by Nikolai von Kreitor
Ex: http://www.amerika.org
The most fundamental principle in geopolitics is the principle of Grossraum (=Great Area) formulated by the prominent German jurist Carl Schmitt in his book Völkerrechtlishe Grossraumordnung mit Interventionsverbot für Raumfremde Mächte (1) and seen by him as a foundation for the science of international law and international relations.
A Grossraum is an area dominated by a power representing a distinct political idea. This idea was always formulated with a specific opponent in mind; in essence ,the distinction between friend and enemy would be determined by this particular political idea. As an example Carl Schmitt cited the American Monroe Doctrine and its concept of non-intervention by foreign powers in the American Raum. “This is the core of the original Monroe Doctrine, a genuine Grossraum principle, namely the union of politically awakened people, a political idea and, on the basis of this idea, a politically dominant Grossraum excluding foreign intervention.”
Carl Schmitt’s knowledge and sense of history were equaled by his ability to define core issues. That ability enabled Schmitt to quickly grasp the essence of national foreign policy , articulate it in his book, relate the idea and implementation of the American Monroe Doctrine to the concept of Grossraum , subject Grossraum to analysis, incorporate it into the framework of international law and contrapose American Grossraum to a new German Grossraum, opposed to and competing with the American. By subjecting Grossraum to scholarly investigation and by placing it in the context of global politics, Schmitt had hoped to enlarge the horizon of learning and to update the state-centered system of international law to include relations between Grossräume (Different Great Areas).(2)
In so doing he subjected the political theology of American expansionism, the American state-policy and objectives of world domination formulated and codified in the Monroe Doctrine and its various extension, to a demystifying and critical analysis showing that the essence of Wilsonian universalism before, during and after the World War II was in fact an insidious ideology to equate American national interest, American expansionism and the principles of the Monroe Doctrine with the interest of mankind(3). Discussing emerging political realities , Schmitt noted that Germany needed to formulate her own Grossraum and to conceptualize the nature of international law as a relationship between different Grossräume, rejecting thereby the universalistic claims of the United States.
The center of Carl Schmitt’s discussion was the geopolitical and the ideological substance of the Monroe Doctrine, especially the series of ideas articulated prior to Theodore Roosevelt’s reinterpretation of it justifying a “capitalist imperialism”(4) and Woodrow Wilson’s reinterpretation that sough to justify a “kind of pan-interventionist world ideology”(5) , i.e. to justify the principles of the Monroe Doctrine and the new international law it created in the Western Hemisphere to principles valid for the whole world. The substance of the new American international law, created by the Monroe Doctrine, was in fact an absence of international law, understood traditionally as law of nations created by mutual consent of those nations, in the Western Hemisphere, since the Monroe Doctrine postulated that the only source of the new international law was the will of the United States. According to Schmitt the Monroe Doctrine, historically seen, was the vehicle of American subjugation of the Latin American countries and transformation of those countries into virtual American protectorates.
President Woodrow Wilson’s objectives at the end of the W.W. I to elevate the principles of the Monroe Doctrine to universally valid principles for the whole world was in fact America’s first bid for world domination. On April 12, 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference , President Wilson assured the delegates that the Monroe Doctrine was “the real forerunner of the League of Nations” and asked rhetorically ,”Indeed are we not assembled here to consecrate and extend the horizon of this document as a perpetual charter for all the world.”(6)
The Monroe Doctrine, that nineteenth-century formulation of American foreign policy, has according to Schmitt a profound relevance for the Germany of his day. Though Schmitt recognized that the realities of power politics in the Western Hemisphere of the nineteenth century were different from those on the European continent of the twentieth century , he realized that the Monroe Doctrine had extended the parameters of international relations. As far as Schmitt was concerned, the Monroe Doctrine was “the first and until now the most successful example of a Grossraum principle”(7) that had over a period of time acquired validity, for it was referred to in every important text and dictionary of international law and was defended by the United States as “an expression of the inalienable right to self-defense”(8) Calling the Monroe Doctrine, i.e. the American expansionism, a “right to self-defense”, clearly showed the substance of American political theology-the ideological justification of U.S. imperialism as well as the equation in the ideology of expansionism with self-defense: an important ideological component that will became a center-peace of American mystification of U.S. expansionism.
