance présente, – et bien qu’il reste à savoir qui est investi et protecteur de ce principe lorsqu’on mesure les circonstances ayant mené à la chute de Ianoukovitch ... (Selon MK Bhadrakumar, «China is indulging in doublespeak. Its propaganda apparatus queers the pitch for the West’s confrontation with Russia and, in fact, blatantly admits that Moscow is also fighting China’s cause by resisting western hegemony, while at the same time, Beijing’s diplomacy marks a careful distance from the Russian stance and takes to the high ground of ‘principles’.»)

La position indienne est une marque de plus des bouleversements en cours dans la situation internationale, avec surprises et désordre à mesure... Voici comment Bhadrakumar salue cette prise de position de son pays, lui qui est rarement tendre pour l’équipe au pouvoir, le 7 mars 2014 sur son Indian PunchLine) :

«The National Security Advisor Shivshankar Menon’s remark to the effect that Russia has “legitimate interests” in the Ukraine developments, as much as other interests are involved, is a statement of fact at its most obvious level.

»Russia’s interests in a stable, friendly Ukraine are no less than what India would have with regard to, say, Nepal or Bhutan. Delhi simply cannot afford to have an unfriendly government in Kathmandu or Thimpu, and it is hard to overlook the gravity of Russian concerns that ultra-nationalists staged a violent coup in Kiev. But Menon’s statement inevitably becomes a big statement, not only because he is a profoundly experienced and thoughtful scholar-diplomat but also given the high position he holds and his key role as an architect of India’s foreign policy in the recent years. Simply put, he is India’s voice on the world stage.

»To be sure, what Menon said will reverberate far and wide and would have been the content of many coded cables relayed by the antennae atop the chancelleries in Chanakyapuri to the world capitals yesterday. The point is, what Menon said is one of the most significant statements made by Delhi in a long while regarding the contemporary international situation. No doubt, the Ukraine is a defining moment in the post-cold era world politics and by reflecting on its templates, Menon voiced India’s concern over the dangerous drift in world politics...»

Rangoon Realpolitik: Russia, India courting Myanmar

Rangoon Realpolitik: Russia, India courting Myanmar

by Rakesh Krishnan Simha

Ex: http://indrus.in

 

 

A strategic axis that was threatening to develop between Myanmar, China and Pakistan has been nixed by the Southeast Asian country’s growing ties with Russia and India.

 

Myanmar Army Commander Gen Min Aung Hlaing on a visit to Delhi in 2012. Source: AP

A mini version of the Great Game is being played out in Asia – and the prize is Myanmar, strategically overlooking the main shipping channel that connects the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Long boycotted and forgotten by much of the world, the Buddhist country’s military junta – perhaps unwillingly – had developed strong military and commercial ties with China and Pakistan.

Part of the blame for Myanmar tilting towards China and Pakistan goes to next-door neighbour India. Showing a complete lack of realpolitik, New Delhi had shunned the Myanmarese military rulers while openly supporting the opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi.

The friendless junta opted for 'friends' who were available. At one time, Myanmar used to refer to China as “paukphaw” – the Myanmarese word for sibling. The strategic and military relationship between the two resulted in Chinese fighter jets, tanks and missiles pouring into Myanmar. Military advisors soon followed and soon the army, air force and navy were being trained by Chinese officers.

India's huge stakes in Myanmar

In return China got access to Myanmar ports, offering Beijing with strategic influence in the Bay of Bengal, in the Indian Ocean region and Southeast Asia. Worryingly for India, China built a massive intelligence gathering network on Great Coco Island. Located just 18 km from India’s Andaman & Nicobar Islands, it allows China to monitor India's military activities, including missile tests, in the area.

Pakistan followed in China’s wake. In 2001, three Pakistan Navy vessels - a submarine, tanker and destroyer - visited Yangon Port. This was an unprecedented development because until then Myanmar had maintained it would not permit foreign navies to visit the country.

Enter Moscow

Despite deep defence ties the Myanmarese were loath to buy their insurance policy from just two countries – especially when one of them was a known international outcaste. Myanmar had never quite forgotten that in 1963 Moscow had provided the newly installed military government with three helicopters. Russia, having lost ground in its former strongholds such as Iraq, Libya and Syria, also saw an opening into a growing market.

In 2009 Moscow cracked that market, selling the Myanmar Air Force 20 MiG-29s in a $570 million deal, edging out the Chinese who had offered their knockoff fighters. Russia’s MiG Corp also pitched in, helping upgrade Myanmar's main military airstrip.

‘India needs Myanmar, and Myanmar also needs India’

Russia also sold Myanmar Mi-35 attack helicopters, aircraft trainers, artillery guns, air defense systems, tanks, radars and communication equipment.

According to Wikileaks, Russian diplomats were able to connect with the secretive Myanmarese generals. “Russia has exceptional access in Naypyidaw (the capital), including to top military leaders; and [the Russian ambassador] has been the most outspoken defender of the regime’s policies, including its human rights record during sessions with visiting UN officials,” reads the leaked cable.

The Myanmarese generals were glad they had made the right buys. The cable shows Russian helicopter gunships were successfully deployed against Kachin rebels.

India’s reset

Alarmed by the Chinese military and intelligence gathering bases in Myanmar, India has taken a long-overdue policy u-turn. Indian military supplies are now trickling into the country. These include maritime patrol aircraft, naval gunboats, 105 mm light artillery guns, mortars, grenade-launchers and rifles.

India has reported agreed to Myanmar’s request for assistance in building offshore patrol vehicles (OPVs). More importantly, it has green lighted a request to double the number of vacancies for training Myanmarese Navy officers and sailors from the current quota of 50. India will also train Myanmarese pilots to fly Russian-built Mi-35 helicopters.

Ethnic violence in Myanmar

According to The Diplomat, Myanmar is currently engaged in a competitive naval buildup with Bangladesh, particularly since the maritime standoff between their navies in 2008, which did not portray Myanmarese naval capabilities in a particularly good light. It is in this backdrop that Myanmar has asked for more from India – new radars, sensors and sonars for its naval frigates and corvettes.

