The Coming Chinese Superstate

The Coming Chinese Superstate:
Richard Lynn’s Eugenics

Richard HOSTE

Ex: http://www.counter-currents.com/

Review: Richard Lynn
Eugenics: A Reassessment
Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers 2001

One of the only valid points made by the critics of Bell Curve was that if the science was accepted, then eugenics, which Hernstein and Murray refused to endorse, becomes the rational solution to society’s ills. Steven Pinker, the next major public thinker associated with the hereditarian position, likewise refused to follow his own logic far enough. One scholar who doesn’t flinch is psychologist Richard Lynn. Eugenics is not only right, but we have a duty to increase the frequency of genes for positive traits and reduce the frequency of genes for negative traits. Once you determine that something is a genetic problem it cries out for a genetic solution. Eugenics: A Reassessment looks at the history of eugenics, the ethical case for it and its future. Here Lynn goes beyond his role as a psychologist and gives us his own theory of the coming end of history.

The Rise and Fall of Eugenics

Eugenic ideas existed long before the publications of Darwin’s On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man. In The Republic, Plato pictured a society where rulers, soldiers, and workers would be bred on the same principles of the breeding of plants and livestock, about which much must have been known in 380 B.C. Still, it was the discovery of evolution that was the catalyst of these ideas taking off in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Biologist, statistician, and psychologist Sir Francis Galton was the main prophet of eugenics. He spent his life forming organizations, writing, and spreading the word about humanity’s potential for improvement. He carried out the first studies that showed nature to be more important than nurture in determining intelligence and character.

By the early 1900s eugenics was endorsed by practically all biologists and geneticists, politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover, Woodrow Wilson, and Winston Churchill, and thinkers across the political spectrum, including Bertrand Russell, H. L. Mencken, and George Bernard Shaw. Lynn makes the distinction between positive eugenics, encouragement given to society’s best to produce children, and negative eugenics, trying to set limits on the breeding of the inferior. It was the latter that was easier to legislate on.

The first American sterilization law was passed in Indiana in 1907 “to prevent the procreation of confirmed criminals, idiots, imbeciles, and rapists.” By 1913 similar acts had been passed in 12 states and a further 19 had laws on the books by 1931. The constitutionality of these laws was challenged in court and in 1927 Buck v. Bell went to the supreme court. The case centered around a mentally retarded woman who was born to a mentally retarded mother and gave birth to yet another retard. Her hospital applied to have her sterilized, and Christian groups protested. The court ruled 8-1 in favor of sterilization. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote the following in the famous decision.

We have seen more than once that the public welfare may call upon the best citizens for their lives. It would be strange if it could not call upon those who already sap the strength of the state for these lesser sacrifices . . . in order to prevent our being swamped with incompetence. It is better for all the world if, instead of waiting to execute the degenerate offspring of crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit for continuing their kind. The principle that sustains compulsory vaccinations is broad enough to cover cutting the Fallopian tubes. Three generations of imbeciles are enough.

Unfortunately, over the twentieth century only about 60,000 American sterilizations would take place, which amounted to less than 0.1 percent of mentally retarded and psychopathic people. Sweden did a little better, sterilizing the same amount, totaling one percent of the entire population. In Japan, 16,520 women met the same fate until their law was repealed in 1996. In Denmark, a third of all retards over a ten year span. Unsurprisingly, the all-time champions of sterilization were the Germans, who sterilized 300,000 people after their sterilization law was passed in 1933.

As Lynn points out, it’s not all that unusual for a scientific theory to be accepted and then rejected. What makes eugenics unique is that it’s a rejected theory that turned out to be true. While the importance of heredity in determining individual and group traits is well-established, by the end of the twentieth century to call something eugenic was to condemn it. The author blames horror at the crimes of Nazi Germany and the increasing value given to individual over social rights. In recent years courts in the US and Britain have said that parents can have retarded women in their care sterilized, ruling against civil liberties organizations who’ve joined with Christian groups in arguing that all people have a right to as many children as they can produce. While these legal decisions aren’t made on eugenic grounds, we should be thankful for the effect.

The arguments against eugenics don’t hold up. First is the claim that we can’t decide what positive and negative traits are. It’s hard to argue with Galton’s original three characteristics of intelligence, health, and character (close enough to conscientiousness in modern psychology) being desirable. Who would argue that disease could be preferable to health or stupidity to genius? It’s a case of moral relativism taken to the extreme.

Lynn looks at other characteristics we may select for but doesn’t find any beyond Galton’s original three. Society needs a wide range of people on the continuum of extraverted/introverted and neurotic/relaxed in a way that it doesn’t need a wide range of propensity to break the law or catch diseases. He also says that beauty provides no social good, and people have different definitions of it. Here is the only place I part ways with the author. Among environmentalists (people who care about the environment, not anti-hereditarians), beauty is seen as a legitimate reason to preserve certain forests and trees that provide no economic good. It’s why we save redwood trees but not swamps. As far as the lack of a universal standard, Peter Frost demolishes that as a PC myth. Even if everyone didn’t agree that blue eyes and white skin were the most beautiful, every race could select based on their own standards.

The idea that eugenics wouldn’t work is also answered here. If we determined that it wouldn’t be possible to select for certain traits in living organisms, then not only eugenics but horticulture, animal domestication and even evolution itself would all have to be rejected too. As a matter of fact, heritability of running speed among horses has been found to be between 15 and 35 percent heritable, lower than the lowest estimates for intelligence or psychopathy among humans. Any trait that is passed on genetically can be made more or less common or enhanced among a population.

Classical Eugenics

Lynn differentiates between classical eugenics and new eugenics, the use of biotechnology. A section is given to each.

The only country to practice classical positive eugenics in the modern world has been Singapore, under the leadership of Lee Kuan Yew. Higher earners were given tax breaks for children and a government unit was set up to bring college graduates together in social settings like dances and cruises to encourage relationships and procreation. In three short years, the results were impressive.

Births in Singapore

 

Education Level of Mother	1987		1990
	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
Below Secondary	26,719	61.3	26,718	52.3
Secondary and above	16,012	36.7	24,411	47.7

Between 1987 and 1990, births to college educated women went from 36.7 percent of all births to 47.7. Obviously, it’s not hopeless, and the problem of dysgenics can be corrected if a government sets its mind to it. In Nazi Germany, loans were given to couples determined to be of good genetic stock. For each child they produced, 25 percent of the loan would be written off. Whether such things can be done in a democracy, especially a multi-racial one, is a different question.

The biggest victory for negative eugenics has been the liberalization of abortion laws. Although justified as based on a “woman’s right to choose,” those who have unintended pregnancies are usually of low intelligence and those with anti-social tendencies. Thus, increasing the availability of abortion is eugenic. Those who are concerned about good breeding should support causes traditionally associated with the left like abortion on demand and making birth control freely available.

The Promise of Biotechnology

The most exciting part of this book is the section on the new eugenics, and how biotechnology may make all the questions raised here obsolete. Prenatal diagnosis can now screen for some of the most common genetic diseases, and the fetuses can be aborted. In the 1990s, this was estimated to reduce incidences of genetic disorders at birth by 5 percent. As the technology becomes better and more widely available we can expect the rate of genetic disease to drop. It’s a matter of time before embryos can be screened for other traits like beauty and intelligence.

Gene therapy is the attempt to help an individual by inserting genes for positive traits. These genes are then passed on to offspring. In the 1980s, this technology was used on mice to treat a heredity disease and by the 1990s was used to treat human disorders. Like prenatal screening, it’s only a matter of time before this technology can be used for the selection of whatever parents desire.

Embryo selection consists of taking a number of eggs from a woman, fertilizing them with the sperm of a partner in vitro, testing each for desirable traits and inserting the best embryo. The second, third, and fourth best can be saved for possible future use and the rest discarded. When Lynn’s book was written in 2001, it was possible to test for sex and thousands of genetic diseases.

In the twenty-first century it will become possible to test embryos for the presence of genes affecting numerous other characteristics, including late-onset diseases and disorders; intelligence; special cognitive abilities, such as mathematical, linguistic, and musical aptitudes; personality traits; athletic abilities; height; body build; and physical appearance. It will then be possible for couples to examine the genetic printouts of a number of embryos and select for implantation the ones they regard as having the most desirable genetic characteristics.

Before this happens some technical issues need to be addressed, such as identifying the desirable genes. That’s going to happen over the next few decades. Right now it’s possible to hormonally stimulate a woman to produce around 25 embryos at one time. With this technology, even parents of poor stock will be able to produce at least average children. Couples can be expected to produce embryos within a range of 30 IQ points; 15 over the parents‘ average to 15 below. With embryo selection the IQ of a population will have the potential to be raised 15 points in a single generation. Average intelligence can be expected to keep increasing until we hit our limit and new mutations pop up, the way average speed among thoroughbreds has been rising without the fastest times doing so in decades. In 2001, in vitro fertilization cost between $40,000 and $200,000 in the US and $3,000 to $4,000 in Britain, due to lower health care costs in general. Today, it’s a fraction of that. Like all technology, the quality can be expected to improve and the price to drop.

Western governments may outlaw all these technologies, but they will be legal somewhere, and as these options became cheaper and better known more couples will travel to take advantage of them. The situation will be similar to when abortion was only available in certain US states or European countries, and women desiring to have one would simply take a bus.

Not everybody will be able to afford biotechnology, and some ethicists reject it on those grounds. Of course, there are all kinds of things that rich people can afford that the poor can’t; we don’t outlaw them all. Lynn optimistically points out that no technology that can help humanity has ever been successfully suppressed. The inherent quality gap between the genetically engineered upper class and the ‘natural’ lower class will continue to grow until the former decides to sterilize the latter or forces them to use biotechnology themselves.

Why China is the Future

In 1994 China passed the Eugenic Law. All pregnant women were required to undergo embryo screening and abort fetuses with genetic disorders. This was a follow-up to the famous one-child policy introduced in 1979 that brought the birth rate down to 1.9 per woman.

Attitudes of elites and those who work in the relevant fields are likely to determine what technologies are accepted and how liberally they’ll be used. A survey was conducted between 1994 and 1996 asking geneticists and physicians around the world whether they agreed with the statement “An important goal of genetic counseling is to reduce the number of deleterious genes in the population.”

Country	Percentage of Geneticists and Physicians Agreeing with Eugenic Goals
China	100
India	87
Turkey	73
Peru	71
Spain	67
Poland	66
Russia	58
Greece	58
Cuba	57
Mexico	52
Major    Western Democracies	<33

In addition to the negative attitudes of the elites towards anything eugenic, other reasons we can expect these ideas not to win fast acceptance in the West are the value placed on individual rights, democracy, and the existence of low IQ minorities who would be disproportionately affected by any measures aimed at improving the genetic quality of the population. While many countries in the third world might feel positively about eugenic measures, the attitudes in China are the most favorable and when that is combined with the advantages of an authoritarian government, a lack of dysgenic immigration, and a high IQ starting point it’s not hard to believe that the Chinese will continue to be the most enthusiastic and efficient users of biotechnology.

So how will this nation of a billion people treat the rest of the world after it’s raised its IQ to 150+? Lynn might be too optimistic here. He believes the Chinese will colonize the world and try to improve the IQs and living standards of their subjects. The Europeans will be kept around for their biological uniqueness and admired for their cultural accomplishments, the way that the Romans subjugated the Greeks but appreciated their philosophy and art. If the Chinese decide that the Europeans should be preserved they’d be doing more for them than whites are currently doing for themselves. A global eugenic superstate led by by the Chinese will be the “end of history.”

Lynn’s forecasts the next 100 years with a stone-cold detachment. The first government to utilize the power of biotechnology will take over the world. Thanks to third world immigration and egalitarianism, the decline of the West seems inevitable and eugenic policies unlikely. The future of humanity being in the hands of the dictators in Beijing may not be the most comforting idea in the world, but at least the reader of Eugenics may be convinced that intelligence and civilization will continue somewhere.

For a review of Richard Lynn’s Dysgenics see here.