Carl Schmitt points out that at the end of the W.W. I, at the Paris Peace-conference which resulted in the Treaty of Versailles and the creation of the League of Nations , United States succeeded to include the Monroe Doctrine in the Article 21 of the League’s Covenant. Inclusion of the Monroe Doctrine in the Article 21 in the League of Nation’s Covenant, which reads “Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the validity of international engagements, such as treaties of arbitration or regional understandings like the Monroe Doctrine, for securing the maintenance of peace.” symbolized for Carl Schmitt Europe’s defeat by the United States and the end of the old Jus Publicum European, which had been the foundation for all preexisting international relations. For one thing , the League of Nations, purportedly an universal international organization and predecessor of the United Nations, was excluded from asserting any jurisdictional claims in the American Grossraum, i.e. the Western Hemisphere. Western Hemisphere was excluded from the purview of the League. Thus the United States asserted the pre-eminence of its will and the ordering principles of her Grossraum, i.e. her unrestricted hegemony in the Western Hemisphere, over the League of Nations.
Schmitt emphasizes that before Grossraum could be anchored in international law it had to be legitimized by a political idea. The geopolitical and ideological conviction behind the original Monroe Doctrine, proclaimed in 1823 – the belief that the Americas had to be defended from the “status quo powers of legitimacy”(9) , the Holly Alliance, the European Con-cert formed after the defeat of Napoleon – justified its proclamation and gave it credibility. President James Monroe announced the doctrine in response to rumored intervention in America of the Holy Alliance. The United States justified its policy on the basis of its inalienable right of self-defense , a principle on which international law is found. Hence the declaration warning the members of the Holy Alliance that the United States “would consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety” and that the U.S. government would “view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in no other light than as manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States”. As a corollary of the principle of nonintervention, Monroe declared that the United States was committing itself to a policy of non-intervention “in the internal concerns of any European powers.”(10)
Carl Schmitt notes that the Monroe Doctrine , originally proclaimed as a vehicle of defense against interventionism and European colonialism, transformed itself into it’s opposite, becoming the main legal and ideological instrument of American interventionism, expansionism, economic imperialism and colonization of the Western Hemisphere.(11) The language of the Monroe Doctrine lended itself to a political-semantic corruption of the English language: American interventionist policies were still presented as defense, American colonialism was heralded as establishment of democracy, installation of puppet regimes in Latin-America serving their American masters was called a preservation of civilized forms of government, the many repeated American military interventions to keep the puppet regimes in power and to expand American economic penetration – a peace-keeping operations and, quite consistent with what George Orwell would latter call a New Talk, the enslavement of Latin-American countries, their transformation into protectorates was heralded as enlargement of the frontiers of freedom.
The interventionist substance of the Monroe Doctrine was clearly emphasized in 1904, in the so called Roosevelt Corollary pronounced by President Theodore Roosevelt shortly after the Hague Peace Conference the same year. Roosevelt proposed to make an exception to general international law in favor of the Western Hemisphere and this exception were to be made by ” a unilateral American pronouncement , not through a universally agreed amendment to international law.”(12) Roosevelt explicitly rejected the notion that the new international law in the Western Hemisphere could be created through multilateral, inter-American action, instead, Roosevelt asserted, its creation was only through unilateral action by the United States, i.e. the source of the new international law was solely the will of the United States.
“Instead of abolishing intervention in the Western Hemisphere, Roosevelt explicitly sanctioned this practice and claimed for the United States a monopoly of the right to engage in it… Finally the Roosevelt corollary applied to American intervention of all kind and for whatever purpose.”(13) The new international law in the Western Hemisphere, as formulated by Theodore Roosevelt, was in fact an absence of international law, or, to put it in another way, the foreign expansionist policy of the United States was elevated into a quasi international law. Thus the Roosevelt corollary defined the principle of organization and control of geopolitical space under American domination. That principle of domination suspended the operation of general norms of international law and elevated the imperialist will of the United States into the sole normative source. Or, as Secretary of State Olney had earlier expressed it: “United States is the sole sovereign in the Western Hemi-sphere and its will is a fiat.” Carl Schmitt also emphasized the territorial criterion of the Monroe Doctrine for the international law. He noted that the doctrine introduced territorial lines of delineation and demarcation into the body of international law, infused the international law with the concept and substance of geopolitics.
THE CONCEPT OF GERMAN GROSSRAUM
Based on the perception that the Monroe Doctrine provided the precedent for justification for both German and Japanese Grossraum, Schmitt observed that the traditional Eurocentric order underlying international law- relations between and among sovereign states- had been superseded by relations between and among sovereign Grossräume(14) As far as Germany was concerned , her Grossraum consisted, according to Schmitt’s view during the 30-ties, predominantly of Central and Eastern Europe. Though Schmitt failed to define the precise territorial dimensions of Germany’s Grossraum, he cited the Monroe Doctrine as the basis for maintaining that Grossraum in not something abstract and diffuse but contains “recognizable territorial limits”(15).