In a sign that India is shedding its Gandhian reticence towards military exports, the Defence Research & Development Organisation’s hull-mounted sonar (HUMSA) – which is designed for small frigates, corvettes and OPVs – is being exported to the Myanmar Navy.

The sonars are also part of a larger pipeline of naval sensors being supplied to Myanmar, which has in the past included BEL-built RAWL-02 Mk III L-band 2D search radars and commercial grade navigation radars that are being sported by Myanmar Navy ships, reports The Diplomat. The primary offensive weapon of these ships is the Russian built Kh-35 Uran anti-ship missile.

While India would like to play a larger role in Myanmar, especially its democratisation process, the junta is in no hurry to travel that path. Instead they find the Vladimir Putin school of democracy more suited to the needs of a developing country that is reeling under separatist movements.

A Mandela moment in Myanmar

According to Asia Times, Myanmar appears to be looking elsewhere for inspiration and ideas. In July this year, a parliamentary delegation from Myanmar led by speaker Shwe Mann visited Russia as part of a "fact finding mission" on Russia's democracy model.

“Given their wariness of democracy in the first place and particularly one that is argumentative and noisy like that in neighboring India, Myanmar's rulers, who have often spoken in favor of a ‘disciplined democracy’ are looking to Russia for ideas….,” says the report.

Considering the state of democracy in India, you couldn’t fault the Myanmarese for looking elsewhere. As long as Myanmar is being weaned off both Beijing and Islamabad, New Delhi should count its blessings.

Related

• India, Russia and Abe’s posturing
• Moving beyond ‘conflict of civilizations’ to multi-polar equilibrium
• Russia praises results of African Union Summit

La geostrategia dell’India e la Cina

La geostrategia dell’India e la Cina

Mackinder contro Mahan?

Zorawar Daulet Singh

 

Ex: http://www.geopolitica-rivista.org

 

Due eventi recenti esemplificano il dilemma geopolitico dell’India. Durante i primi giorni di aprile 2013 è stato riferito che alcuni sottomarini cinesi avevano condotto incursioni nell’Oceano Indiano, ovviamente avvertite dai sonar della marina statunitense¹. Un paio di settimane dopo c’è stata l’intrusione di un plotone di truppe cinesi nella zona della valle di Depsang, nel Ladakh orientale². Anche se lo status precedente all’incursione è stato raggiunto pacificamente, l’incidente del Ladakh ricorda chiaramente le durevoli implicazioni dell’irrisolta controversia himalayana. Insieme, ciò a cui entrambi questi eventi fanno pensare è anche la profonda controversia nella geostrategia dell’India nei confronti della Cina. Questa è contesa tra le rappresentazioni di Mackinder e di Mahan, e parte della sua ambivalenza strategica può essere ricondotta proprio alla mancanza di una rappresentazione geopolitica ben definita su cui basare il dibattito.

L’illusione mahaniana

Una soluzione mahaniana alla sfida posta dalla Cina riguarda il fatto che l’India può superare alcuni dei suoi svantaggi continentali disturbando le linee di comunicazione marittime (SLOC – sea lines of communications) cinesi, o prendendo parte alle dispute dell’Asia Orientale. La logica di fondo deriva dal concetto di escalation orizzontale, secondo cui si può tentare di superare l’asimmetria in un teatro facendo salire il conflitto ad un dominio geografico più ampio. Riassumendo, se la Cina dovesse continuare ad avventurarsi nelle montagne, l’India potrebbe rispondere in mare aperto.

Anche se concettualmente intuitivo, questo collegamento richiede che Pechino valuti l’integrità delle sue linee di comunicazioni marittime in una maniera sufficiente a spingerla a modificare i suoi piani sulle montagne. I blocchi navali sono inoltre operazioni complesse, e l’orizzonte temporale necessario al successo, che corrisponderebbe al porre una seria minaccia alla sicurezza delle risorse cinesi, sarebbe significativamente più lungo di quello richiesto da una rapida e limitata operazione continentale volta a modificare permanentemente la linea di controllo effettiva (Line of Actual Control – LAC) o avente scopi punitivi. La crescente riserva strategica di petrolio della Cina inoltre, anche se destinata a compensare turbative di mercato, rappresenterebbe una risorsa in una situazione del genere. Infine, la ricerca cinese di nuove linee di comunicazione eurasiatiche, sia mediante i sempre più importanti legami energetici con la Russia che con le interconnessioni attraverso l’Asia Centrale, indicano una potenziale riduzione della dipendenza dalle linee di comunicazioni marittime dell’Oceano Indiano, almeno per alcune delle risorse strategiche³. Chiaramente la Cina percepirà il gioco allo stesso modo, e nulla suggerisce che la predilezione dello statega marittimo indiano per questo tipo di gioco rappresenti un’eccezione. In parole povere un interesse centrale non può essere difeso attraverso azioni orizzontali periferiche.

Affrontare la pressione continentale

Come può l’India impedire che venga esercitata una pressione pesante sulle sue frontiere? Non ci sono alternative alla deterrenza in ambito continentale, dove suoi interessi fondamentali, in questo caso l’integrità territoriale, possono essere minacciati. Forse il metodo più sistematico per sviluppare opzioni di deterrenza è con un doppio processo.

In primo luogo il rafforzamento dei sistemi di allerta delle frontiere nei passaggi chiave di tutta la linea di controllo effettiva, attraverso il potenziamento della logistica, le capacità di spostamento pesante, e le capacità di intelligence, sorveglianza e ricognizione (ISR), per migliorare l’abilità a muovere le forze in avanti verso passi montani vulnerabili. Questo aumenterebbe un po’ i costi per la Cina. A dire il vero esistono intrinseci limiti geografici a quanto la catena logistica può diventare flessibile ed efficiente, e l’India non riuscirà mai a pareggiare i vantaggi della Cina, che prevedono un approccio decisamente flessibile alla gestione delle frontiere, permesso dalla comodità dell’uniforme territorio tibetano. Ma l’India non si avvicina neanche lontanamente a un briciolo di quelle che sono la moderna logistica e la rete ISR in una topografia vincolata.