The Fall of Man: Richard Lynn's "Dysgenics"

The Fall of Man:
Richard Lynn’s Dysgenics

Richard HOSTE

Ex: http://www.counter-currents.com/

Review: Richard Lynn (photo)
Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations
Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 1996

When it comes to population, quality matters more than quantity. While educated Westerners never tire of sprinkling their conversations with the word “overpopulation,” voicing concern about population worth is taboo. Put it this way: you have to spend the rest of your life in a city filled with Nigerians or Japanese. You can either pick the ethnic makeup or the amount of people in the city. Which would you choose? As it’s settled that genes influence character and intelligence, could these traits be declining in some or all populations? Has it to some extent? Anecdotes exist about single educated women and fertile welfare queens, but hard data is needed.

While support for eugenics has been around since the time of Plato, the first person to worry about genetic deterioration was French physician Benedict August Morel. He’s an obscure figure today and much better known is the more important Sir Francis Galton, who coined the term eugenics in 1883. He thought that more genes for lower intelligence and poor character were concentrated in the lower classes, whose higher fertility would lead to a decline in genetic quality. Galton spent his life working to reverse the trend. He eventually convinced Darwin himself of the danger. Biologist Alfred Russell Wallace wrote:

In one of my last conversations with Darwin he expressed himself very gloomily on the future of humanity, on the ground that in our modern civilisation natural selection had no play and the fittest did not survive.

It wasn’t until 1974 that Nobel prize winning physicist William Shockley called the process dysgenics. Darwin went on to despair over the excessive breeding of “the scum.” Data has always been needed on whether his fears had been justified. Richard Lynn brings together studies and data from the last 200 years dealing with the connection between fertility and intelligence/socioeconomic status from all over the world. How afraid should we be?

Selection throughout Time

The conditions that hunter-gatherers lived in insured an upkeep of genetic quality. Usually there was a chief who had to have a certain amount of intelligence to acquire and maintain his position. He had the most access to females, there would be relatively high ranking men who had one wife and many of the unfit never bred. Mutations that popped up which adversely affected health would be weeded out. Early nation-states continued with polygamy.

With Western man’s transition to civilization selection was weakened but not eliminated. The higher social classes enjoyed better nutrition so had better health and children more likely to survive into adulthood. Christianity struck a blow against the Western gene pool by enforcing celibacy among the priesthood but probably more than made up for it by prohibitions against adultery. Most who have children out of wed-lock then and now have/had lower intelligence and less self-control. Overall, the years 1500-1800 were good for Europe’s gene pool. In England from 1620-1624 the middle classes reported 4.4 children per woman compared to 2.1 for the working class. Part of the reason why is life expectancy. In Berlin from 1710-1799 the average life expectancy for the upper class was 29.8 years compared to 20.3 for the lower class. The numbers for Geneva, Rouen and Neuruppin in the 18th century are similarly tilted towards the former. This didn’t mean that everybody died when they were 20-30 years old but that more of the lower classes were dying in childhood before they could mate.

Lynn understands that for these numbers to mean anything it would have to be shown that there was social mobility. If everybody was stuck in their own class with no opportunity to rise or fall then we would expect different social classes to be similar and not worry about differences in fertility. Pitrim Sorokin looked at a wide range of societies and found that there has never been one with no social mobility at all. The closest thing has been the caste system in India, but even these classes weren’t absolutely closed. Economist historian S.J. Payling concluded that there was significant social mobility in Europe from at least the 14th century on.

Natural Selection Breaks Down: Health and Intelligence

Mutations occasionally pop up in any population. Since the vast majority are adverse, stable fertility for an entire population still means deterioration. The maintenance of the quality of the population requires not just a stable population at all levels but the active weeding out of the unfit. The results of the slacking of selection in our modern world is apparent in disease. Today, almost 1% of children born have a mutation for a common genetic disorder. Due to carriers of bad genes surviving and new mutations, it’s estimated that the rates of hemophilia, cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria are increasing every generation by 26%, 120%, and 300% respectively. Humanity requires that we save children that can be saved but breeding for those with diseased genes needs to be restricted. Lynn hints that better genetic screening and selective abortion can offset some of the consequences of modern medicine.

American psychologist Theodore Lentz was the first to devise a method for finding the relationship between intelligence and fertility. He tested the IQs of children and found out how many siblings they had. Assuming that children have the same IQ as their parents, if those with lower IQs had more brothers and sisters than children with high IQs then it could be determined that dysgenics is happening. In 1927 Lentz calculated an IQ drop of 4 points per generation. Calculations in Britain found a drop of about 2 points per generation. These surveys didn’t include the childless but since they are disproportionately those with higher IQs the studies actually underestimate the extent of dysgenic fertility. Reviewing various studies and using findings from twin and adoption cases showing that IQ is 82% heritable, Lynn calculates a genotypic IQ decline of 5 points in Britain from 1890-1980. In the US he calculates a drop of 2.5 IQ points for whites and 6.2 for blacks over three generations. Interestingly, women are shown to universally have more dysgenic fertility than men. This is partly because low IQ men probably have a harder time finding mates than low IQ women.

The Fall of Greece

Greece is a particularly interesting example. Papavassiliou (1954) looked at IQ, socioeconomic status and fertitlity for men and came up with the following results.

Intelligence and Fertility in Greece, 1950s

Socioeconomic Status	Number Surveyed	Mean IQ	Number of Children
Professionals	41	117.2	1.78
Skilled Workers	80	100.9	2.66
Semi-skilled Workers	27	91	4
Unskilled Workers	67	82.2	5.56

My calculations give an IQ of 96.9 for the parent generation and an IQ drop of 4.9. Using a heritability of .82 for IQ puts the IQ of the children’s generation at 92.9 (IQ of parent generation – .82 x 4.9). Lynn has found elsewhere that the IQ of Greece is 95. This low (for Europe) figure is surprising considering the country’s historical accomplishments. Papavassiliou’s data may solve the puzzle.

Does the Flynn Effect Disprove Eugenics?

While science has shown that traits for IQ and socioeconomic status are heritable and those with poor genes are outbreeding those with good genes, actual performance on IQ tests in the industrialized world has risen over the last century. How can this be? This seeming paradox is called the Flynn effect, after the scientist who estimated IQ gains of about 3-4 points per decade over the 20th century.

We can rule out the effect of increased familiarity with written tests or better education because these gains are present in children as young as two years old. It is doubtful that it is due to increased stimulation because adoption studies show that the effect of shared environment is negligible; two biologically unrelated people raised in the same house are no more alike than any two random strangers. Lynn’s explanation is that the Flynn effect is due to better nutrition. This seems like the best explanation, as over the same time period height and brain size have increased by one standard deviation: the same as the increase in IQ.

So while genotypic intelligence, which can be seen as underlying genetic quality, has decreased, actual performance, phenotypic intelligence, has seen an increase. This increase can’t last forever and the evidence shows that in the developed world, with even the poorest suffering from obesity, the Flynn effect has hit its ceiling. We can now expect a decrease in observed intelligence in the developed even discounting low IQ third world immigration.

The Case of Character

Francis Galton and the early eugenicists weren’t only concerned with the decline in intelligence and health but what they called character: a moral sense, ability to delay gratification and work towards long term goals and sense of duty. Modern psychologists call this conscientiousness and Lynn gives a working estimate for it being 66% heritable. The news here is even worse than the data on intelligence.

Looking at criminals and psychopaths and their number of siblings yields a decline in consciousness that is twice the rate of the decline in intelligence. This has had real life consequences

The straightforward prediction is that the high fertility of criminals has led to an increase in the number of genes in the population responsible for crime and this will show up in increasing crime rates. These increasing crime rates have certainly occurred in most of the economically developed nations during the second half of the twentieth century. In the United States, crime rates approximately tripled between 1960 and 1990; in Britain they quadrupled, and similar increases have occurred in many other countries.

Rates of out-of-wedlock births tell a similar story. Western populations are morally worse than ever and we can expect the modern welfare state to continue to accelerate the decline. Unfortunately, most social scientists and policy makers are too steeped in the environmentalist dogma to deal with these problems.

Does the Universality of the Problem Mean It’s Hopeless?

While there are no direct studies for IQ and fertility in the third world we can check to see how socioeconomic status and education, both correlated with IQ, relate to number of children. Lynn calls the birth rate of the lowest class over the birth rate of the highest class the dysgenic ratio. For example, if those in the lowest class have 3 children per woman and the higher class have 2, the dysgenic ratio is 3/2 = 1.5. Anything over 1 indicates dysgenic fertility and anything under 1 indicates eugenic fertility. While a number over 2 is high for modern Western nations, ratios have been calculated at 3.1 for Columbia, 2.6 for Guatemala, 2.7 for Mexico and 3.1 for Brazil. Muslim and African countries have lower ratios, but only because even the highest classes have large numbers of children. In a worldwide survey the only exceptions are Bangladesh, Fiji and Indonesia who have ratios of 1.01, 0.93, and 0.86 respectively. The developing world can be expected to remain “developing” indefinitely.

So dysgenic fertility is found everywhere: among rich and poor and every race. Does that mean it’s hopeless? We won’t know until we at least acknowledge and try to deal with the problem. Communism once controlled half the planet and today its equivalent is globalization and the supposed triumph of liberal democracy. While communists can say that true communism “has never been tried” and continue to be liberals, the legacy of Nazism poisons the eugenics movement. Of course, blaming the ideas behind eugenics for the crimes of the Nazis is as silly as blaming the ideology of the welfare state for Soviet labor camps. So there is no rational reason why eugenics can’t capture the hearts and minds of policy makers the way it did 100 years ago. While the facts of differential fertility may discomfort our feminized elites we must never stop repeating that the cost of doing nothing is the end of civilization. There’s no virtue in ignoring that.

Source: HBD Books

Democracy Needs Aristocracy

Democracy Needs Aristocracy, by Sir Peregrine Worsthorne

by Brett Stevens

Ex: http://www.amerika.org/ 

Democracy Needs Aristocracy
by Sir Peregrine Worsthorne
221 pages, Harper Collins, $15.

In the early pages of Democracy Needs Aristocracy the author mentions Alexis de Toqueville and his groundbreaking Democracy in America and not surprisingly, the newer work continues in the footsteps of that classic with a broad-reaching thesis on the nature of government that sides with the organic over the mechanistic.

Experienced writer Peregrine Worsthorne mixes his far-reaching thesis with personal narrative and precise examples in the form of contradictions that eliminate exceptions to his arguments. He writes in a hybrid style somewhere between relaxed academia and vivid popular non-fiction but with the logical thoroughness of a legal brief. Like the topic of the book itself, his style spans a vast breadth of knowledge and distills it into a single voice, like condensation turning mist to rain.

As a consequence, Democracy Needs Aristocracy is both one of those books that zooms by at light speed as massive ideas thrust the reader across time and space, and is also like a textbook an exacting read that requires the full attention of the reader. Each chapter drops important pieces into our understanding of history and how we arrived at the present time, not all of them controversial assertions so much as forgotten and decontextualized ones.

The style is not circular so much as it returns to core concepts after breaking them apart, bringing the forgotten but necessary counterpart to deconstruction, re-integration, to the reading process. As a result reading this book is like peeling an onion, with each layer revealing more of the big picture. It offers what few books can manage anymore: a vertiginous sense of discovery and concepts dropping into place that can explain the subtle mysteries of our present political climate.

Worsthorne’s thesis suggests that aristocracy, or an organic social order of the most qualified who enforce a balance that linear-thinking government cannot, not only arises naturally but if well-selected, provides an elite who are dedicated to public service more than themselves. It succeeds because it is decidedly non-mechanistic: he delights in the social aspects of an elite dedicated to stewardship, and illustrates how civility as a guiding principle ensures politics do not become abandoned to abstractions unrelated to life itself.

Finally, he contrasts society under rule by aristocracy, whose members are secure in their position and steeped in its tradition, with the “meritocratic” rise of the “classless society,” and points out in detail how the classless society fails to achieve its objectives and may achieve instead the inverse. As both an aristocrat and a journalist, Worsthorne describes the view from both sides of the bench on this issue.