According to the Monroe Doctrine, Schmitt argued, the leading or hegemonial power is the one that determines the governing political idea for its realm. United States asserted the political idea that it had the hegemonial right to exclude from the Western Hemisphere any foreign power, or any foreign influence. After the end of the Word War I United States also asserted that the newly formed international organization , the League of Nations , was also excluded from asserting any jurisdiction in the Western Hemisphere. Schmitt emphasized that the new German Grossraum , seen by him as analogous to the American Grossraum, should also exclude any foreign interference, and above all American influence, and argued for the proclamation of a Ger-man Monroe Doctrine. Schmitt rejected the false universalist claims of the United States and noted that as a matter of principle non-interference by European states in the affairs of the American continent cannot be justified unless the United States likewise refrains from interference in the affairs of the European continent. In Carl Schmitt’s view geopolitics and international law have been joined in the Germanic Monroe Doctrine underlying the German Grossraum.
Carl Schmitt defined also the concept of a national Grossraum principle by extending his analysis to encompass the Reich . Though “the concept of Grossraum belongs to the concept of Reich (Empire, Realm) , the two are not identical because “not every state or every people within the German Grossraum is part of the Reich”. A Reich, according to Schmitt, “is the leading and sustaining power whose political idea radiates over a specific Grossraum”. And the code that governs relations between Grossräume is that of nonintervention.(16) Schmitt asserted that in the middle of Europe the German Reich faces the interventionist claims of the Anglo-Saxon pseudo-universalism. Against those claims it contraposes the principle of national life style “based on the principle of national respect.”(17)
Whereas relations between Grossräume were to be governed by the principle of nonintervention , intra-Grossraum relations in Schmitt’s construct were to be based on respect for every nation and nationality. Although in Schmitt’s configuration this connoted a policy of domination exercised without the need to resort to the extraordinary means of intervention , decision about whether to intervene, reflecting power-political realities, would not be made in any capital of the German Grossraum other than Berlin. One possible justification for intervention in a nation in the Reich was that it pursued foreign policy goals inimical to the security interests of Germany. In another work Carl Schmitt defines the Reich as “the leading and supporting powers whose political idea is radiated over a specified major territory and which fundamentally exclude the intervention of extra-territorial powers with regard to this territory.”(18)
It should be noted that Carl Schmitt, while recognizing that the historically changing world order and nature of international relations necessitated the reformulation of the international law in terms of equal relationship between competing Grossräume, he nevertheless never advocated an unrestricted expansion of a singular Grossraum i.e. geopolitical objectives of total world hegemony by for example Germany. Quite to the contrary : the substance of his work Grossraum gegen Universalismus is a strong criticism of the American ideology of universalism and from that ideology derived foreign policy on which U.S. embarked in a limited scope during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, and which became the ideological hallmark of the Wilsonianism during and after the World War I.
American universalism , emphasized Schmitt, globalized the principles of the Monroe Doctrine to principles valid for the whole world i.e. to universal principles and thus , ideologically and politically, laid claims for extension of American hegemony in the Western Hemisphere to a hegemony over the whole world. American objectives for world conquest and domination used the ideology of universalism to revise the geographical limitations of the Monroe Doctrine- the very principle of geographical delimitation and demarcation of the concept of Grossraum- and to justify American interventionism in the European continent. While American universalism was a rejection of the idea of co-existence of different Grossräume and thus not only a rejection of the concept of Grossraum with its principles of geographic delimitation but also a claim for global world hegemony, so was also Hitler’s concept of Lebensraum which served as an ideological device for foreign policy objectives of establishment first of German continental hegemony and latter of global world hegemony . In other words there were ideological and geopolitical similarities between Wilson’s universalism and Hitler’s Lebensraum. Both Wilsonian universalism and Nazi-Germany’s Lebensraum were falsification of a genuine Grossraum principle and both universalism and Lebensraum rejected the very notion of international pluralism, of co-existence of Grossräume.
Both universalism and Lebensraum as concepts were antithetical to Schmitt’s concept of territorial limits of Grossraum and both universalism and Lebensraum encompassed no territorial limits serving as ideological justification for global world domination.(19)
In formulating the concept of Grossraum Carl Schmitt wanted to broad the framework of international law to include relations between Grossräume. His concept allowed for the rational conduct of international relations and provided a compelling principle for the international law that would correspondent to new historical realities.