Un rapporto, basato su valutazioni ufficiali, afferma che “sul versante indiano molte delle strade si fermano tra i 60 e gli 80 km prima della LAC, compromettendo così il dispiegamento delle truppe e la loro presenza in avanti”⁴. Nonostante la decisione ufficiale di migliorare l’interconnessione delle regioni di confine in tutte e tre le sezioni della frontiera indo-cinese “a partire dal 2010, solo nove delle 72 strade pianificate sono state completate”⁵. Alcune delle motivazioni, legate principalmente all’inerzia burocratica e ai gravi limiti nel coordinamento e nelle capacità dell’Organizzazione delle strade di confine, sono note, ma non sono state affrontate⁶.

Si può affermare che la mancanza di una logistica moderna e di una rete di connessione può aver involontariamente enfatizzato in modo eccessivo il pattugliamento dei punti controversi lungo la LAC. In altre parole, l’approccio prevalente per la gestione delle frontiere è una soluzione tampone per compensare problemi strutturali decennali sul retro, come quelli infrastrutturali, della catena logistica, delle ISR basate sulla tecnologia, ecc. Se alcuni di questi aspetti, compresa la capacità di monitoraggio, fossero rafforzati, la gestione delle frontiere verrebbe trasformata. In assenza di seri mutamenti nella rete logistica retrostante che conduce alle montagne, l’India potrebbe restare per sempre ostaggio di una situazione in cui un’azione cinese in una zona controversa lungo la LAC lascia a Nuova Delhi solamente opzioni costose.

In secondo luogo, anziché in ambiti periferici, la capacità di aumentare i livelli della violenza orizzontalmente e verticalmente costituisce un elemento importante per il rafforzamento della deterrenza. La Cina è logisticamente in grado di ammassare un grande volume di forze e potenza di fuoco in ogni settore in breve tempo⁷. Per scoraggiare tale scenario da “guerra lampo”, l’India può dimostrare di avere le capacità e la disciplina per dirigere gli obiettivi a un grado più basso, nel cuore del Tibet e in un dominio cui la Cina assegna un importante valore, il suo heartland continentale nella parte orientale.
Questo implica che l’India ha bisogno di sistemi di deterrenza a distanza come missili a lunga gittata e una forza aerea avente un ampio raggio d’azione. Alcune di queste capacità esistono già, ma non sono state dirette verso obiettivi di deterrenza dalla politica centrale. Di conseguenza le forze armate, esercito e aviazione in questo caso, vengono lasciati a soddisfare le loro limitate preferenze, precludendo una dottrina congiunta terra-aria. L’esercito è legato a una concezione di deterrenza che prevede un uso intensivo delle risorse umane, mentre le forze aeree si accontentano di accumulare funzionalità ad hoc senza contribuire a una condizione di deterrenza stabile. È sconcertante, ad esempio, che l’India stia cercando di conquistare capacità di proiezione fuori area senza prima considerare le esigenze di trasporto dei carichi pesanti per le sue necessità di sicurezza o l’assenza di una rete di difesa aerea moderna.

Forse è stato a partire da una valutazione così frammentaria che un documento programmatico ampiamente letto nel 2012 parlava di promuovere la deterrenza asimmetrica, preparandosi “a innescare una vera e propria rivolta nelle zone occupate dalle forze cinesi” in caso d’invasione⁸! La Cina non è neanche lontanamente in procinto di impegnare i piani dello stratega indiano in una lunga guerra vicino alle colline. In effetti, si può affermare che un approccio di modernizzazione della difesa delle frontiere dominato dalle risorse umane, piuttosto che rafforzare la deterrenza, potrebbe involontariamente minarla, inviando a Pechino un messaggio sbagliato, e, allo stesso tempo, illudere la leadership politica e militare che stia per essere posto in essere un atteggiamento di “difesa attiva”⁹.

Sfide in tempo di pace e guerra limitata

La sfida cinese lungo le frontiere deve essere analizzata chiaramente in ogni sua parte. In assenza di un confine ben definito, una delle sfide consiste nel garantire che la zona contestata della LAC non si ampli a causa dell’abilità logistica della Cina nel perseguire un atteggiamento attivista di perlustrazione in tempo di pace. Questo può essere affrontato solo, come già accennato, concentrando l’attenzione sulla logistica e sulle capacità di monitoraggio, insieme a un approccio dinamico alla gestione delle frontiere. Inoltre, dato che l’India possiede un territorio più basso, deve anche fare leva sulle misure di confidence-building (CBM) e intanto negoziare nuove norme per vincolare le capacità superiori della Cina in termini di flessibilità e pattugliamento. Se sfruttate prudentemente, le CBM possono aiutare nel mantenimento di uno status quo stabile.

C’è poi il classico scenario di un conflitto limitato derivante da un deterioramento delle relazioni bilaterali. Questo conduce direttamente al cuore di una valida strategia di deterrenza basata sulla natura geopolitica del campo di battaglia himalayano. Una strategia di deterrenza fondata sulla negazione è un approccio sbagliato in un mondo nucleare. L’asimmetria può in effetti essere volta a favore dell’India. Anziché affidarsi a una strategia di risposta flessibile, che vede la Cina in una posizione migliore grazie alla sua logistica superiore e ai vantaggi geostrategici del suo territorio più alto, la dottrina indiana dovrebbe basarsi sulla deterrenza attraverso la punizione. È inutile e costoso prepararsi ad attaccare la Cina a tutti i livelli con ogni tipo di aggressione. Se c’è una lezione da imparare dalla coppia India-Pakistan è proprio questa. L’attore convenzionalmente più debole può annullare l’asimmetria sfruttando politicamente le sue capacità strategiche e la sua dottrina. Una dottrina nucleare credibile e ponderatamente segnalata, correlata a una dottrina convenzionale congiunta ad ampio raggio d’azione, consentirà all’India di allontanare lo scenario dell’avventurismo cinese.