A good part of the book addresses the necessary conditions of his thesis, including the most difficult to define parts such as “civility” and the notion of an organic, non-governmental caste who nonetheless provide the backbone to all governmental activities. For moderns, understanding caste is like trying to understand the use of a pressure cooker inside a black hole; Worsthorne elaborates slowly, but works up to his point:

“Aristocracy, however, is different because the bonds forged at birth and maintained at every subsequent stage in life, create a degree of loyalty between members as strong as, if not stronger than, those that bind together the members of a nation. The Old Etonian George Orwell tried to escape them but never wholly succeeded, concluding sadly, at the end of his life, that it was easier to change your party than change your class. Speaking personally, I cannot imagine life without class, which is not a passive condition but one that provides you with a general culture, a network to which you naturally belong, a stream of history in which you feel free and safe — almost a collective individuality.” (86)

In his retelling of history, the UK survived the time of the French Revolution because unlike the French, the English did not centralize their power into a single agency, but made government less efficient and instead cultivated a class of experts, united by a code of civility or “gentlemanly” conduct, such that they could conduct the appropriate circumventions of authority in smoke-stained lounges over glasses of cognac.

In this Worsthorne’s view is a hybridization of elitism and anarchy, in which the purpose of aristocracy is to avoid a powerful central government and its Boolean rules, and instead to cultivate a pool of talent that can organically and covertly address problems that are beyond the understanding of the electorate. His appeal to civility, the mode of aristocracy, is a call for a moral renovation to the modern state.

“For as a result of this method of selection, Britain’s political class had inherited enough in-built authority — honed over three centuries — and enough ancestral wisdom — acquired over the same period — to dare to defy both the arrogance of intellectuals from above and the emotions of the masses from below; to dare to resist the entrepreneurial imperative; to dare to try to raise the level of public conversation; to dare to put the public interest before private interests; to dare to try to shape the nation’s will and curb its appetites.” (50)

Bureaucracies, which he describes as the “natural enemies” of aristocrats, rely on rigid rules of a binary nature. When triggered, they must follow through blindly, causing periodic outrages so ludicrous they remind us of the rote actions of a machine out of control. In contrast, Worsthorne advocates the reliance on a class of people he describes as devoted to public duty, and their ability to intervene in place of blind rules.

As he reminds us, good leadership is unpopular because it does not pander to the arrogant intellectuals or emotional masses. In fact, it avoids special interests so that the nation as a whole can thrive. He describes it with a metaphor from his boarding school:

“I wanted the best of both worlds: authority figures who at one and the same time both protected me and left me alone; who came to my aid in emergencies but otherwise allowed me to mind my own business. Officious busybody prefects who kept an eye on one all the time were more a liability than an asset. But unofficious prefects who noticed what was going on from a corner of the eye were the opposite. Even more to be desired were the few older boys who turned down the office of prefect but were natural authority figures on the side of justice and order requiring, by virtue of strong individual character, no official badge of office.” (22)

This winding book, arcane like an ancient castle yet refreshing like finally finding the answer to your research in a footnote in the last book even tangential to your “official” topic, provides many such challenging ideas. Underlying every part of it is a distrust in the idea of a government that unites its public and private faces and thus is manipulable by special interests; Worsthorne argues for an older yet, if you look at it critically, more mature form of government, where rule by quality of people predominates under rule by book of rules.

Democracy Needs Aristocracy is a challenging and engrossing read, and even for those hostile to aristocracy, provides a thorough exploration of where our current systems of government fail. His thesis is flexible, and deliberately written from a liberal-friendly position, to show that democracy becomes anti-elitist mob rule without some mediating elite to keep anti-egalitarianism from becoming crowd revenge. As such, it is every bit as eternal as de Toqueville, and presents a vision of government that none can afford to fully ignore today.

You can find this book at Amazon for $15 or from Harper Collins UK for £9.

Nazisme et révolution

 

À propos de Fabrice Bouthillon, Nazisme et Révolution. Histoire théologique du national-socialisme. 1789-1989 (Fayard, coll. Commentaire, 2011).

 «Que vienne à paraître un homme, ayant le naturel qu’il faut, et voilà que par lui, tout cela est secoué, mis en pièces : il s’échappe, il foule aux pieds nos formules, nos sorcelleries, nos incantations, et ces lois, qui, toutes sans exception, sont contraires à la nature. Notre esclave s’est insurgé, et s’est révélé maître.»
Platon, Gorgias, 483d-484a.

Ex: http://stalker.hautetfort.com/

Finalement, le lecteur pressé ou le journaliste n'auront pas besoin de lire de sa première à sa dernière page le curieux essai* de Fabrice Bouthillon puisque, dès la première ligne du livre, la thèse de l'auteur est condensée en une seule phrase : «Le nazisme a été la réponse de l’histoire allemande à la question que lui avait posée la révolution française» (p. 11). À proprement parler, cette thèse n'est pas franchement une nouveauté puisque Jacques Droz, dans L’Allemagne et la Révolution française, sur les brisées d'un Stern ou d'un Gooch, l'avait déjà illustrée en 1950, en montrant comment la Révolution française avait influencé quelques-uns des grands courants d'idées qui, comme le romantisme selon cet auteur, ont abouti à la déhiscence puis au triomphe du Troisième Reich.
La thèse de Bouthillon est, quoi qu'il en soit, fort simple, ses détracteurs diront simpliste (voire tout bonnement fausse) et ses thuriféraires, évidente sinon lumineuse : «À Paris en 1789, le contrat social européen se déchire, la Gauche et la Droite se définissent et se séparent. La béance qui en était résultée était demeurée ouverte depuis lors. Sur la fin du XIX^e siècle, le conflit mondial qui commençait à se profiler semblait devoir l’approfondir encore» (p. 77).
Le constat est imparable, le travail de démonstration peut-être moins, sauf dans les tout derniers chapitres de l'ouvrage de Bouthillon, de loin les plus intéressants. Les coups contre la Gauche pleuvent ainsi dans l'ouvrage de Fabrice Bouthillon, qu'il s'agisse de critiques radicales, touchant ses plus profondes assises intellectuelles ou bien de rapprochements, assez faciles à faire il est vrai, entre celle-ci et le nazisme. Ainsi, s'appuyant sur une lecture contre-révolutionnaire de l'histoire, Fabrice Bouthillon peut écrire, fort justement, que : «L’idée, essentielle à la démarche de toute Gauche, d’un homme hors de tout contrat, d’un homme dans l’état de nature, est donc une pure contradiction dans les termes. La nature de l’homme, c’est la société; pour l’humanité, la nature, c’est la culture. Et voilà pourquoi la politique révolutionnaire cherche à s’élaborer sur un fondement qui doit forcément lui manquer : il n’est pas au pouvoir des hommes d’instituer l’humanité; la politique n’est pas quelque chose que l’homme pourrait constituer, mais qui le constitue. La fondation de la Cité, de la politique, de l’humanité, exigerait des forces supérieures aux forces humaines; or les révolutionnaires sont des hommes, en force de quoi, la tâche à laquelle ils s’obligent est donc vouée à l’échec» (p. 26).
C'est sur ce constat d'échec que, selon Bouthillon, le nazisme va fonder son éphémère empire, d'autant plus éphémère que, comme n'importe quel autre gouvernement n'ayant son origine que dans une sphère strictement temporelle ou séculière, il périra, qu'importe, nous le verrons, la facilité avec laquelle il tentera, au moment de s'effondrer, de récupérer les emblèmes et symboles du christianisme.
Concernant les rapprochements entre les emblèmes et les symboles de la Gauche et ceux du nazisme (1), nous pouvons lire ceci, lorsque Bouthillon analyse longuement et de manière fort convaincante la première proclamation publique du programme du parti nazi, faite le 24 février 1920 : «les hommes de Gauche présent à la Hofbräuhaus ont pu finir par brailler «Heil Hitler !» avec les autres, parce que Hitler leur a tenu des propos et leur a fait accomplir des gestes dans lesquels ils se retrouvaient. Par le nazisme, la Gauche n’a pas été seulement contrainte; elle a aussi été séduite» (p. 162) et, surtout, cette autre longue évocation de points communs entre les deux ennemis qui n'ont pas toujours été, loin s'en faut, irréductibles : «ce qui compte, pour comprendre ce qui se passe dans la salle archétypique [le 24 février 1920 : première proclamation publique du programme du parti nazi] où le récit de Mein Kampf transporte le lecteur, et comment la révélation du programme contribue à y créer peu à peu l’unité, c’est d’abord de se souvenir qu’il comprend vingt-cinq articles, ce qui permet de faire monter peu à peu la sauce de l’enthousiasme; et que, dans le lot, il y en a bien neuf qui relèvent incontestablement du patrimoine politique de la Gauche, ce qui permet à ceux des siens qui restent encore dans l’auditoire de s’y joindre progressivement. Point 7, l’État a le devoir de procurer aux citoyens des moyens d’existence : c’est le droit au travail, tel que revendiqué par la révolution de 1848. Point 9, tous les citoyens ont les mêmes droits et les mêmes devoirs : c’est l’égalité devant la loi, type 1789. Point 10, tout citoyen a le devoir de travailler, et le bien collectif doit primer sur l’intérêt individuel : c’est le noyau de tout socialisme. Point 11, suppression du revenu des oisifs, et de l’esclavage de l’intérêt : mais c’est du Besancenot, nos vies valent plus que leurs profits. Point 12, confiscation des bénéfices de guerre : à la bonne heure; point 13, nationalisation des trusts : quoi de mieux ? Point 14, hausse des retraites; point 17, réforme agraire – on en revenait aux Gracques – avec possibilité d’expropriation sans indemnité pour utilité publique; point 20, enfin, l’égalité de tous les enfants devant l’école, façon Ferry» (pp. 163-4).
Rappelant les analyse de Michel Dreyfus dans L’Antisémitisme à gauche (Éditions La Découverte, 2009), l'auteur ne craint pas d'enfoncer le clou lorsqu'il affirme qu'une autre partie du programme nazi n'a pas pu manquer de plaire à la Gauche, à savoir, son antisémitisme viscéral : «Mais il faut aller plus loin encore, et dire que ces points-là n’étaient pas les seuls du programme nazi qui, sous la République de Weimar, pouvaient susciter l’approbation d’un auditoire de Gauche. Cinq autres articles visaient les Juifs. Les points 5, 6, 7, les excluaient de la citoyenneté allemande, et donc aussi de la vie politique nationale; l’article 23 les excluait de la presse et de la vie culturelle; l’article 24 proclamait le respect du parti nazi envers un «christianisme positif», pour mieux condamner «l’esprit judéo-matérialiste». or cette thématique pouvait elle aussi constituer un appât pour la Gauche, et il est, de ce point de vue, très suggestif, qu’à l’arraché tant qu’on voudra, l’unanimité n’ait vraiment été atteinte dans la salle, le 24 février 1920, que sur le vote d’une résolution antisémite» (p. 164).
Bouthillon poursuit sa démonstration en insistant sur la spécificité du nazisme, qui parvint à concilier, un temps du moins, Droite et Gauche et ainsi refermer la plaie qu'avait ouverte la Révolution française en séparant, historiquement, les deux frères irréconciliables partout ailleurs qu'en France selon l'auteur (2) : «Or, dans l’histoire allemande, la nazisme constitue à la fois l’apogée de la haine entre la Gauche et la Droite, parce qu’il est né de la Droite la plus extrême et qu’il vomit la Gauche, et, en même temps, l’ébauche de leur réconciliation, précisément parce qu’il se veut un national-socialisme, unissant donc, à un nationalisme d’extrême-Droite, un socialisme d’extrême-Gauche. Vu sous cet angle, sa nature politique la plus authentique est donc celle d’un centrisme, mais par addition des extrêmes; et c’est pourquoi il peut espérer parvenir en Allemagne à une véritable refondation» (p. 173). Au sujet de cette thèse de Bouthillon, sans cesse répétée dans son ouvrage, de la création du nazisme par l'addition des extrêmes, notons ce passage : «pour que la Droite mute en l’une de ces formes de totalitarisme que sont les fascismes, il faut qu’elle accepte de faire sien un apport spécifique de la Gauche, et même de l’extrême-Gauche» (pp. 189-90).
Toutes ces pages (hormis celles, peut-être, du chapitre 2 consacré à Bismarck) sont intéressantes et écrites dans un style maîtrisé, moins vif cependant que celui d'un Éric Zemmour. Elles n'évoquent cependant point directement le sujet même qui donne son sous-titre à l'ouvrage de Bouthillon. Il faut ainsi prendre son mal en patience pour découvrir, au dernier chapitre, la thèse pour le moins condensée (en guise de piste de recherche méthodiquement développée, comme celle d'Emilio Gentile exposée dans La Religion fasciste), d'un autre ouvrage de l'auteur intitulé Et le bunker était vide. Une lecture du testament politique d'Adolf Hitler (Hermann, 2007). Car, en guise d'histoire théologique du nazisme que la seule référence à Carl Schmitt évoquant la théologie paulinienne ne peut tout de même combler (3), nous avons droit à une série de rapprochements, parfois quelque peu spécieux (4) entre les derniers faits et gestes de Hitler et ceux du Christ, comme celui-ci : «Le testament qu’il [Hitler] laisse est lui-même conçu comme un équivalent du discours du Christ pendant la dernière Cène, au moment de passer de ce monde à son Père : «je ne vous laisse pas seuls», tel est le thème dominant de ces adieux, dans un dispositif où l’expulsion de Göring et de Himmler hors du Parti pour trahison est l’exact pendant de celle de Judas hors du cénacle» (p. 254).
C'est donc affirmer que, s'il ne faut point considérer Hitler comme l'antichrist (5), il peut à bon droit être vu comme l'un de ses représentants, une idée qui a fait les délices de nombre d'auteurs, dont le sérieux de la recherche est d'ailleurs matière à controverse, tant certaines thèses ont pu sembler loufoques aux historiens du nazisme.
Mais affirmer que Hitler n'est qu'une des figures du Mal, et certainement pas celui-ci en personne si je puis dire nous fait peut-être toucher du doigt la thèse qui semblera véritablement scandaleuse aux yeux des lecteurs : Hitler est un dictateur absolument médiocre, dont le seul coup de génie a été, selon Bouthillon, d'adopter une position centriste qui lui a permis de mélanger habilement les idées et les influences venues des deux extrêmes politiques.
Autant dire que, devant l'effacement des frontières politiques auquel nous assistons de nos jours, la voie est libre pour que naissent une furieuse couvée de petits (ou de grands) Hitler qui, soyons-en certains, auront à cœur de venger l'honneur de leur père putatif et surtout de lire le testament aux accents fondamentalement religieux selon Bouthillon que le chef déchu leur aura laissé juste avant de se suicider et de faire disparaître son corps, comme une ultime parodie démoniaque de l'absence du cadavre du Christ.