THE RELEVANCE OF THE CONCEPT OF GROSSRAUM FOR RUSSIA
Prior to the dissolution or , I would rather say, subversion of the Soviet Union in 1991, in the bipolar world of two superpowers , there existed two competing Grossräume ( Great Areas) or two opposing political blocks, each with its sphere of influence and thus geographical delimitation and demarcation: the Atlantic Grossraum, dominated by the United States, and the Eurasian Grossraum, dominated by the Soviet Union. The political competition between the two blocks gave a substantial latitude for autonomy and independence for countries included in the sphere of influence of the two blocks. However after 1991 a completely new world order has been created. The bipolar world landscape of two superpowers has been transformed into a mono landscape of one superpower imposing its will on the rest of the world. The concept of a New World Order, propounded first by President Bush and now implemented by the neo-Wilsonian foreign policies of President Clinton, must be seen as a realization and assertion of the principles on the Monroe Doctrine to principles valid for the whole world, or, in other words, as a Roosevelt corollary for the whole world, with a new international law equated with the U.S.’s will. The globalization of the Monroe Doctrine , the pronouncement of the Bush/Clinton corollary is the assertion of the legitimacy of American intervention in the world for whatever purposes United States deem necessary, in other words , it is the equation of the United States will with grounds for intervention, an equation which is not only a radical repudiation of the priciples of non-intervention contained in the United Nations Charter, and thus a repudiation of the essence and substance of the United Nations, but is also the substance of the new international law of the New World Order. In the post-Cold War political landscape , United States, invoking and asserting her principles of legitimacy of American world-wide hegemony , is in a position visavi Europe similar to the position of the former Holy Alliance visavi America in the past. American intrusion into the Eurasian geopolitical vacuum after the demise of the Soviet Union, has necessitated a formulation and implementation of a global policy of pseudo-universalism and intervention. Therefore an absolute geopolitical necessity for Russia now, tantamount to her national survival, is the re-establishment of her Grossraum, which is a prerequisite not only for the future independence of Russia but also for the independence of other European countries as well. Re-establishment of the Russian Grossraum and a necessary new geopolitical alliance, which one my symbolically call “a second Treaty of Rapallo”, will be the beginning of disintegration of the global system of American universalism and interventionism and thus a necessary prerequisite for the rebirth of America-free Europe. During the interwar years, in the Europe after the Treaty of Versailles , Carl Schmitt, observing the universalist claims of international law of American and British imperialism, asserted that “behind the facade of general norms of international law lies, in reality, the system of Anglo-Saxon world imperialism”(20)
Today, observing the new American expansionism, the American invasion in the geopolitical vacuum of the Eurasian Grossraum, the decline and fall of the United Nations and the perversion of this international body into a legitimacy facade for the United States bid for world conquest and hegemony in the New World Order , one may say, as it was said once before by Carl Schmitt , that behind the facade of general norms of international law , lies now in reality the system of American world imperialism and expansionism. For the substance of the New World Order is the globalization of the American hegemony without any geographical limitations, the triumph of the old Wilsonian universalism or the neo-Wilsonian policies of President Clinton, a universalism that is a radical rejection of the notion of peaceful co-existence of Grossräume, of a pluralistic world order build on respect for existing state sovereignties.
The primary foreign policy objective of Russia must be the formulation of her own Monroe Doctrine, geographically delimiting Russian Grossraum, which would exclude the intervention on foreign powers and above all the United States.
A formulation of a Russian Monroe Doctrine implies by necessity a rejection of the pseudo-universalist claims of the American New World Order and the validity of a new international law that legitimizes that order. It also implies a firm rejection of American legal nihilism and revisionism, it mandates a restoration of a world order codified by the Helsinki Accord. Thus a Russian Monroe Doctrine will be an expression of a genuine and inalienable right to self-defense against American expansionism and it’s new territorial ambitions. Integral to the purpose of self-defense must be a Russian claim for respect for Russian minorities in any state where they are to be found as well as prevention of foreign policy inimical to the security interest of Russia , such as membership in NATO , prevention of coming into power of governments serving as agents of foreign power , in short , of governments of American Quislings.
The geographical delimitation of the Russian Grossraum is the territory of the former Soviet Union, countries belonging to the former socialist block , including Yugoslavia, now subjected to a war of aggression by the United States.
A Russian Grossraum can only be a genuine, geographically delimited Grand Area and the international law it would create will be, according to Carl Schmitt’s visions, an international law encompassing the co-existence of Grossräume and thus a rejection of the international law of the New World Order- the universalization of American principles of legitimization of global and unlimited American expansionism and domination. A peaceful co-existence of Grossräume can hardly be achieved without the geopolitical expulsion of the United States from Eurasia.
In the past the United States has been successful in theologization of American geopolitical objectives of world domination – the ideology of Wilsonian pseudo universalism-and demonization of geopolitical competitors and thus rejection of the very notion of geopolitical pluralism. The restoration of the Russian Grossraum is therefore the only guaranty for international peace and renewed respect for international law, constructed not as the will of the United States but as the collective will of sovereign countries and geopolitical blocks. Russian Grossraum is the only guaranty against the future anti-utopia of a Monroe Doctrine for the whole world.