Di chi è la dottrina?

Il punto cruciale è che l’appropriata dottrina militare sta emergendo a partire dall’inerzia istituzionale piuttosto che attraverso un piano accuratamente dibattuto. Se l’obiettivo è creare deterrenza in condizioni di alta tecnologia convenzionale e nucleare, allora investire nelle risorse umane per intraprendere un’ipotetica battaglia in Tibet è una strategia non ottimale che potrebbe esacerbare il dilemma della sicurezza tra India e Cina, senza aumentare la tranquillità dell’India sulla frontiera. Dati i vantaggi geostrategici e logistici della Cina, un atteggiamento di difesa attiva da parte dell’India è semplicemente non credibile.

Una strategia di deterrenza mediante punizione, combinata a solide capacità di mantenimento, è preferibile all’illusione di poter perseguire una dottrina di difesa attiva. Una strategia di questo tipo richiede sistemi di precisione a lungo raggio, la conoscenza del settore spaziale, capacità aeree di quarta e quinta generazione e una moderna rete di difesa aerea, oggi quasi interamente garantita dall’Indian Air Force (IAF). Anche in questo caso, alcuni degli ingredienti di base esistono già, sparsi all’interno delle forze armate, ma non sono stati orientati verso obiettivi dottrinali comuni.

Il cuore del problema non è la mancanza di pensiero strategico, ma la diversità delle percezioni strategiche e delle dottrine che sono in competizione per la validità individuale e il primato. Mentre i mahaniani sminuiscono i continentalisti per il loro attaccamento a rappresentazioni geopolitiche obsolete, questi ultimi si sono sforzati di interiorizzare le implicazioni di un ambiente ad alta tecnologia post nucleare, dove la deterrenza deve essere la finalità principale della strategia militare. La dimensione militare della grande strategia non può essere di tipo additivo, in cui le diverse parti interessate, in questo caso le forze armate, suggeriscono mezzi autonomi per affrontare le stesse minacce o addirittura ricostruiscono delle minacce per adattarsi ai mezzi, mentre il compito dello stratega è di far quadrare insieme queste dottrine!

La strategia non consiste nel gettare soldi in un pozzo senza fondo, ma nell’orientare in modo dinamico e creativo gli strumenti più appropriati verso le minacce in modo che possano apparire basati sugli obiettivi politici e sulla dottrina militare degli avversari, e non come e dove dovrebbero apparire. L’elite politica dell’India deve accettare di riconoscere la sua parte di responsabilità, dato che è stata l’apatia a quel livello a permettere un’impostazione dal basso e un approccio frammentario alla strategia, senza un pianificatore centrale disposto a fissare i termini dell’agenda.

La priorità dell’India: Cina continentale o Cina marittima?

L’India dovrebbe focalizzarsi più sulla Cina continentale che su quella marittima, ed è l’equilibrio di potere e d’influenza sulla periferia subcontinentale che richiede costante attenzione strategica. Le linee di comunicazione cinesi verso l’Asia Meridionale partono dalla Cina continentale. Il corridoio verso l’Asia Centrale, i collegamenti che attraversano il Karakorum tramite il Pakistan e il corridoio attraverso il Myanmar sono tutti parte della geostrategia continentale di Pechino per garantire la sicurezza delle sue regioni periferiche e integrarsi con i vicini. L’estensione e l’ulteriore potenziale di queste linee di comunicazione nel nord dell’Oceano Indiano, nel Golfo del Bengala o nel Mar Arabico, non possono essere sfruttati senza l’acquiescenza strategica e la cooperazione dell’India.

Il regno marittimo non è, contrariamente a quanto osservano alcuni analisti¹⁰, il teatro di un gioco a somma zero tra India e Cina, in cui sono in ballo gli interessi vitali di entrambi i Paesi. La realtà geopolitica è che le linee di comunicazioni marittime cinesi passano vicino a schieramenti navali indiani, e oltre l’85% delle importazioni di petrolio cinesi attraversano le rotte marittime dell’Oceano Indiano. Allo stesso modo, più del 50% del commercio indiano attraversa oggi gli stretti di Malacca e Singapore. Anziché rappresentare una fonte di conflitto questo dovrebbe essere la base di un rapporto marittimo accomodante.
Nell’ambito di un’economia politica internazionale interdipendente l’idea di sicurezza unilaterale lungo le linee di comunicazione marittima è illogica.

I territori dell’Indo-Pacifico sono caduti sotto il dominio di una sola superpotenza in condizioni storiche uniche che non possono prevalere a tempo indeterminato. Anche se è prematuro valutare a priori l’evoluzione del sistema marittimo dell’Indo-Pacifico, sicuramente questa vedrà uno sforzo collettivo in cui nessuna singola potenza può essere esclusa dalla gestione degli spazi comuni. All’interno di questa logica è probabile che diverse potenze regionali prendano in carico oneri maggiori nelle loro periferie geopolitiche. Ma finché il commercio interregionale e lo scambio di risorse sostengono l’economia globale, gli spazi comuni non possono diventare un sistema di sicurezza chiuso. La rivalità marittima anglo-tedesca testimonia l’inutilità di un gioco a somma zero. Quella rivalità ha prodotto un’incontrollabile corsa agli armamenti che ha frantumato il predominio marittimo britannico e, in ultima analisi, le pretese della Germania di avere un’egemonia europea.