Notes
* Livre dont Jean-Luc Evard donnera, ici même, une critique véritable, ce que la mienne n'est évidemment point qui se contente de dégager les grands axes de la démonstration de Bouthillon.
(1) Sur le salut nazi, Fabrice Bouthillon affirme : «Ce geste fasciste par excellence, qu’est le salut de la main tendue, n’est-il pas au fond né à Gauche ? N’a-t-il pas procédé d’abord de ces votes à main levée dans les réunions politiques du parti, avant d’être militarisé ensuite par le raidissement du corps et le claquement des talons – militarisé et donc, par là, droitisé, devenant de la sorte le symbole le plus parfait de la capacité nazie à faire fusionner, autour de Hitler, valeurs de la Gauche et valeurs de la Droite ? Car il y a bien une autre origine possible à ce geste, qui est la prestation de serment le bras tendu; mais elle aussi est, en politique, éminemment de Gauche, puisque le serment prêté pour refonder, sur l’accord des volontés individuelles, une unité politique dissoute, appartient au premier chef à la liste des figures révolutionnaires obligées, dans la mesure même où la dissolution du corps politique, afin d’en procurer la restitution ultérieure, par l’engagement unanime des ex-membres de la société ancienne, est l’acte inaugural de toute révolution. Ainsi s’explique que la prestation du serment, les mains tendues, ait fourni la matière de l’une des scènes les plus topiques de la révolution française – et donc aussi, qu’on voie se dessiner, derrière le tableau par Hitler du meeting de fondation du parti nazi, celui, par David, du Serment du Jeu de Paume» (p. 171).
(2) «À partir de 1918, il n’est donc plus contestable qu’une voie particulière s’ouvre dans l’histoire de l’Europe pour l’une des nations qui la composent. Mais c’est la voie française. Parce que, sur le continent, pour la France, et pour la France seulement, la victoire pérennise alors la réconciliation de la Gauche et de la Droite qui s’était opérée dans l’Union sacrée, le clairon du 11 novembre ferme pour elle l’époque qui s’était ouverte avec la Révolution, et la République devient aussi légitime à Paris que la monarchie avait pu l’être avant 1789. Mais partout ailleurs sur le continent, c’est la défaite, dès 1917 pour la Russie, en 1918 pour l’Allemagne, en 1919, autour du tapis vert, pour l’Italie» (p. 107). Cet autre passage éclaire notre propos : «La période qui va de 1789 à 1914 avait été dominée par la séparation de la Gauche et de la Droite provoquée par la révolution française, et l’Allemagne avait perdu la chance que l’union sacrée lui avait donnée de refermer cette brèche. Du coup, la logique de la situation créée par la Révolution perdure, s’amplifie, se durcit : à Droite, la brutalisation exacerbe les nationalismes, à Gauche, elle surexcite l’universalisme, jusqu’à en tirer le bolchevisme. Moyennant quoi, la nécessité de mettre un terme à cette fracture se fait, au même rythme, plus impérieuse» (p. 197).
(3) «Rétablir l’Empire, réunir l’extrême Gauche et l’extrême Droite : Hitler aussi s’est donné ces deux objectifs, et la parenté de son entreprise avec celle de Napoléon ne doit donc rien au hasard. Elle vient de ce que le nazisme est né de l’effondrement révolutionnaire du katekhon aussi directement que le bonapartisme en est sorti. Comme ce qui se passe en Allemagne en 1933 vise à combler le gouffre, un moment refermé en 1914, mais rouvert dès 1918, qui béait sous la politique européenne depuis qu’en 1789, la Révolution avait mis un terme au prolongement que, durant près de quatorze siècles, le régime de Chrétienté avait procuré à l’Empire romain, la dimension antichristique du nazisme en découle immédiatement, faite d’opposition radicale au christianisme et de ressemblance avec lui, de ressemblance avec lui pour cause d’opposition radicale à lui» (pp. 262-3). Auparavant, l'auteur aura évoqué, tirant profit des thèses bien connues de René Girard (cf. p. 198) sur la violence mimétique, la volonté (et son exécution) d'exterminer les Juifs par une analyse du gouffre en question et des façons pour le moins radicales de le combler : «La Droite continentale tient qu’on ne peut quitter le contrat ancien, qu’il est en fait impossible de déchirer définitivement; la Droite insulaire [avec Burke], elle, démontre qu’on ne peut parvenir à un contrat nouveau. Or la Révolution s’étant pourtant bel et bien produite, il en résulte qu’on se trouve dans un état limbaire, intermédiaire entre ces deux vérités. On est entre l’Ancien Régime, chrétien, où la Victime, sur le sacrifice de laquelle reposait en dernière analyse tout l’ordre social, depuis la mise en place de l’augustinisme politique, était le Christ, régime qu’on ne peut totalement oublier – et le nouveau contrat social, qui, par hypothèse, ne devra plus rien au christianisme, mais auquel on ne peut atteindre. Eh bien, la solution intermédiaire est de refonder l’unité sur la haine du Juif : ce n’est plus le régime ancien, ça tient donc du nouveau; mais ce n’est pas un régime absolument nouveau, et ça tient donc de l’ancien : puisque dans l’ancien, en la personne du Christ, déjà la victime était juive» (p. 199).
(4) Ainsi du rapprochement opéré par l'auteur entre Eva Braun / Adolf Hitler et Ève / Adam, cf. p. 251-2.
(5) «En dictant son testament politique, Hitler visait à s’ériger en une espèce de dieu; faire de lui le Diable, comme y concourent avec ensemble de nos jours les médias, politiques et institutions d’enseignement, c’est l’aider à atteindre son but. S’il y avait cependant une leçon à retenir de la théologie de l’Antéchrist, ce serait pourtant que du mal, il n’a été qu’une des figures, et qu’il y aura pire – un pire que peu fort bien servir cette espèce de sacralisation perverse dont notre époque le fait jouir, grosse d’effets en retour au bout desquels nous ne sommes probablement pas rendus» (p. 268).

Evolving into Consumerism—and Beyond It:
Geoffrey Miller’s Spent

Alex KURTAGIC

Ex: http://www.counter-currents.com/

Geoffrey Miller
Spent: Sex, Evolution, and Consumer Behavior
New York: Viking, 2009

When I was asked to review this book, I half groaned because I was sure of what to expect and I also knew it was not going to broaden my knowledge in a significant way. From my earlier reading up on other, but tangentially related subject areas (e.g., advertising), I already knew, and it seemed more than obvious to me, that consumer behavior had an evolutionary basis. Therefore, I expected this book would not make me look at the world in an entirely different way, but, rather, would reaffirm, maybe clarify, and hopefully deepen by a micron or two, my existing knowledge on the topic. The book is written for a popular audience, so my expectations were met. Fortunately, however, reading it proved not to be a chore: the style is very readable, the information is well-organized, and there are a number of unexpected surprises along the way to keep the reader engaged.

Coming from a humanities educational background, I was familiar with Jean Baudrillard’s treatment of consumerism through his early works: The System of Objects (1968), The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures (1970), and For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign (1972). Baudrillard believed that there were four ways an object acquired value: through its functional value (similar to the Marxian use-value); through its exchange, or economic value; through its symbolic value (the object’s relationship to a subject, or individual, such as an engagement ring to a young lady or a medal to an Olympic athlete); and, finally, through its sign value (the object’s value within a system of objects, whereby a Montblanc fountain-pen may signify higher socioeconomic status than a Bic ball-pen, or a Fair Trade organic chicken may signify certain social values in relation to a chicken that has been intensively farmed). Baudrillard focused most of his energy on the latter forms of value. Writing at the juncture between evolutionary psychology and marketing, Geoffrey Miller (an evolutionary psychologist) does the same here, except from a purely biological perspective.

The are three core ideas in Spent: firstly, conspicuous consumption is essentially a narcissistic process being used by humans to signal their biological fitness to others while also pleasuring themselves; secondly, this processes is unreliable, as humans cheat by broadcasting fraudulent signals in an effort to flatter themselves and achieve higher social status; and thirdly, this process is also inefficient, as the need for continuous economic growth has led capitalists since the 1950s to manufacture products with built-in obsolescence, thus fueling a wasteful process of continuous substandard production and continuous consumption and rubbish generation. In other words, we live in a world where insatiable and amoral capitalists constantly make flimsy products with ever-changing designs and ever-higher specifications so that they break quickly and/or cause embarrassment after a year, and humans, motivated by primordial mating and hedonistic urges that have evolved biological bases, are thus compelled to frequently replace their consumer goods with newer and better models — usually the most expensive ones they can afford — so that they can delude themselves and others into thinking that they are higher-quality humans than they really are.

Miller tells us that levels of fitness are advertised by humans along six independent dimensions, comprised of general intelligence, and the five dimensions that define the human personality: openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness, stability, and extraversion. Extending or drawing from theories expounded by Thorstein Veblen and Amotz Zahavi (the latter’s are not mainstream), Miller also tells us that, because fraudulent fitness signaling is part and parcel of animal behavior, humans, like other animals, will attempt to prove the authenticity of their signals by making their signaling a costly endeavor that is beyond the means of a faker. Signaling can be rendered costly through its being conspicuously wasteful (getting an MA at Oxford), conspicuously precise (getting an MIT PhD), or a conspicuous badge of reputation (getting a Harvard MBA) that requires effort to achieve, is difficult to maintain, and entails severe punishment if forged. Miller attempts to highlight the degree to which these strategies are wasteful when he points out that, in as much as university credentials are a proxy for general intelligence, both job seekers and prospective employers could much more efficiently determine a job seeker’s general intelligence with a simple, quick, and cheap IQ test.