The historical necessity and actuality of a new Russian Grossraum, excluding American interference in Eurasia, confluence with Charles de Gaulle’s vision of a free Europe from Atlantic to Urals and beyond to Vladivostok, which could only exist as America-free Europe. Without a reconstitution of a Russian Grossraum, the future not only of Russia but also of other European countries, will be the present of Latin America. In other worlds, the historical necessity of a Russian Grossraum is a decision for a future of freedom and national and cultural authenticity, a decision against the future as American protectorate. And again, the Russian choice is also the choice of Europe.
ENDNOTES
(1) Carl Schmitt -Völkerrechtliche Grossraumordnung mit Interventionsverbot für Raumfremde Mächte- Ein Bitrag zum Reichsbegriff im Völkerrecht (Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1991)
(2) some authors trace the concept of Grossraum in earlier writings of Friedrich Naumann and others. “According to their concept of Mitteleuropa , modern political, economic, and technological considerations necessitated the creation of a German empire in the center of Europe that would allow Germany to survive in a world dominated by political units larger than a typical European nation-state, namely Russia, the British Empire , and the United States..Raumtheorie was first established as a specialized field of study in the twenties , when it became an integral part of the developing sciene of geopolitics” -see Joseph W. Bendersky-Carl Schmitt (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1983) – at p. 251
(3) Carl Schmitt – Grossraum gegen Universalism in Positionen und Begriffe im Kampf mit Weimar- Genf- Versailles 1923-1939 (Duncker & Humblot , Berlin , 1988)
(4) Carl Scmitt -Völkerrechtlische Grossraumordnung – ibid. p. 37
(5) Carl Schmitt- Völkerrechtlische Grossraumordnung- ibid. pp 38-39
(6) Stephen Bonsal -Unfinished Business (New York, 1944) pp. 184-185; also Arthur P. Whitaker-The Western Hemisphere Idea (Cornell University Press, New York, 1954) at p. 125
(7) Carl Schmitt- Völkerrechtlische Grossraumordnung- ibid. p. 23
(8) Carl Schmitt- Völkerrechtlische Grossraumordnung- ibid. pp. 17, 19, 27-30
(9) Carl Schmitt- Völkerrechtlische Grossraumordnung- ibid. p. 34
(10) see Thomas A. Bailey – A Diplomatic Hisstory of the American People (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1980), pp. 183-184
(11) see Carl Schmitt -Völkerrechtliche Formen des modernen Imperialismus in Schmitt Positionen und Begriffe
(12) Arthur P. Whitaker- The Western Hemisphere Idea -ibid. – p. 100
(13) Arthur P. Whitaker- The Western Hemisphere Idea -ibid. – p. 100
(14) Carl Schmitt – Volkerrechtliche Grossraumordnung- ibid. p. 76, 77, 81
(15) Carl Schmitt – Volkerrechtliche Grossraumordnung- ibid. p. 16
(16) Carl Schmitt – Volkerrechtliche Grossraumordnung- ibid. p. 66
(17) Carl Schmitt – Volkerrechtliche Grossraumordnung- ibid. p.71
(18) Carl Schmitt – Der Reichbegrif in Völkerrecht in Positionen und Begriffe – ibid. at p. 303
(19)in fact American universalism can be seen as Lebenraum for American economic imperialism
(20)Carl Schmitt – Völkerrechtliche Formen des modernen Imperialismus ibid. p.43



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Jean Thiriart n’a pas, à proprement parlé, rédigé de travaux spécifiquement géopolitiques. Dans les années 60, à l’apogée de son engagement politique sur la petite scène belge (assurément trop étroite pour lui!), il a cependant montré qu’il avait du flair en la matière. Dans l’espace de plus en plus réduit de ceux qui déploraient la défaite européenne (et non pas seulement allemande) de 1945, Thiriart, qui avait horreur des nostalgies qu’il considérait comme des anachronismes incapacitants, voulait réconcilier les volontés, de gauche comme de droite, rejetées dans les marges de nos mondes politiques au moment où se déployait la société de consommation, celle “du frigidaire et du Coca-Cola de Tokyo à San Francisco”. On peut évidemment affirmer que Thiriart opte pour cette position —celle de réconcilier les volontés apparemment hétérogènes sur le plan idéologique— afin d’adopter un discours de “libération continentale”, de dégager l’Europe de l’Ouest et l’Europe de l’Est de la bipolarité instaurée à Yalta en 1945, parce qu’il est lucide et rationnel et sent bien que cette césure au beau milieu du continent entraîne, sur le long terme, la déchéance de notre espace civilisationnel. De fait, Thiriart vouait aux gémonies les irrationalismes politiques, ce qu’il appelait les “romantismes incapacitants”, les délires du “zoo politique” et du “racisme des sexuellement impuissants” relevant, selon lui, psychanalyste amateur à ses heures, de la psycho-pathologie et non de la “politique politique”, selon l’expression de Julien Freund, autre pourfendeur des “impolitismes”. Thiriart ne mâchait jamais ses mots, il avait la parole dure, il nous engueulait copieusement et c’est surtout pour cela que je me souviens de lui avec grande tendresse, notamment en circulant dans le quartier que nous habitions tous deux et où je le vois encore promener son chien noir ou embarquer dans son mobile-home, monté sur 4X4 Toyota. Cependant —et nous ne le devinions que vaguement— Thiriart était tributaire d’un contexte idéologique d’avant-guerre, aujourd’hui exploré pour la première fois scientifiquement, et de manière exhaustive.