In effetti, l’evoluzione della tecnologia militare evidenzia come le idee di Mahan siano pressoché obsolete. La storica logica mahaniana di controllo offensivo del mare attraverso le grandi flotte di superficie, “definita come la capacità di utilizzare i mari sfidando la volontà degli altri”¹¹, è superata. Le prescrizioni originali di Mahan sul controllo del mare derivavano da uno specifico contesto storico, industriale e tecnologico che non prevale più, vista l’evoluzione dell’ambiente tecnologico-militare. Forze missilistiche continentali a lungo raggio; capacità aerospaziali di quarta e quinta generazione; funzionalità subacquee come i sottomarini d’attacco; ISR e abilità nell’individuazione degli obiettivi su terra, aria e spazio; armi anti-satellite (ASAT) e capacità informatiche rendono l’idea del controllo del mare, un concetto altamente controverso. In realtà, la negazione del mare, insieme a limitate capacità di proiezione di potenza, è forse il massimo a cui le potenze emergenti contemporanee possono aspirare. È probabile che la struttura della forza marittima di domani assumerà la forma di piattaforme disaggregate e meno vulnerabili, piuttosto che di potenza di fuoco concentrata in grandi flotte trasportatrici di mezzi.

Sarebbe più appropriato descrivere la strategia militare cinese come un approccio regionale “antinavale” di negazione del mare che come una ricerca di potere marittimo globale¹². I sistemi terrestri sono parte integrante della modernizzazione navale della Cina, che non compete con le grandi flotte di superficie della tradizione anglo-americana. Come sottolinea una valutazione occidentale, “l’obiettivo principale della marina cinese è ancora quello di proteggere il Paese dal potere di attacco in mare statunitense”¹³. Un autorevole studio americano afferma che “la nuova marina della Cina conta più su viaggi senza equipaggio e missili balistici che su velivoli con equipaggio, e più su sottomarini che su navi di superficie”¹⁴. Ciò considerato, è ironico che, nel dibattito strategico indiano, qualcuno chiami in causa l’immagine mahaniana della Liaoning, la sola portaerei cinese, come simbolo e guida della strategia marittima cinese¹⁵. La proiezione in mare aperto, al di là dei mari regionali, è di secondaria importanza per Pechino. L’obiettivo principale della strategia cinese per l’immediato futuro è la negazione del mare, focalizzata nel Pacifico Occidentale e sulla marina statunitense.

La marina degli Stati Uniti riconosce di non poter più agire indisturbata nelle periferie marittime delle varie potenze regionali, e gran parte del suo dibattito strategico è animato dalla sfida asimmetrica antiaccesso che si estende nelle regioni dall’Asia Occidentale alla penisola coreana¹⁶. Queste tecnologie perturbatrici sono resistenti e, dal momento che vengono messe in campo dalle potenze del Rimland eurasiatico, il discorso mahaniano sarà profondamente modificato nei prossimi anni.
In sintesi, anche se Stati continentali come India e Cina possono far aumentare i costi operativi delle altre potenze marittime, incluse l’un l’altra, nelle loro rispettive regioni, non possono acquisire unilateralmente il controllo del mare necessario ad assicurare le linee di comunicazione marittima in mare aperto, linee vitali delle loro economie. In ciò consiste la logica della competizione e della cooperazione. Strategie di autotutela possono coesistere con regole cooperative di ripartizione degli oneri per consentire una più ampia stabilità degli spazi comuni.

Ammansire i mahaniani per sviluppare una geostrategia principalmente continentale

L’influenza cinese sulle coste dell’Oceano Indiano paradossalmente è emersa non perché la marina dell’Esercito popolare di liberazione fosse percepita come garante della sicurezza, ma perché l’assistenza economica e tecnico-militare ha assicurato alla Cina uno spazio politico. Le possibilità marittime dell’India si riducono a un insieme di mezzi per recuperare influenza. Per quanto riguarda l’influenza indiana in Asia Orientale, l’emulazione delle pratiche cinesi è una strada maggiormente percorribile rispetto all’eventualità di premature incursioni marittime in teatri dove l’India dovrebbe confrontarsi con il peso della potenza di fuoco cinese. Ad esempio, l’influenza indiana è avanzata di più sostenendo la capacità propria del Vietnam di bilanciare asimmetricamente una Cina assertiva, piuttosto che con la presenza diretta nel Mar Cinese Meridionale.

I mahaniani hanno raccomandato all’India di disfarsi delle sue rappresentazioni continentali e prospettano per essa il ruolo marittimo di “garante della sicurezza” in altre regioni. Quest’analisi fin qui suggerisce che non è una strategia prudente. Considerati gli straordinari investimenti e il tempo richiesto da una modernizzazione della marina, è indispensabile che gli strateghi indiani raggiungano questa consapevolezza.
I mahaniani per certi aspetti riflettono i più ampi cambiamenti nel profilo economico e diplomatico dell’India, che hanno diffuso i suoi interessi in tutto il mondo. È vero che l’India globalizzata ha un impatto economico e culturale in molti continenti, e che le sue istituzioni dovrebbero riflettere ciò, ma non è affatto detto che la strategia marittima, spesso considerata come il potenziale mezzo di espansione degli interessi globali indiani, dovrebbe guidare questo processo. E non è sicuramente detto che l’India debba ricercare un ruolo extra-regionale prima ancora di aver raggiunto un minimo di sicurezza e influenza nella propria regione, in cui le sue aspirazioni locali restano fortemente contestate.

Per il futuro imminente gli interessi fondamentali dell’India dovrebbero restare nel continente ed essere perseguiti attraverso una geostrategia principalmente continentale. Un ruolo marittimo strettamente legato al rafforzamento della deterrenza e dell’influenza nel Subcontinente sembra più in sintonia non solo con le sfide nazionali dell’India, ma anche con la direzione geostrategica delle pressioni che continuano a ricorrere.

(Traduzione dall’inglese di Chiara Macci)

NOTE:

Zorawar Daulet Singh è ricercatore presso il Center for Policy Alternatives, Nuova Delhi e dottorando presso l’India Institute, King’s College, Londra.