As expected, we are told here that signaling behavior becomes, according to experimental data, exaggerated when humans are what Miller calls “mating-primed” (on the pull). Also as expected, men and women exhibit different proclivities: males emphasizing aggression and openness to experience by performing impressive and unexpected feats in front of desirable females, and females emphasizing agreeableness through participation in, for example, charitable events. And again as expected, Miller tells us that while dumb, young humans engaging in fitness signaling will tend to emphasize body-enhancing consumption (e.g., breast implants, muscle-building powders, platform shoes), older, more intelligent humans, educated by experience on the futility of such strategies, instead emphasize their general intelligence, conscientiousness, and stability through effective maintenance of their appearance, via regular exercise, sensible diet, careful grooming, and tasteful fashion. Still, this strategy follows biologically-determined patters: as women’s physiognomic indicators of fertility (eye size; sclera whiteness; lip coloration, fullness, and eversion; breast size; etc.) peak in their mid twenties, older women will apply make-up and opt for sartorial strategies that compensate for the progressive fading of these traits, in a subconscious effort to indicate genetic quality and stability, as well as — as mentioned above — conscientiousness.

Less expected were some of the explanations for some human consumer choices: when a human purchases a top-of-the-line, fully featured piece of electronic equipment, be it a stereo or a sewing machine, the features are less important than the opportunity the equipment provides its owner to talk about them, and thus signal his/her intelligence through their detailed, jargon-laden enumeration and description. This makes perfect sense, of course, and reading it provided theoretical confirmation of the correctness of my decision in the 1990s, when, after noticing that I only ever used a fraction of all available features and functions in any piece of electronic equipment, I decided to build a recording studio with the simplest justifiable models by the best possible brands.

Even less expected for me where some of the facts outside the topic of this book. Miller, conscious of the disrepute into which the evolutionary sciences have fallen due to foaming-at-the-mouth Marxist activists — Stephen Jay Gould, Leon Kamin, Steven Rose, and Richard Lewontin — and ultra-orthodox nurture bigots in modern academia, makes sure to precede his discussion by describing himself as a liberal, and by enumerating a horripilating catalogue of liberal credentials (he classes himself as a “feminist,” for example). He also goes on to cite survey data that shows most evolutionary psychologists in contemporary academia are socially liberal, like him. It is a sad state of affairs when a scientist feels obligated to asseverate his political correctness in order to avoid ostracism.

Unusually, however, Miller seems an honest liberal (even if he contradicts himself, as in pp. 297-8), and is critical in the first chapters as well as in the later chapters of the Marxist death-grip on academic freedom of inquiry and expression and of the cult of diversity and multiculturalism. The latter occurs in the context of a discussion on the various possible alternatives to a society based on conspicuous consumption, which occupies the final four chapters of this book. Miller believes that the multiculturalist ideology is an obstacle to overcoming the consumer society because it prevents the expression of individuality and the formation of communities with alternative norms and forms of social display. This is because humans, when left to freely associate, tend to cluster in communities with shared traits, while multiculturalist legislation is designed to prevent freedom of association. Moreover, and citing Robert Putnam’s research (but also making sure to clarify he does not think diversity is bad), Miller argues that “[t]here is increasing evidence that communities with a chaotic diversity of social norms do not function very well” (p. 297). Since the only loophole in anti-discrimination laws is income, the result is that people are then motivated to escape multiculturalism is through economic stratification, by renting or buying at higher price points, thus causing the formation of

low-income ghettos, working-class tract houses, professional exurbs: a form of assortative living by income, which correlates only moderately with intelligence and conscientiousness.

. . .

[W]hen economic stratification is the only basis for choosing where to live, wealth becomes reified as the central form of status in every community — the lowest common denominator of human virtue, the only trait-display game in town. Since you end up living next to people who might well respect wildly different intellectual, political, social, and moral values, the only way to compete for status is through conspicuous consumption. Grow a greener lawn, buy a bigger car, add a media room . . . (p. 300)

This is a very interesting and valid argument, linking the evils of multiculturalism with the consumer society in a way that I had not come across before.

Miller’s exploration of the various possible ways we could explode the consumer society does get rather silly at times (at one point, Miller considers the idea of tattooing genetic trait levels on people’s faces; and elsewhere he weighs requiring consumers to qualify to purchase certain products, on the basis of how these products reflect their actual genetic endowments). However, when he eventually reaches a serious recommendation, it is one I can agree with: promoting product longevity. In other words, shifting production away from the contemporary profit-oriented paradigm of cheap, rapidly-obsolescing, throwaway products and towards the manufacture of high quality, long-lasting ones, that can be easily serviced and repaired. This suggests a return to the manufacturing standards we last saw during the Victorian era, which never fails to put a smile on my face. Miller believes that this can be achieved using the tax system, and he proposes abolishing the income tax and instituting a progressive consumption tax designed to make cheap, throwaway products more expensive than sturdy ones.

Frankly, I detest the idea of any kind of tax, since I see it today as a forced asset confiscation practiced by governments who are intent in destroying me and anyone like me; but if there has to be tax, if that is the only way to clear the world out of the perpetual inundation of tacky rubbish, and if that is the only way to obliterate the miserable businesses that pump it out day after day by the centillions, then let it mercilessly punish low quality — let it sadistically flog manufacturers of low-quality products with the scourging whip of fiscal law until they squeal with pain, rip their hair out, and rend their garments as they see their profits plummet at the speed of light and completely and forever disappear into the black hole of categorical bankruptcy.

If you are looking for a deadly serious, arid text of hard-core science, Spent is not for you: the same information can be presented in a more detailed, programmatic, and reliable manner than it is here; this book is written to entertain as much as it is to educate a popular audience. If you are looking for a readable overview, a refresher, or an update on how evolved biology interacts with marketing and consumption, and would appreciate a few key insights as a prelude to further study, Spent is an easy basic text. It should be noted, however, that his area of research is still in relative infancy, and there is here a certain amount of speculation laced with proper science. Therefore, if you are interested in this topic, and are an activist or businessman interested in developing more effective ways to market your message or products, you may want to adopt an interdisciplinary approach and read this alongside Jacques Ellul’s Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes, Jean Baudrillard’s early works on consumerism, and some of the texts in Miller’s own bibliography, which include — surprise, surprise! — The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, and The Global Bell Curve: Race, IQ, and Inequality Worldwide, by Richard Lynn, among others.

TOQ Online, August 14, 2009

Force et Honneur

Force et Honneur

« Le calendrier mémoriel de nos pères était, autrefois, parsemé de noms de saints, de soldats héroïques et aussi de grandes batailles. Ces noms, gravés dans l’histoire des peuples, étaient toujours évocateurs : ils constituaient une mémoire collective et forgeaient les identités nationales », écrit Jean-Pierre Papadacci, « Français d’Empire », en préface à un ouvrage intitulé « Force et honneur ».

Ce livre, auquel ont collaboré une trentaine d’auteurs, raconte « ces batailles qui ont fait la grandeur de la France et de l’Europe ». Sans doute certaines manquent-elles, comme Fontenoy, mais on y trouve beaucoup de rencontres qui ont compté, depuis la bataille de Marathon au début du V^e siècle avant Jésus-Christ jusqu’au siège de Sarajevo à la fin du XX^e siècle de notre ère.

Le lecteur y trouvera, entre autres, les Thermopyles, Bouvines, le siège de Vienne, Torfou, Austerlitz, le siège de l’alcazar, la bataille d’Alger…

Tous les textes ne sont pas d’égale facture, mais la plupart sont bien écrits et intéressants. Citons notamment le récit de la prise de Jérusalem par les croisés, par Pierre Vial, la bataille d’Azincourt, par Jean Denègre, la levée du siège d’Orléans, par Thierry Bouzard, Lépante, par Robert Steuckers, Camerone, par Alain Sanders, Verdun, par Philippe Conrad, Dien Bien Phu par Eric Fornal, un récit de l’insurrection de Budapest par Vitéz Marton Lajos…

Le livre se conclut sur une série d’entretiens avec des officiers français : le général Yves Derville, qui participa à la première guerre du Golfe ; le colonel Jean Luciani, ancien des FFI et vétéran de Dien Bien Phu ; le capitaine Dominique Bonelliancien du 1^er BEP puis du 1^er REP en Indochine et en Algérie ; l’adjudant-chef Jean Laraque, les sergents Alexis Arette et Roger Holeindre, le caporal-chef Trogne, autres « sentinelles de l’Empire ».

« Nous savons que nous sommes des débiteurs et que nous avons le devoir de faire fructifier et de transmettre le patrimoine que nous avons reçu », écrit encore Jean-Pierre Papadacci dans sa préface. Nul doute que ce livre, destiné prioritairement aux adolescents, y contribue.

Force et honneur, ces batailles qui ont fait la grandeur de la France et de l’Europe, Les amis du livre européen ed.

ACHETER SUR AMAZON

39-45: les dossiers oubliés, retour sur les crimes soviétiques et américains

39-45 : les dossiers oubliés - retour sur les crimes soviétiques et américains

VARSOVIE (NOVOpress) – Boguslaw Woloszanski, journaliste polonais, continue dans son nouvel ouvrage, 39-45 : les dossiers oubliés, aux Editions Jourdan, d’explorer les faces méconnues de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, sur la base notamment de la récente ouverture des archives de l’ex-Union Soviétique.

Le premier chapitre du livre est d’ailleurs consacré aux manœuvres de l’un des plus grands criminels de l’histoire du XXème siècle : Joseph Staline. Où comment l’ami de Lénine ^[1] liquida en 1937 le chef de son armée, Mikhaïl Nikolaïevitch Toukhatchevski, danger pour son pouvoir absolu, avec l’aide… du régime hitlérien, trop heureux de priver l’Armée Rouge de son officier le plus talentueux.

Boguslaw Woloszanski rappelle aussi les coups tordus perpétrés par les démocraties occidentales durant ce conflit qui saigna à blanc le continent européen. L’auteur souligne pourquoi des centaines de Canadiens furent sacrifiés à Dieppe le 19 août 1942 alors que seulement 50 Américains débarquèrent sur le sol normand ce jour là.

Les Etats-Unis mirent le paquet en revanche pour s’attaquer à des cibles non militaires. Boguslaw Woloszanski revient sur les raids aériens américains sur Tokyo ^[2] en 1945. Celui du 9 au 10 mars fut le plus meurtrier des bombardements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale : 100 000 victimes, pour la plupart brûlées vives. Il dépassa en nombre de victimes les bombardements d’Hambourg en juillet 1943 ou de Dresde en février 1945 ^[3]. Au cours des sept derniers mois de cette campagne, ce type d’actions a provoqué la destruction de 67 grandes villes japonaises, causant plus de 500 000 morts et quelque 5 millions de sans abri. Pourtant, aucun général américain ne fut traduit devant un tribunal international pour ces crimes de guerre.

[cc ^[4]] Novopress.info, 2010, Dépêches libres de copie et diffusion sous réserve de mention de la source d’origine
[http://fr.novopress.info ^[5]]

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Article printed from :: Novopress.info France: http://fr.novopress.info

URL to article: http://fr.novopress.info/72388/39-45-les-dossiers-oublies-retour-sur-les-crimes-sovietiques-et-americains/

URLs in this post:

[1] l’ami de Lénine: http://fr.novopress.info/16199/russie-une-statue-de-lenine-dynamitee-a-saint-petersbourg/

[2] raids aériens américains sur Tokyo: http://les3abeilles.lefora.com/2010/09/23/les-bombardements-sur-tokyo-2/

[3] Dresde en février 1945: http://fr.novopress.info/466/dresde/

[4] cc: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/fr/

[5] http://fr.novopress.info: http://fr.novopress.info

Jack Malebranche’s Androphilia: A Manifesto

Derek Hawthorne

Ex: http://www.counter-currents.com/

Jack Malebranche (Jack Donovan)
Androphilia: A Manifesto
Baltimore, Md.: Scapegoat Publishing, 2006

Near the end of Androphilia, Jack Donovan writes “It has always seemed like some profoundly ironic cosmic joke to me that the culture of men who love men is a culture that deifies women and celebrates effeminacy. Wouldn’t it make more sense if the culture of men who are sexually fascinated by men actually idolized men and celebrated masculinity?” (p. 115).