En effet, il existait un “européisme” belge avant 1940, qui avait pris son envol au lendemain de la première guerre mondiale. Docteur en histoire à l’Université catholique de Louvain, Geneviève Duchenne a systématiquement cartographié ces “esquisses d’une Europe nouvelle” (2), où les adversaires de toute réédition de la Grande Guerre évoquaient les possibilités de transcender les inimitiés létales qui avait fait déchoir l’Europe face, notamment, aux Etats-Unis montants ou face, déjà, à une URSS qui se targuait de forger un modèle de société indépassable, annonçant au forceps “la fin heureuse de l’histoire”. Parmi ces mouvements européistes, ou paneuropéens (Coudenhove-Kalergi), il y eut le “Bloc d’Action européenne”, qui a émergé dans les milieux d’une gauche très non conformiste, sympathique et anarchisante, “Le Rouge et le Noir”, où officiait Pierre Fontaine qui, après 1945, évoluera vers une “droite” représentée par l’hebdomadaire Europe magazine (première mouture); ensuite, ce “Bloc d’Action”, qui a oeuvré de 1931 à 1933, fut suivi d’un “Front européen” (1932-1933), animé par des diamantaires juifs d’Anvers et par des Flamands francophones, plutôt catholiques, actifs dans la biscuiterie, se réclamant de l’idéologie briandiste, fustigée par les nationalistes d’Action française. De 1932 à 1940, se crée l’”Union Jeune Europe” (UJE), dont l’inspiration initiale sera “helvétisante” —on veut une Europe démocratique selon le modèle suisse—, comme l’attestent ses premiers bulletins Agir puis Jeune Europe. L’UJE plaide pour un recentrage continental européen, jugé plus efficace que la fédération universelle qu’entendait incarner la SdN. Le mouvement cherchera, sous la bannière du briandisme, à parfaire une réconciliation belgo-allemande, à purger les discours politiques de toutes les scories de germanophobie, en vigueur depuis le viol de la neutralité belge en août 1914. Il finira germanophile au nom d’un pacifisme intereuropéen. Il est difficile de dire, aujourd’hui, quels sont les ingrédients de ces discours briandistes et paneuropéens, plus ou moins germanophiles, qui ont influencé le jeune Thiriart entre, disons, 1937 et 1940. Il est toutefois évident que les strates pensantes de la société belge d’avant-guerre, à gauche comme à droite de l’échiquier politique, optent pour une carte européiste, qui pourra éventuellement déboucher sur une forme ou une autre de collaboration pendant la seconde guerre mondiale. Après 1945, les factions non collaboratrices reprendront les aspects les plus “démocratiques” de ce briando-européisme et l’appliqueront au processus de construction européenne, comme le démontre l’historienne flamande Els Witte (VUB) (3), qui constate aussi, par ailleurs, que les historiens qui ont plaidé pour ces formes “démocratiques” (néo-briandistes, sociales-démocrates et maritainistes/démocrates-chrétiennes), entendaient se débarrasser de “tout finalisme belgiciste”, c’est-à-dire de tout finalisme “petit-nationaliste”, comme le dira Thiriart, en fustigeant les éléments nationalistes et “belgicistes” de droite, présents dans son propre mouvement “Jeune Europe” au début des années 60.