1. Singh, Rahul, China Submarines in Indian Ocean Worry Indian Navy, “Hindustan Times”, 7 April 2013.
2. Singh, Rahul, China Ends Ladakh Standoff, Troops Pull Back, “Hindustan Times”, 5 May 2013.
3. Downs, Erica S., Money Talks: China-Russia Energy Relations after Xi Jinping’s Visit to Moscow, 1 April 2013; Alexandros Petersen, China Latest Piece of the New Silk Road, “Eurasia Daily Monitor”, Vol. 10, No. 4, 10 January 2013; Li Yingqing e Guo Anfei, Third Land Link to Europe Envisioned, “China Daily”, 2 July 2009.
4. Rajagopalan, Rajeswari Pillai e Rahul Prakash, Sino-Indian Border Infrastructure: An Update, ORF Occasional Paper No. 42, May 2013, p. 11.
5. Ibid., p. 14.
6. Ibid. Si veda anche Shishir Gupta, 45 Years After China Conflict, Delhi to Build Roads Linking Ladakh Outposts, “Indian Express”, 21 May 2007.
7. Chansoria, Monika, China’s Infrastructure Development in Tibet: Evaluating Trendlines, Manekshaw Paper No. 32, New Delhi: Claws, 2011.
8. Khilnani, Sunil, Rajiv Kumar, Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Prakash Menon, Nandan Nilekani, Srinath Raghavan, Shyam Saran e Siddharth Varadarajan, Nonalignment 2.0: A Foreign and Strategic Policy for India in the Twenty First Century, New Delhi: Centre for Policy Research, 2012, p. 41.
9. Samanta, Pranab Dhal, Incursion Effect: Strike Corps on China Border Gets Nod, “Indian Express”, 26 May 2013; Ajai Shukla, New Strike Corps for China Border, “Business Standard”, 24 August 2011.
10. Raja Mohan, C., Beijing at Sea, “Indian Express”, 26 April 2013.
11. Gompert, David C., Sea Power and American Interests in the Western Pacific, Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 2013, p. 186.
12. Ibid., p. 14.
13. Ibid., p. 113.
14. Saunders, Phillip, Christopher Yung, Michael Swaine, e Andrew Nien-Dzu Yang (eds), The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles, Washington, D.C.: National Defence University Press, 2011, p. 12.
15. Raja Mohan, Beijing at Sea, n. 10.
16. Gertz, Bill, Threat in Asia is Anti-ship Missiles, “Washington Times”, 23 March 2010; Roger Cliff, Mark Burles, Michael S. Chase, Derek Eaton, Kevin L. Pollpeter, Entering the Chinese Antiaccess Strategies and Their Implications for the United States Dragon’s Lair, Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 2007.

Flanker diplomacy: Win-win for India in Asia

Rakesh Krishnan Simha

Ex: http://indrus.in

 

India’s expertise in maintaining Russian aircraft and its vaunted pilot training skills are helping New Delhi win friends and influence nations in Asia.

The induction of advanced Flanker aircraft in Asian air forces is proving to be an unexpected windfall for India. As a maintenance hub for Sukhoi-27/30 Flanker series aircraft and by training foreign fighter pilots, the country earns a substantial amount of money. But more importantly, it strengthens New Delhi’s ties with the region.

Neutralising Indonesia

In October 2013, India agreed to train and support the Indonesian Air Force in operating its fleet of Sukhoi fighters. The Indonesians currently operate both Su-27 and Su-30 jets, with the latest batch of Flankers arriving last month.

According to the agreement, which was arrived at during the Indian defence minister’s trip to Jakarta, India and Indonesia will cooperate in the areas of training, technical help and spares support.

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Defence and Security

In the past Jakarta had a pact with China to train its pilots and provide technical support for its Flanker fleet. But Jakarta has now veered round to the view that the Indian Air Force (IAF) is an ideal mentor. For, the IAF has earned a worldwide reputation as a dogfight duke after beating the powerful US Air Force in a series of Cope India air exercises. Plus, in three wars – in 1965, 1971 and 1999 – it has routed the Pakistan Air Force, which is no chump.

Given that India will have one of the largest Flanker fleets in the world once all the planned 272 Sukhoi jets enter service, Indonesia’s decision to change fighter gurus is understandable. Indonesian officials will hold talks with a high-level IAF team to finalise details of the training and spares support package.

Besides Flanker servicing and training of pilots, India and Indonesia will significantly enhance their defence cooperation. “The two sides exchanged views on issues relating to regional and global security, bilateral exercises involving services, training, co-production of defence equipment and ammunition and visits at high levels,” said an Indian Defence Ministry spokesman.

Joint synergies

Defense Industry Daily explains the significance of the India-Indonesia Flanker deal: “The move will have an importance that goes far beyond its dollar value, as it’s part of a wider set of enhanced defence cooperation agreements the two countries are reportedly pursuing.”

Sukhois shift the balance of power in the Asia-Pacific

DID adds: “Indonesia isn’t looking to antagonise China, but China’s aggressive claims in the South China Sea are contrasting poorly with India’s support for freedom of navigation, and for multilateral resolution of the disputes under international law. The result is an important Indonesian tilt toward more cooperation with India, which fits very well with India’s own strategic priorities.”

Malaysian fleet

India also plays a role in helping the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) to maintain its fleet. While Sukhoi is the main contractor for supplying Su-30s MKMs, the aircraft’s canards, stabilisers and fins are manufactured by India’s Hindustan Aeronautics Limited at Nasik under a $25-30 million value subcontract.

In 2008 India accepted Malaysia’s request to train the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) personnel on the operation and maintenance of its Su-30 MKM fighters. “The initial training for the RMAF personnel was conducted in India by HAL and IAF,” says the website of the Indian diplomatic mission in Kuala Lumpur.

“Subsequently, a composite team of flying and technical training instructors was deployed at Gong Kedah Base as part of Indian Air Force Training Team (IAFTT) for two and a half years to impart the training. The training successfully concluded in Sep 2010. The IAFTT team personnel were felicitated in a special ceremony prior to their departure by General Dato Sri Rodzali bin Daud, Chief of the RMAF.

Vietnam spinoffs

Vietnam looking to purchase BrahMos cruise missiles

Flanker cooperation has had another spinoff. India’s success in mating the BrahMos cruise missile with its Sukhois has Vietnam showing interest in buying the missile. If the deal goes through, it would mark the first overseas sale of the much talked about missile jointly developed by India and Russia.