He has a point there. As Donovan notes, homosexual porn is almost exclusively focused on hypermasculine archetypes: the lumberjack, the marine, the jock, the cop, etc. (I am going to employ the term “homosexual,” despite its problematic history, as a neutral term to denote same-sex desire among men. I am avoiding the term “gay,” for reasons that will soon be apparent.) So why are homosexuals, who worship masculine men, so damn queeny? Most straight men (and women too) would offer what they see as the obvious answer: homosexuals are not real men. They are a sort of strange breed of womanly man, and it is precisely the otherness of masculine men that attracts them so. This is, after all, the way things work with straight people: men are attracted to women, and vice versa, because they are other. We want what we are not. Therefore, if a man desires another man then he must not be a real man.

What makes this theory so plausible is that so many self-identified homosexuals do behave in the most excruciatingly effeminate manner. They certainly seem to be not-quite-men. Donovan thinks (and I believe he is correct) that it is this womanish behavior in homosexuals that bothers straight men so much – more so, actually, than the fact that homosexuals have sex with other men in the privacy of their bedrooms.

Donovan objects to effeminacy in homosexuals as well, but he sees this effeminacy as a socially-constructed behavior pattern; as a consequence of the flawed logic that claims “since we’re attracted to what’s other, if you’re a man attracted to a man you must not be a real man.” Having bought into this way of seeing things, the “gay community” actually encourages its members to “camp it up” and get in touch with their feminine side. They think they are liberating themselves, but what they don’t see is that they have bought into a specific set of cultural assumptions which effectively rob them of their manhood, in their own eyes and in the eyes of society.

Donovan argues, plausibly, that homosexual attraction should be seen as a “variation in desire” among men (p. 21). Homosexuals are men — men who happen to be attracted to other men. Their sexual desire does not make them into a separate species of quasi-men. This is a point that will be resisted by many, but it is easily defended. One can see this simply by reflecting on how difficult it is to comprehend the homosexuals of yore in the terms we use today to deal with these matters. There was, after all, unlikely to have been anything “queeny” (and certainly not cowardly) about the Spartan 300, who were 150 homosexual couples. And the samurai in feudal Japan were doing it too — just to mention two examples. These are not the sort of people one thinks of as “sensitive” and who one would expect to show up at a Lady Gaga concert, were they around today. It is unlikely that Achilles and his “favorite” Patroclus would have cruised around with a rainbow flag flying from their chariot. These were manly men, who happened to sexually desire other men. If there can be such men, then there is no necessary disjunction between homosexuality and masculinity. QED.

In essential terms, what Donovan argues in Androphilia is that homosexuals should reject the “gay culture” of effeminacy and reclaim masculinity for themselves. Ironically, gay culture is really the product of an internalization of the Judeo-Christian demonization of same-sex desire, and its insistence that homosexuality and masculinity are incompatible. Donovan wants gays to become “androphiles”: men who love men, but who are not defined by that love. “Gay men” are men who allow themselves to be defined entirely by their desire, defined into a separate segment of humanity that talks alike, walks alike, dresses alike, thinks alike, votes alike, and has set itself apart from “breeders” in fashionable urban ghettos. “Gay” really denotes a whole way of life “that promotes anti-male feminism, victim mentality, and leftist politics” (p. 18). (This is the reason Donovan often uses “homo” instead of “gay”: gay is a package deal denoting much more than same-sex desire.) He argues that in an effort to promote acceptance of men with same-sex desire, homosexuals encouraged others to regard them as, in effect, a separate sex — really, almost a separate race. “Gay,” Donovan remarks, is really “sexuality as ethnicity” (p. 18). As a result, gay men have cut themselves off from the fraternity of men and, arguably, trapped themselves in a lifestyle that stunts them into perpetual adolescence. Donovan asks, reasonably, “Why should I identify more closely with a lesbian folk singer than with [straight] men my age who share my interests?”

Many of those who have made it this far into my review might conclude now that Androphilia is really a book for homosexuals, and doesn’t have much to say to the rest of the world. But this is not the case. Donovan’s book contains profound reflections on sexuality and its historical construction (yes, there really are some things that are historically constructed), the nature of masculinity, the role of male bonding in the formation of culture, and the connection between masculinity and politics. This book has implications for how men — all men — understand themselves.

Donovan attacks head-on the attempt by gays to set themselves up as an “oppressed group” on the model of blacks and women, and to compel all of us to refrain from uttering a critical word about them. He attacks feminism as the anti-male ideology it is. And he zeroes in on the connection, taken for granted by nearly everyone, between gay culture and advocacy of left-wing causes. Androphilia, in short, is a book that belongs squarely on the political right. It should be no surprise to anyone to discover that Donovan has been busy since the publication of Androphilia writing for sites like Alternative Right and Spearhead.

Donovan himself was a part of the gay community when he was younger, but never really felt like he belonged. He so much as tells us that his desire for men is his religion; that he worships masculinity in men. But it seemed natural to Donovan that since he was a man, he should cultivate in himself the very qualities he admired in others. His desire was decidedly not for an “other” but for the very qualities that he saw, proudly, in himself. (He says at one point, “I experience androphilia not as an attraction to some alien opposite, but as an attraction to variations in sameness,” p. 49).

Donovan is certainly not alone. It’s natural when we think of homosexuals to visualize effeminate men, because those are the ones that stand out. If I asked you to visualize a Swede you’d probably conjure up a blonde-haired, blue-eyed Nordic exemplar. But, of course, a great many Swedes are brunettes (famous ones, too; e.g., Ingmar Bergman). The effeminate types are merely the most conspicuous homosexuals. But there also exists a silent multitude of masculine men who love men, men whom no one typically pegs as “gay.” These men are often referred to as “straight acting” — as if masculinity in a homosexual is necessarily some kind of act. These men are really Donovan’s target audience, and they live a tragic predicament. They are masculine men who see their own masculinity as a virtue, thus they cannot identify with what Donovan calls the Gay Party (i.e., “gay community”) and its celebration of effeminacy. They identify far more closely with straight men, who, of course, will not fully accept them. This is partly due to fear (“is he going to make a pass at me?”), and partly, again, due to the prevailing view which equates same-sex desire with lack of manliness. The Jack Donovans out there are lost between two worlds, at home in neither. Loneliness and sexual desire compels such men to live on the periphery of the gay community, hoping always to find someone like themselves. If they have at all internalized the message that their desires make them less-than-men (and most have), then their relationship to masculinity will always be a problematic one. They will always have “something to prove,” and always fear, deep down, that perhaps they are inadequate in some fundamental way.

Androphilia is therapy for such men, and a call for them to form a new identity and group solidarity quite independent of the “gay community.” On the one hand, Donovan asserts that, again, homosexuality should be seen as a “variation in desire” among men; that homosexuals should see themselves as men first, and not be defined entirely by their same-sex desire. On the other hand, it is very clear that Donovan also has high hopes that self-identified androphiles will become a force to be reckoned with. He writes at one point, “While other men struggle to keep food on the table or get new sneakers for Junior, androphiles can use their extra income to fund their endeavors. This is a significant advantage. Androphiles could become leaders of men in virtually any field with comparative ease. By holding personal achievement in high esteem, androphiles could become more than men; they could become great men” (p. 88).

Is Jack Donovan — the androphile Tyler Durden — building an army? Actually, it looks more like he’s building a religion, and this brings us to one of the most interesting aspects of Androphilia. Repeatedly, Donovan tells us that “masculinity is a religion,” or words to that effect (see especially pp. 65, 72, 76, 80, 116).

A first step to understanding what he is talking about is to recognize that masculinity is an ideal, and a virtue. Men strive to cultivate masculinity in themselves, and they admire it in other men. Further, masculinity is something that has to be achieved. Better yet, it has to be won. Femininity, on the other hand, is quite different. Femininity is essentially a state of being that simply comes with being female; it is not an accomplishment. Women are, but men must become. If femininity has anything to do with achievement, the achievement usually consists in artifice: dressing in a certain manner, putting on makeup, learning how to be coy, etc. Femininity is almost exclusively bound up with being attractive to men. If a man’s “masculinity” consisted in dressing butch and not shaving, he would be laughed at; his “masculinity” would be essentially effeminate. (Such is the masculinity, for example, of gay “bears” and “leatherman.”) Similarly, if a man’s “masculinity” consists entirely in pursuing women and making himself attractive to them, he is scorned by other men. (Ironically, such “gigolos” are often far more effeminate mama’s boys than many homosexuals.) No, true masculinity is achieved by accomplishing something difficult in the world: by fighting, building something, discovering something, winning a contest, setting a record, etc. In order for it to count, a man has to overcome things like fear and opposition. He has to exhibit such virtues as bravery, perseverance, commitment, consistency, integrity, and, often, loyalty. Masculinity is inextricably tied to virtue (which is no surprise — given that the root vir-, from which we also get “virile,” means “man”). A woman can be petty, fickle, dishonest, fearful, inconstant, weak, and unserious — and still be thought of as 100% feminine.

A woman can also be the butchest nun, women’s lacrosse coach, or dominatrix on the planet and never be in any danger of someone thinking she’s “not a real woman.” With men, it’s completely different. As the example of homosexuals illustrates, it is quite possible to have a y chromosome and be branded “not a real man.” Masculinity, again, is an ideal that men are constantly striving to realize. The flip side of this is that they live in constant fear of some kind of failure that might rob them of masculinity in their eyes or the eyes of others. They must “live up” to the title of “man.” Contrary to the views of modern psychologists and feminists, this does not indicate a “problem” with men that they must somehow try to overcome. If men did not feel driven to make their mark on the world and prove themselves worthy of being called men, there would be no science, no philosophy, no art, no music, no technology, no exploration.

“But there would also be no war, no conflict, no competition!” feminists and male geldings will shriek in response. They’re right: there would be none of these things. And the world would be colorless and unutterably boring.

As Camille Paglia famously said, “If civilization had been left in female hands, we would still be living in grass huts.” She also said “There is no female Mozart because there is no female Jack the Ripper.” What this really means is that given the nature of men, we can’t have Mozart without Jack the Ripper. So be it.

It should now be a bit clearer why Donovan says that “masculinity is a religion.” To quote him more fully, “masculinity is not just a quality shared by many men, but also an ideal to which men collectively aspire. Masculinity is a religion, one that naturally resonates with the condition of maleness. Worship takes place at sports arenas, during action films, in adventure novels and history books, in frat houses, in hunting lodges” (p. 65).

Earlier in the book he writes: “All men appreciate masculinity in other men. They appreciate men who are manly, who embody what it means to be a man. They admire and look up to men who are powerful, accomplished or assertive. . . . Men respectfully acknowledge another man’s impressive size or build, note a fierce handshake, or take a friendly interest in his facial hair. . . . Sportscasters and fans speak lovingly of the bodies and miraculous abilities of their shared heroes. . . . While straight men would rather not discuss it because they don’t want to be perceived as latent homosexuals, they do regularly admire one another’s bodies at the gym or at sporting events” (p. 22). None of this is “gay,” “latently gay,” or “homoerotic.” This is just men admiring manliness. One of the sad consequences of “gay liberation” (and Freudian psychology) is that straight men must now police their behavior for any signs that might be read as “latency.” And gay liberation has destroyed male bonding. Just recently I re-watched Robert Rossen’s classic 1961 film The Hustler. In the opening scene, an old man watches a drunken Paul Newman playing pool and remarks to a friend, “Nice looking boy. Clean cut. Too bad he can’t hold his liquor.” No straight man today would dream of openly admiring another man’s appearance and describing him as “nice looking,” even though there need be nothing sexual in this at all.