Ma réponse ne sera pas très utile, d’abord parce que je ne suis pas français même si j’utilise le plus souvent la langue française. Je n’ai guère d’affinités, comme la plupart de mes compatriotes, avec la pensée politique française, très éloignée de nos modes d’action et de nos préoccupations idéologiques et politiques. Sur l’Europe et sur la Russie, les Français ont toujours eu dans l’histoire des visions totalement différentes des nôtres. On nous enseignait que le modèle indépassable pour l’Europe était la vision lotharingienne de Charles dit le Téméraire (nous devions dire: “Charles ou Karle le Hardi”, le terme “téméraire” étant jugé injurieux et de fabrication française), la Grande Alliance forgée par l’Empereur Maximilien I entre l’héritage des Bourguignons et des Habsbourgs et celui de la Castille-Aragon par le mariage de son fils Philippe et de la princesse Jeanne, l’Empire universel de Charles-Quint, toutes formes politiques respectables que d’affreux personnages, disaient nos instituteurs, comme Louis XI (“l’Universelle Aragne”) ou le félon François I avaient délibérément saboté en s’alliant aux Ottomans. Je vous passe les descriptions très négatives que l’on nous donnait de Louis XIV, des sans-culottes et des jacobins ou encore de Napoléon III. Ce dernier a notamment participé à la première guerre, fomentée par les Britanniques, contre la Russie tsariste, la Guerre de Crimée, une fois de plus avec le concours des Ottomans, tandis que la Belgique, à l’époque, était plutôt pro-russe, à l’instar de Bismarck. Le communisme a connu des succès retentissants en France, en s’alliant avec le vieux fonds criminel jacobin, tandis qu’en Belgique le communisme a toujours été très marginal, n’a pas connu des figures avides de sang comme en URSS ou en France.
A mon très grand étonnement, Chauprade, n’a pas fait front commun avec Gauchon, par exemple, en prenant la plume pour fustiger l’abandon de toutes les positions gaulliennes par les affaires étrangères françaises, en organisant des colloques avec des sceptiques de gauche comme Jacques Julliard ou Jacques Sapir. Au lieu de tout cela, au lieu de toutes ces bonnes actions potentielles, il a adhéré au FN, ce qui n’est pas une bonne idée pour défendre sur le long terme ses positions sans risquer les entraves politiciennes que peut subir, tout d’un coup et le cas échéant, tout intellectuel pointu et pertinent qui s’embarque dans une aventure politique. Car la politique, en toute période triviale de l’histoire comme la nôtre, est un espace irrationnel, flou, imprécis, soumis à toutes les variations possibles et imaginables. Celles-ci, d’ailleurs, ne se sont pas fait attendre: hostile à la géopolitique de l’hegemon américain dans ses excellents ouvrages de référence, Chauprade, par compromis politicien, aligne ses positions de militant FN néophyte sur la nouvelle politique d’Obama face à l’EIIL, alors que ce sont les Etats-Unis, l’Arabie Saoudite et le Qatar qui sont responsables de l’émergence de ce djihadisme virulent et du chaos indescriptible qu’il a provoqué en Syrie, au détriment du régime baathiste et en Irak au détriment de la majorité chiite et de la minorité kurde (dans une moindre mesure). Une position vraiment non alignée, gaullienne, aurait été de dire: “nous refusons de participer au nettoyage du Levant et de l’Irak, réclamé par Obama —les Américains et leurs alliés pétro-monarchistes y ont créé le chaos et les Européens doivent maintenant payer pour réparer les dégâts!— car notre seule politique est de vouloir le retour au statu quo ante dans la région, car ce statu quo ante évitait la présence belligène d’éléments fondamentalistes incontrôlables et créait la paix civile par l’imposition d’un système militaro-politique moderne et syncrétique, seul apte à gérer les diversités et divergences effervescentes de cette zone-clef de la géostratégie internationale; de plus, le prix à payer pour ce travail de nettoyage est trop élevé pour une Europe encore fragilisée par la crise de l’automne 2008: cet argent doit servir exclusivement à nos infrastructures hospitalières, à nos écoles, à nos départements de recherche et développement, au sauvetage de notre sécurité sociale”. Chauprade vient d’ailleurs d’être mis sur la sellette dans les colonnes du mensuel Le Causeur (octobre 2014), où on l’appelle à justifier ses positions actuelles, parfois contradictoires par rapport à ses écrits scientifiques antérieurs. 