A senior Vietnamese delegation that visited New Delhi this month requested India to provide submarine training and conversion training for Vietnamese pilots to fly Sukhoi-30 aircraft.

Strategic moves

Indonesia and Malaysia are both Muslims nations and despite their historic Indic roots, their current religious affiliation makes them lean towards other Muslim nations.

Why is this a concern? Well, in the 1965 India Pakistan War, Indonesia dispatched naval warships to Pakistan to fight against India. Prior to that, when the Communist Party of Indonesia came to power, it sided with communist China. Indonesian leaders soon started voicing claims to the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and demanded that the Indian Ocean be renamed the “Indonesian Ocean”.

Although Indian military power today is of an order of magnitude higher compared with the 1950s and 60s, and the Indonesians are unlikely to repeat their reckless gunboat diplomacy, the fact is India wouldn’t want Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur to support Pakistan in any way.

Flanker diplomacy is thus an excellent way to boost defence ties with these two countries. Indonesian and Malaysian military officers working in sync with the IAF will most likely be in India’s corner in an India-Pakistan or India-China conflict.

Tajikistan remains of highest strategic value for Russia and India

Tajikistan remains of highest strategic value for Russia and India

Victoria Panfilova, specially for RIR

Ex: http://indrus.in

 

The re-election of Emomali Rahmon will ensure that the Central Asian country keeps a balancing act when dealing with regional and world powers. New Delhi, Moscow and Washington each eye the Ayni base.

 

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Relations with Russia are of a dual nature, although it is believed that Tajikistan is one of the main allies in the region. Photo: Tajik President Emomali Rahmon (L) and Vladimir Putin. Source: Olesya Kurlyaeva/RG

Few were surprised that acting head of the state President Emomali Rahmon won the Tajikistan presidential elections with 83.6 percent of the votes. Experts believe that the courses taken by Emomali Rahmon in the last ten years will continue. This means that the coming years will be very difficult for both the president and his country.

A complete economic collapse in Tajikistan and instability in the neighboring Afghanistan, which the U.S. military will partially vacate next year, may lead to internal disturbances in the republic. To keep the situation under control Rahmon is trying to follow a multi-vector foreign policy, relying, in extreme cases, for outside help.

Newly elected Tajik President faces Afghan problem

Relations with Russia are of a dual nature, although it is believed that Tajikistan is one of the main allies in the region. The republic accommodates the 201st Russian military base, which will remain there until 2042 according to the agreement. However, the ratification of the relevant treaty was delayed by the parliament, controlled by Rahmon for a whole year. All this time, Tajikistan extracted various concessions out of Russia.

The Ayni conondrum

Rahmon promised to rent out the Ayni military airfield near the Tajik capital to India, Russia and the US. All three countries are interested in obtaining the lease of the site. However, the president’s "multi-vector" policy complicated the situation so much that now the potential tenants are unclear about the status of the base.

India spent a significant amount of money over the last decade developing Ayni, hoping that it would be a major base for the strategically important region. New Delhi is very serious on the Ayni air base project to gain a strategic foothold in Central Asia and improve its C3I (Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence) network to fortify its operations in Afghanistan and keep a close eye on Pakistan. India has however met with Russian resistance as Moscow has been unrelenting in its stand that it doesn’t want foreign powers to deploy fighter aircraft in its backyard and a former territory.

Ayni Air Force Base, also known as Gissar Air Base, is a military air base in Tajikistan, just 10 km west of the capital Dushanbe, which served as a major military base of the Soviet Union in the Cold War era.

The situation with Ayni shows that Tajikistan is not really in position to sign a consistent and binding agreement and that Dushanbe may be left with nothing.  “Rahmon will seek preferences in the supply of arms in lieu of renting out the base,” says Azhdar Kurtov, an expert of the Russian Institute of Strategic Studies.

Dushanbe’s bargaining chips

In exchange for the ratification of the agreement on the 201^st Russian military base, Moscow promised to expand a free education program in Russian military academies for citizens of Tajikistan and to provide $200 million worth of arms to the republic. In addition, Moscow has modified work permit laws for citizens of Tajikistan, allowing them to work in Russia for up to 3 years. This is relevant for Dushanbe - according to the Russian Federal Migration Service there are more than 1.2 million citizens of Tajikistan in Russia, who this year alone remitted $3.5 billion to their home country.

However, even such a dangerous dependence on Moscow does not discourage Dushanbe from demonstrating its activity in relation to other countries. For example, until recently it seemed that the US was paying considerable attention to Tajikistan. For a while, the United States and NATO were sizing the option to withdraw troops from Afghanistan via Tajikistan, but Pakistan’s conditions regarding this issue were far more suitable for the West.

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Such behaviour periodically makes experts say that Tajikistan is slipping away from Russia’s influence to China, India, Iran, or even the United States. Elena Kuzmina, Manager of the Sector for Economic Development at the Institute of the economy of post-Soviet states recognizes that in the past two years, in fact, it was China that has become a major trading partner and investor in Tajikistan. Russia is only in the second place. Chinese investment accounted for 40 percent of total investments in the Tajik economy. In addition, China provides grants for the construction of infrastructure projects. With the support of the Celestial Empire, Tajikistan was able to implement large-scale projects in the energy and communication sectors.

“It would still be improper to say that Tajikistan is moving away from Russia,” says Kuzmina. There is cooperation between Moscow and Dushanbe in many areas. According to Kuzmina, it would be more accurate to say that Tajikistan has expanded the scope of its economic interests, and will continue to try to expand and diversify its cooperation with various countries.

Azhdar Kurtov also believes that there will be no sharp geopolitical fluctuations, not to mention a change of Dushanbe’s main external partner. “The republic has no oil or gas and because of the high-altitude terrain, production of other resources is more expensive.  Its geographical location does not allow the deployment of a large-scale construction, including, for example, transport communications, which Tajikistan has pinned high hopes on. Attempts to refocus on Iran by creating a union of three Persian-speaking countries (Tajikistan, Iran and Afghanistan), were not successful, “Kurtov said.