Of course, there is something decidedly sexual in androphilia. The androphile admires masculinity in other men also, but he has a sexual response to it. An androphile may admire all the same qualities in a man that a straight man would, but the androphile gets turned on by them. Here we must note, however, that although the straight man admires masculinity in men he generally spends a lot less time reflecting on it than an androphile does. And there are innumerable qualities in men (especially physical qualities) which androphiles notice, but which many straight men are completely oblivious to. In fact, one of the characteristics of manly men is a kind of obliviousness to their own masculine attractiveness. Yes, straight men admire masculinity in other men and in themselves — but this is often not something that is brought fully to consciousness. No matter how attractive he may be, if a man is vain, his attractiveness is undercut — and so is his masculinity. Men are attractive — to women and to androphiles — to the extent that their masculinity is something natural, unselfconscious, unaffected, and seemingly effortless. Oddly, lack of self-consciousness does seem to be a masculine trait. Think of the single-minded warrior, uncorrupted by doubt and introspection, forging ahead without any thought for how he seems to others, unaware of how brightly his virtue and heroism shine.

What all this means is that androphilia is masculinity brought to self-consciousness. To put it another way, the androphile is masculinity brought to awareness of itself. It is in the androphile that all that is good and noble and beautiful in the male comes to be consciously reflected upon and affirmed. It is in androphiles like Jack Donovan that the god of masculinity is consciously thematized as a god, and worshipped. Masculinity is a religion, he tells us again and again.

Now, I said a few lines earlier that lack of self-consciousness seems to be a masculine trait. If in androphiles a greater self-consciousness of masculinity is achieved, doesn’t this mean that androphiles are somehow unmasculine? Actually what it means is that they are potentially hyper-masculine. It is true that we admire unselfconscious figures like Siegfried or Arjuna, because they seem to possess a certain purity. But such men are always ultimately revealed to be merely the plaything of forces over which they have no control. Greater still then a naïve, unselfconscious purity is the power of an awakened man, who consciously recognizes and cultivates his virtues, striving to take control of his destiny and to perfect himself. This is part and parcel of the ideal of spiritual virility Julius Evola spoke of so often.

The difference between Siegfried and Arjuna is that the latter had the god Krishna around to awaken him. Krishna taught him that he is indeed a plaything of forces over which he has no control. But Arjuna then affirmed this, affirmed his role in the cosmic scheme as the executioner of men, and became the fiercest warrior that had ever lived.

Most men unconsciously follow the script of masculinity, pushed along by hormones to realize the masculine ideal — usually only to find the same hormones putting them in thrall to women and, later, children. Androphiles consciously recognize and affirm masculinity, and because their erotic desires are directed towards other men, they have the potential to achieve far more in the realm of masculine accomplishment than those who, again, have to “struggle to keep food on the table or get new sneakers for Junior.” Thus, far from being “unmasculine,” androphiles have it within their power to become, well, Overmen. Androphiles have awakened to the god in themselves and other men. There is an old saying on the Left Hand Path: “There is no god above an awakened man.” There is also no man above an awakened man. So much for the idea that a man’s love for other men is a badge of inferiority.

Implicit in the above is something I have not remarked on thus far, and that Donovan does not discuss: the duality in the masculine character. It is a rather remarkable thing, as I alluded to earlier, that testosterone both makes a man want to fight, to strive, and to explore — and also to inseminate a woman and tie himself down to home and family. Of course, without that latter effect the race would die out. But it is nevertheless the case that men are pulled in two directions, just by being men: towards heaven and towards earth. To borrow some terms from Evola again, they have within themselves both uranic and chthonic tendencies. Modern biologists have a way of dealing with this: they insist that all of life is nothing but competition for resources and reproduction. Thus, all of men’s uranic striving, all of their quest for the ideal, all of their adventures and accomplishments, are nothing more than ways in which they make themselves more attractive to females. This is sheer nonsense: nothing but the mindset of modern, middle-class, hen-pecked professors projected onto all of nature.

The truth is that men strive to realize the ideal of masculinity in ways that not only have nothing to do with the furtherance of the species, but are often positively inimical to it. Perhaps the best and most extreme example of masculine toughness one could give is the willingness of the samurai to disembowel themselves over questions of honor. Men strive for ideals, often at the expense of life. Masculinity has a dimension that can best be described as supernatural — as above nature. Women are far more tied to nature than men are, and this (and not sexist oppression) is the real reason why it is almost exclusively men who have been philosophers, priests, mystics, scientists, and artists. It is woman’s job to pull man back to earth and perpetuate life.

One way to look at androphilia is that it is not just the masculine come to consciousness of itself, but the masculine ridding itself of the “natural.” This “natural” side of the man is not without value (again, without it we would go extinct), but it has almost nothing to do with what makes men great. The androphile is free to cultivate the truly masculine aspects of the male soul, because he is free of the pull of the feminine and of the natural. This has to have something to do with why it is that so many great philosophers, artists, writers, mystics, and others, have tended to be androphiles. In 1913, D. H. Lawrence wrote the following to a correspondent: “I should like to know why nearly every man that approaches greatness tends to homosexuality, whether he admits it or not: so that he loves the body of a man better than the body of a woman — as I believe the Greeks did, sculptors and all, by far. . . . He can always get satisfaction from a man, but it is the hardest thing in life to get one’s soul and body satisfied from a woman, so that one is free for oneself. And one is kept by all tradition and instinct from loving a man.”

The androphile, again, is masculinity brought to consciousness of itself — and in him, it would seem, much else is brought to consciousness as well. For what else are science, philosophy, religion, art, and poetry but the world brought to consciousness of itself? These things — which are almost exclusively the products of men — are what set us apart and make us unique as a species. Human beings (again, almost exclusively men), unlike all other species, are capable of reflecting upon and understanding the world. We do this in scientific and philosophical theories, but also in fiction, poetry, and painting. Some of us, of course, are more capable of this than others — capable of achieving this reflective stance towards existence itself. And it would seem that of those men that are, some carry things even further and become fully aware of the masculine ideal that they themselves represent. And they fall in love with this. Sadly, androphile writers, artists, poets, etc., have often bought into the notion that their desire for other men makes them unmasculine and, like Oscar Wilde, have shoe-horned themselves into the role of the decadent, effeminate aesthete.

I think that when Donovan describes masculinity as a religion this is not just a desire to be provocative. I think he does experience his admiration for men as sacred. If this is the case, then it is natural for men who feel as he does to insist that such a feeling cannot be indecent or perverse. Further, it is natural for them to wonder why there are men such as themselves. What I have tried to do in the above reflections (which go beyond what Donovan says in his book) is to develop a theory of the “cosmic role,” if you will, of the masculine itself, and of the androphile. I believe Donovan is thinking along the same lines I am, though he might not express things the same way. He writes at one point:

Masculinity is a religion, and I see potential for androphiles to become its priests — to devote themselves to it and to the gods of men as clergymen devote their lives to the supernatural. What other man can both embody the spirit of manhood and revere it with such perfect devotion? This may sound far-fetched, but is it? If so, then why? Forget about gay culture and everything you associate with male homosexuality. Strip it down to its raw essence — a man’s sexual desire for men — and reimagine the destiny of that man. Reimagine what this desire focused on masculinity could mean, what it could inspire, and who the men who experience it could become. (p. 116)

There is much else in Androphilia that is well-worth discussing, though a review cannot cover everything. Particularly worthy of attention is Donovan’s discussion of masculinity in terms of what he calls physical masculinity, essential masculinity, and cultural masculinity. Then there is Donovan’s discussion of masculine “values.” These really should be called “virtues” (especially given the etymology of this word — mentioned earlier — Donovan his missed a bit of an opportunity here!). The language of “values” is very modern. What he really has in mind is virtues in the Aristotelian sense of excellences of the man. Donovan lists such qualities as self-reliance, independence, personal responsibility, achievement, integrity, etc. He starts to sound a bit like Ayn Rand in this part of the book, but it’s hard to quarrel with his message. The book ends with a perceptive discussion of “gay marriage,” which Donovan opposes, seeing it as yet another way in which gays are aping straight relationships, yearning narcissistically for society’s “approval.”

This is really a superb book, which all men can profit from, not just androphiles. If one happens to be an androphile, however, one will find this is a liberating and revolutionary work.

Olivier Bardolle - Petit traité des vertus réactionnaires

Olivier Bardolle - Petit traité des vertus réactionnaires

 

 

Ex: http://lepetitcelinien.blogspot.com/

Vient de paraître chez L'Editeur, ce Petit traité des vertus réactionnaires d'Olivier Bardolle, que nous vous conseillons.

Présentation de l'éditeur
En Occident, depuis près d'un demi-siècle, les idées progressistes tiennent le haut du pavé. Il semblerait pourtant que l'on redécouvre aujourd'hui certaines vertus à la pensée réactionnaire. Ne serait-ce qu'une capacité de résistance certaine aux ravages de l'hypermodernité et aux bienfaits immodérés de la pensée unique. Sans tomber dans le manichéisme propre à l'époque, ce petit traité, particulièrement tonique, dénonce les fausses valeurs avec jubilation et poussera chacun, qu'il se prétende de droite ou de gauche, à réviser son catéchisme idéologique. C'est ainsi qu'Eric Naulleau, réputé de gauche, n'a pas hésité à préfacer ce texte en toute indépendance d'esprit. A lire sans modération

L'auteur
Olivier Bardolle, né en 1952, est un essayiste reconnu et un interlocuteur recherché (on l'a vu plusieurs fois dans l'émission de Frédéric Taddeï, Ce soir ou jamais). Du Monologue implacable (Ramsay, 2003) à De la prolifération des homoncules sur le devenir de l'espèce (L'Esprit des Péninsules, 2008) ou à ce Petit traité des vertus réactionnaires, Olivier Bardolle tisse, dans la lignée de Philippe Muray (à qui ce dernier ouvrage est dédié), le portrait de l'hypermodernité avec sagacité, ironie, mordant et, ce qui n est pas encore interdit : érudition. Chacun de ses essais épingle la bien-pensance et les idées toutes faites de ses chers contemporains.

Olivier Bardolle, Petit traité des vertus réactionnaires, L'Editeur, 2010.
Commande possible sur Amazon.fr.

 

La révolte selon Gerd Berglfleth

Archives de SYNERGIES EUROPEENNES - 1986

 

La révolte selon Gerd Bergfleth

 

Il faut rendre hommage à un petit livre pratique qui n'aborde pas le mic-mac du guignol politicien mais se penche, au fond, sur le politique en soi. Ce livre est l'anthologie d'une révolte, celle de Bernd MATTHEUS et d'Axel MATTHES. Mieux qu'une anthologie, ce livre est une symphonie à la radicalité. Ces textes, cette valse de théories et de littérature tranchée et osée feront vibrer les cœurs hardis, les cœurs qui contestent toutes les formes de médiocrité. Les grands ancêtres, les maîtres éternels de toutes les révoltes y ont contribué en fournissant leurs sentences les plus incisives, les plus mordantes: Bataille et Céline, Hölderlin et Pessoa, Nietzsche et le Marquis de Sade. Les partisans cultivés de la révolte radicale œuvrent ici en commun. Des aphorismes épiques aux essais philosophiques, nous découvrons un thème, celui de la révolte, dans une sarabande de méditations subversives, où l'on se découvre jouisseur et prospecteur. Mais ce menu, les auteurs nous l'offrent avec la prudence qui s'impose; en effet, la lecture n'en est pas aisée. "La révolte est signe. Signe de ce ou celui qui se trouve en dehors de toute espèce d'ordre. La révolte possède de nombreux visages. La révolte est une chose, son expression en est une autre. Il y a la révolte de l'homme sans envergure et celle du démagogue, qui visent à accentuer encore le rabougrissement de l'homme, qui se plaisent à soumettre et opprimer, qui aiment à cultiver la médiocrité et l'esprit grégaire. Mais il y a aussi la révolte de l'esseulé rebelle et rétif. Le soumis qui courbe le cap et celui qui ignore la crainte évaluent le concept de révolte d'une manière fondamentalement différente. Le fait que l'Eglise ait envoyé tous les grands hommes en enfer, est une sorte de "révolte" qui déplaisait déjà souverainement à Nietzsche. Ce que moi j'affirme, c'est la révolte contre tout discours établi sur la révolte". Et Axel MATTHES poursuit: "La radicalité doit pouvoir s'afficher, il faut pouvoir la lire dans des actes, des instants uniques, des gestes, des formes qui témoignent d'une attitude bien particulière et unique... La radicalité n'est pas en fin de compte une question de goût, mais un état d'esprit. Etre radical est une chance: la chance de trouver du neuf".