Spécialiste de l’histoire russe, N. Ross a notamment publié un essai sur Nicolas II (La Mort du dernier tsar, la fin du mystère, L’Age d’Homme). Il nous livre aujourd’hui un essai d’une grande clarté, illustré de photos inédites, sur l’état russe de Crimée, dirigé par le général Piotr Nikolaievitch Wrangel (1878-1928), dernier commandant en chef des Armées blanches et chef spirituel de l’émigration russe jusqu’à sa mort à Bruxelles, sans doute à la suite de l’inoculation par un agent soviétique du bacille de Koch. Issu d’une lignée germano-balte, le baron Wrangel, glorieux officier de la Garde, lutta dès le début contre les Rouges et, à partir du moment où il remplaça, en 1920, le général Dénikine à la tête de la résistance antibolchévique, fit preuve d’un sens de l’organisation et de visions politiques d’une rare ampleur, puisqu’il comptait reconstruire la Russie par le bas. Pragmatique, Wrangel tenta de développer un projet global pour une Russie libérée, notamment par le biais de réformes agraires et institutionnelles. L’état russe de Crimée (ou gouvernement de Tauride), qui fut de facto reconnu par la France, donne une idée d’un autre destin pour l’empire : presse libre, refus de l’antisémitisme, liberté religieuse… L’essai de N. Ross retrace tous les aspects de l’action du général Wrangel : opérations militaires, affaires économiques, réflexion spirituelle et politique (à laquelle prirent part B. Souvarine, S. Boulgakov et G. Vernadsky - futur théoricien de l’eurasisme). Wrangel parvint enfin à assurer l’exode de près de 150.000 réfugiés, civils et militaires, qui échappèrent ainsi au massacre. 


Spécialiste des courants nationalistes russes, Marlène Laruelle s’était fait remarquer par une brillante thèse sur l’eurasisme (L’idéologie eurasiste russe ou comment penser l’Empire, L’Harmattan, 1999). Elle s’attaque dans Mythe aryen et rêve impérial dans la Russie du XIXème siècle, (CNRS éditions), au mythe aryen dans l’aire culturelle russe. Définissant ce mythe comme « une recherche romantique des origines » ou comme « mode de lecture du monde », M. Laruelle montre que, au contraire de l’allemand, l’aryanisme russe fut toujours étranger au racialisme. Il convient donc de distinguer l’aryanisme, fils du romantisme européen, du racialisme, fruit monstrueux du scientisme. Le premier n’est nullement prédestiné à devenir ce qu’il fut de 1933 à 1945. De même, la diabolisation des courants romantiques, présentés comme menant fatalement au nazisme, devient intenable, puisque la quête identitaire russe, ignorant l’antisémitisme et en fait tout racisme, cette quête impériale plutôt que nationale, fascinée par l’Asie blanche tout en affirmant une européanité plus complète, se distingue radicalement de l’allemande. Laruelle montre avec brio que l’aryophilie russe fut pensée comme une réconciliation de l’occidentalisme et du slavophilisme. La Russie comme autre Europe. Sa thèse étudie également l’instrumentalisation du mythe aryen par la politique tsariste en Asie centrale : à l’époque du Grand Jeu (Kipling), les Slaves considéraient leur expansion dans ces régions stratégiques comme le « juste retour » des Aryens dans leur patrie originelle. Une thèse passionnante sur un sujet sensible, traité avec autant de tact que de probité.
Der Gipfel der Shanghaier Organisation für Zusammenarbeit (SOZ) in der tadschikischen Hauptstadt Duschanbe hatte ein zentrales Thema: die Sanktionspolitik der USA und der EU gegen Russland wegen des Ukraine-Konflikts. Der russische Staatspräsident Wladimir Putin nutzte den Gipfel, um weitere Verbündete für eine
“Subrayar y enfatizar las conexiones, las líneas de fuerza en las que se sustenta la trama del concepto espiritual de Eurasia, desde Irlanda a Japón” (1): a esta preocupación de P. Masson Oursel, que se inspira en un programa esbozado en 1923 en la Philosophie comparée y proseguido en 1948 en La Philosophie en Orient (2), Henry Corbin (1903-1978) le atribuye un “valor especial” (3). Trascendiendo el nivel de las determinaciones geográficas e históricas, el concepto de Eurasia viene a constituir “la metáfora de la unidad espiritual y cultural que recompondrá al final de la era cristiana en vista de la superación de los resultados de ésta” (4). Estas son, al menos, las conclusiones de un estudioso que en la obra corbiniana ha descubierto las indicaciones idóneas para fundar: “aquella gran operación de hermenéutica espiritual comparada, que es la búsqueda de una filosofía – o mejor dicho: de una sabiduría – eurasiática” (5). En otras palabras, la misma categoría geofísica de “Eurasia” no es más que la proyección de una realidad geosófica vinculada a la Unidad originaria, puesto que “Eurasia” es, en la percepción interior, en el paisaje del alma o Xvarnah (“Luz de Gloria”, en el léxico mazdeo), la Cognitio Angelorum, la operación autológica del Anthropos Téleios, o incluso, por último, la unidad entre el Lumen Naturae y la Lumen Gloriae. De aquí la posibilidad de acercar a Eurasia con el conocimiento imaginal de la Tierra como un Ángel” (6).