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation warns against US-led war on Syria

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation warns against US-led war on Syria

By John Chan
Ex: http://www.wsws.org/

The latest summit of the Russian- and Chinese-led Central Asian grouping, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), held in Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, on September 13, was dominated by the rising global tensions produced by the US preparations for war against Syria.

Russian President Vladimir Putin insisted that “military interference from outside the country without a UN Security Council sanction is inadmissible.” The summit’s joint declaration opposed “Western intervention in Syria, as well as the loosening of the internal and regional stability in the Middle East.” The SCO called for an international “reconciliation” conference to permit negotiations between the Syrian government and opposition forces.

As he had done at the recent G20 summit in St Petersburg, Chinese President Xi Jinping lined up with Russia against any military assault on Damascus, fearing that it would be a prelude to attack Iran, one of China’s major oil suppliers.

Significantly, Iran’s new President Hassan Rouhani attended the meeting, despite suggestions that his government would mark a shift from former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and his anti-American rhetoric at previous SCO summits. Rouhani welcomed Russia’s proposal to put Syria’s chemical weapons under international control, claiming that it has “given us hope that we will be able to avoid a new war in the region.”

The SCO explicitly supported Iran’s right to develop its nuclear program. Putin insisted in an address that “Iran, the same as any other state, has the right to peaceful use of atomic energy, including [uranium] enrichment operations.” The SCO declaration warned, without naming the US and its allies, that “the threat of military force and unilateral sanctions against the independent state of [Iran] are unacceptable.” A confrontation against Iran would bring “untold damage” to the region and the world at large.

The SCO statement also criticised Washington’s building of anti-ballistic missile defence systems in Eastern Europe and Asia, aimed at undermining the nuclear strike capacity of China and Russia. “You cannot provide for your own security at the expense of others,” the statement declared.

Despite such critical language, neither Putin nor Xi want to openly confront Washington and its European allies. Prior to the SCO summit, there was speculation that Putin would deliver advanced S-300 surface-to-air missile systems to Iran and build a second nuclear reactor for the country. Russian officials eventually denied the reports.

Russia and China are facing growing pressure from US imperialism, including the threat that it will use its military might to dominate the key energy reserves in the Middle East and Central Asia. The SCO was established in 2001, shortly before the US utilised the “war on terror” to invade Afghanistan. Although the SCO’s official aim is to counter “three evils”—separatism, extremism and terrorism in the region—it is above all a bid to ensure that Eurasia does not fall completely into Washington’s orbit.

Apart from the four former Soviet Central Asian republics—Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan—the group also includes, as observer states, Mongolia, Iran, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. The “dialogue partners” are Belarus, Sri Lanka and, significantly, Turkey, a NATO member, which was added last year.

However, US influence is clearly being brought to bear on the grouping. Before the summit, there were reports in the Pakistani press that the country could be accepted as a full SCO member. Russia invited new Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to attend. However, Sharif only sent his national security advisor Sartaj Aziz, and no Pakistan membership was granted.

While the SCO is looking to enhance its role in Pakistan’s neighbour, Afghanistan, after the scheduled withdrawal of NATO forces, Aziz said Pakistan’s policy was “no interference and no favorites.” He insisted that the US-backed regime in Kabul could achieve an “Afghan-led reconciliation” if all countries in the region resisted the temptation to “fill the power vacuum.”

China and Russia are also deeply concerned by the US “pivot to Asia” to militarily threaten China and to lesser extent, Russia’s Far East, by strengthening Washington’s military capacities and alliances with countries such as Japan and South Korea. In June, China and Russia held a major joint naval exercise in the Sea of Japan, and in August, they carried out joint land/air drills in Russia involving tanks, heavy artillery and warplanes.

Facing US threats to its interests in the Middle East and the Asia-Pacific, China is escalating its efforts to acquire energy supplies in Central Asia. For President Xi, the SCO summit was the last stop in a 10-day trip to Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan—where he signed or inaugurated multi-billion-dollar deals for oil and gas projects.

At his first stop, Turkmenistan, Xi inaugurated a gas-processing facility at a massive new field on the border with Afghanistan. Beijing has lent Turkmenistan $US8 billion for the project, which will triple gas supplies to China by the end of this decade. The country is already China’s largest supplier of gas, thanks to a 1,800-kilometer pipeline across Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan to China.

In Kazakhstan, where Xi signed a deal to buy to a minority stake in an offshore oilfield for $5 billion, he called for the development of a new “silk road economic belt.” Trade between China and the five Central Asian republics has increased nearly 100-fold since 1992, and Kazakhstan is now the third largest destination of Chinese overseas investment.

Xi delivered a speech declaring that Beijing would never interfere in the domestic affairs of the Central Asian states, never seek a dominant role in the region and never try to “nurture a sphere of influence.” This message clearly sought to also placate concerns in Russia over China’s growing clout in the former Soviet republics.

During the G20 summit, the China National Petroleum Corporation signed a “basic conditions” agreement with Russia’s Gazprom to prepare a deal, expected to be inked next year, for Gazprom to supply at least 38 billion cubic metres of gas per year to China via a pipeline by 2018.

With so much at stake, Wang Haiyun of Shanghai University declared in the Global Times that “maintaining regime security has become the utmost concern for SCO Central Asian members, including even Russia.” He accused the US and other Western powers of inciting “democratic turmoil” and “colour revolutions” and warned that if any SCO member “became a pro-Western state, it will have an impact on the very existence of the SCO.” If necessary, China had to show “decisiveness and responsibility” to join Russia and other members to contain the turmoil, i.e. to militarily crush any “colour revolution” in the region.

The discussions at the SCO meeting are a clear indication that Russia and China regard the US war plans against Syria and Iran as part of a wider design to undermine their security, underscoring the danger that the reckless US drive to intervene against Syria will provoke a far wider conflagration.

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