 

Enfin, voici quelques délicatesses de cette "symphonie à la radicalité":

 

"De tout cela, je déduirais que la voie vers la délivrance conduit à travers l'enfer lui-même, mais seul celui qui devine déjà la délivrance, pourra trouver l'issue" (BERGFLETH).

 

"Qu'aimes-tu donc en fait, toi l'Original? Ma nostalgie." (ROZANOV).

 

"Pour l'homme vraiment religieux, rien n'est péché" (NOVALIS).

 

"Plus l'homme progresse, moins de choses il trouvera, auxquelles il pourra se convertir" (CIORAN).

 

"Se donner ses propres normes et s'y tenir" (Alain de BENOIST).

 

Le lecteur qui voudra trouver un néo-moralisme évitera de lire cette anthologie. Ceux qui, en revanche, cherchent à honorer nos vieux dieux et veulent vivre existentiellement l'audace de la révolte, devront trouver dans cet ouvrage le fil d'Ariane du parfait révolté. Comme MATTHES et MATTHEUS, permettez-vous la révolte !

 

Martin Werner KAMP.

 

Bernd MATTHEUS / Axel MATTHES (Hrsg.), Ich gestatte mir die Revolte, Verlag Matthes & Seitz, München, 1985, 397 S., 22 DM.

UN ouvrage fondamental sur la "révolution conservatrice"

 

 

Archives de SYNERGIES EUROPEENNES - 1999

Un ouvrage fondamental sur la révolution conservatrice

 

Richard FABER (Hrsg.), Konservatismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Königs­hau­sen & Neu­mann, Würzburg, 1991, ISBN 3-88479-592-9.

 

Deux contributions de cet ouvrage collectif intéressent directement notre propos: 1) Ri­chard FABER, «Differenzierungen im Be­griff Konservatismus. Ein religionssoziolo­gi­scher Versuch» et 2) Arno KLÖNNE, «"Rechts oder Links?". Zur Geschichte der Nationalrevolutionäre und Na­tionalbolsche­wisten». Richard Faber, dont nous connais­sons déjà la concision, résume en treize points les positions fondamentales du "con­servatisme" (entendu dans le sens alle­mand et non pas britannique):

◊1) le principe de "mortui plurimi", le culte des morts et des anciens, garant d'un ave­nir dans la conti­nui­té, de la durée.

 

◊2) Ce culte de la durée im­plique la no­stal­gie d'un ordre social stable, comme celui d'a­vant la révolution, la réfor­me et la re­nais­san­ce (Hugo von Hofmanns­thal).

 

◊3) Dans l'actualité, cette nostalgie doit con­duire l'homme politique à défendre un or­dre économique "sain", respectant la plu­ralité des forces sociales; à ce niveau, une con­tra­diction existe dans le conservatisme con­temporain, où Carl Schmitt, par exem­ple, dé­nonce ce néo-médiévisme social, com­me un "romantisme politique" inopé­rant, au nom d'un étatisme efficace, plus dur encore que le stato corporativo italien.

 

◊4) L'ordre social et politique dérive d'une re­­pré­sentation de l'empire (chinois, babylo­nien, perse, assyrien ou romain) comme un analogon du cosmos, comme un reflet mi­cro­cosmique du macrocosme. Le christia­nis­­me médiéval a retenu l'essentiel de ce cosmisme païen (urbs deis hominibusque com­munis). La querelle dans le camp con­ser­vateur, pour Faber, oppose ceux qui veu­­­lent un retour sans médiation aux sour­ces originales païen­­nes et ceux qui se con­tentent d'une ré­­pétition de la synthèse mé­dié­vale christia­ni­sée.

 

◊5) Les conservateurs perçoivent le fer­ment chrétien comme subversif: ils veu­lent une re­ligion qui ne soit pas opposée au fonction­nement du politique; à partir de là, se déve­loppe un anti-christia­nisme conservateur et néo-païen, ou on impose, à la suite de Jo­seph de Maistre, l'ex­pé­diant d'une infailli­bi­li­té pontificale pour bar­rer la route à l'impo­li­tis­me évangélique.

 

◊6) Les positivistes comtiens, puis les maur­ras­siens, partageant ce raisonnement, déjà présent chez Hegel, parient pour un catho­li­cis­me athée voire pour une théocratie a­thée.

 

◊7) Un certain post-fascisme (défini par Rü­diger Altmann), observable dans toutes les traditions politiques d'après 1945, vise l'in­té­gration de toutes les composantes de la so­ciété pour les soumettre à l'économie. Ainsi, le pluralisme, pourtant affiché en théo­rie, cè­­de le pas devant l'intégra­tion/ho­mo­loga­tion (option du conservatisme technocrate).

 

◊8) Dans ce contexte, se dé­ve­lop­pe un ca­tholicisme conservateur, hostile à l'auto­no­mie de l'économie et de la so­cié­té, les­quel­les doivent se soumettre à une "syn­thèse", celle de l'"organisme social" (suite p. 67).

 

◊9) Le contraire de cette synthèse est le néo-li­béralisme, expression d'un polythéis­me po­liti­que, d'après Faber. Les principaux re­pré­sentants de ce poly­théis­me libéral sont O­do Marquard et Hans Blumenberg.

 

◊10) Dans le cadre de la dialectique des Lu­mières, Locke estimait que l'individu devait se soumettre à la société civile et non plus à l'autorité po­litique absolue (Hobbes); l'exi­gence de soumission se mue en césarisme chez Schmitt. Dans les trois cas, il y a exi­gence de soumission, comme il y a exi­gen­ce de sou­mission à la sphère économique (Alt­mann). Le conservatisme peut s'en ré­jouir ou s'en insurger, selon les cas.

 

◊11) Pour Fa­ber, comme pour Walter Ben­jamin avant lui, le conservatisme représente une "tra­hi­son des clercs" (ou des intellec­tuels), où ceux-ci tentent de sortir du cul-de-sac des discussions sans fin pour débou­cher sur des décisions claires; la pensée de l'ur­gence est donc une caractéristique ma­jeu­re de la pensée conservatrice.

 

◊12) Faber cri­ti­que, à la suite d'Adorno, de Marcuse et de Ben­jamin, le "caractère affir­ma­teur de la cul­ture", propre du con­ser­va­tisme. Il re­mar­que que Maurras et Maulnier s'engagent dans le combat politique pour pré­server la culture, écornée et galvaudée par les idéo­logies de masse. Waldemar Gu­rian, disciple de Schmitt et historien de l'Ac­tion Fran­çai­se, constate que les sociétés ne peuvent sur­vivre si la Bildung disparaît, ce mé­lange de raffinement et d'éducation, pro­pre de l'é­li­te intellectuelle et créatrice d'une na­tion ou d'une civilisation.

 

◊13) Dans son dernier point, Faber revient sur la cosmologie du conservatisme. Celle-ci implique un temps cyclique, en appa­ren­ce différent du temps chrétien, mais un au­teur comme Erich Voe­gelin accepte explici­te­ment la "plus ancien­ne sagesse de l'hom­me", qui se soumet au rythme du devenir et de la finitude. Pour Voe­gelin, comme pour cer­tains conserva­teurs païens, c'est la pen­sée gnostique, an­cêtre directe de la moder­nité délétère, qui re­jette et nie "le destin cy­clique de toutes choses sous le soleil". La gnose christia­ni­sée ou non du Bas-Empire, cesse de per­ce­voir le monde comme un cos­mos bien or­don­né, où l'homme hellé­ni­que se sentait chez lui. Le gnostique de l'an­tiquité tardive, puis l'homme moderne qui veut tout mo­di­fier et tout dépasser, ne par­vient plus à re­gar­der le monde avec émerveillement. Le chré­tien catholique Voe­gelin, qui aime la cré­a­tion et en admire l'or­dre, rejoint ainsi le païen catholique Maur­ras. Albrecht Erich Günther, figure de la ré­vo­lution conserva­trice, définit le conserva­tis­me non comme une propension à tenir à ce qui nous vient d'hier, mais propose de vi­vre comme on a toujours vécu: quod sem­per, quod ubique, quod omnibus.      

 

Dans sa contribution, Arno Klönne évoque la démarche anti-système de personnalités comme Otto Strasser, Hans Ebeling, Ernst Niekisch, Beppo Römer, Karl O. Paetel, etc., et résume clairement cette démarche en­tre tous les fronts dominants de la pen­sée politique allemande des années 20 et 30.  Le refus de se laisser embrigader est une leçon de liberté, que semble reprendre la "Neue Rechte" allemande actuelle, sur­tout par les textes de Marcus Bauer, philo­so­phe et théologien de formation. Un ex­cel­lent résumé pour l'étudiant qui sou­hai­te s'i­ni­tier à cette matière hautement com­ple­xe (RS).

 

"Toward the White Republic"

Michael O'Meara

 

Ex: http://www.counter-currents.com/

Counter-Currents is proud to announce the publication of our first title:

Michael O’Meara’s
Toward the White Republic
Edited by Greg Johnson
San Francisco: Counter-Currents, 2010
160 pages
hardcover: $30

Note: Toward the White Republic will first be released in a signed, numbered hardcover edition of 100 copies.

Release date: August 17, 2010

“Just as in medieval times it was considered high treason to speak of the death of the king, in the United States it is taboo to contemplate the break-up of the ‘one nation, indivisible.’ Yet in this slim volume of essays Michael O’Meara argues that if the white race is to survive on this continent, the American Empire must perish. Secession is rising from the ashes of 1865, and O’Meara is one of its leading prophets.”
—H. A. Covington, author of the Northwest Quartet

“Michael O’Meara is a thinker of great depth and a writer of extraordinary skill. He is impressively erudite, yet in these essays he wears his learning lightly. He is not a pedant trying to dazzle his readers with arcane and esoteric verbiage. He is a revolutionary, who wants to change the world. His idea of the White Republic as the mythic source and aim of radical cultural-racial regeneration may seem too romantic and too risky to the older generation of American paleo-conservatives and European ethno-nationalists. But if the white man is to retrieve his destiny, it is the only way.”
—Tomislav Sunić, author of Homo americanus

CONTENTS

Foreword • iii

From Myth to Revolution
1. Toward the White Republic • 1
2. The Myth of Our Rebirth • 21
3. The Sword • 31
4. The Edge of the Sword • 40
5. Cù Chulainn in the GPO • 47
6. The Northwest Novels of H. A. Covington • 61

Why I am Not a Conservative
7. Why I Write • 71
8. Three Pillars • 77
9. The Next Conservatism? • 87
10. Against White Reformists • 95

Apocalypse American-Style
11. Katrina’s Intimation of the End • 100
12. 2009: Crisis or Opportunity? • 107
13. US, SU: Same Scenario? • 126
14. The Hotrod of the Apocalypse • 140

Call to Arms
15. Foreigners Out! • 148

Index • 151
About the Author • 154

Postmortem Report: a collection of essays by Tomislav Sunic

Ex: http://majorityrights.com/

You may already know that Tom Sunic’s new book Postmortem Report: cultural examinations from postmodernity has been published.  Tom is a fine essayist - among the best we have - and Postmortem Report brings together the best of his work in this format.  He asked me to produce some blurb to announce the book here, but I thought a few short passages might be more to your taste.  These are what he selected.

From the (suitably straightening) foreword by Kevin MacDonald:

Europeans who have any allegiance to their people and culture cannot stand by and accept this state of affairs. We are approaching an endgame situation in the West. In the United States, people of non-European descent will be the majority in just a few short decades, and the same will happen throughout Europe and other societies established by Europeans since the dawn of the Age of Discovery. At that point, the centuries-old hostilities and resent-ments of non-White peoples toward Whites that Sunic discusses will come to the fore, and the culture and Europe will be irretrievably lost.

We must confront this impending disaster with a sense of psychological intensity and desperation. Reading Tom Sunic’s essays will certainly provide the background for understanding how we got here and perhaps also for finding our way toward the future.

And from the text, a subject which just occasionally gets an airing here:

In conclusion, one could say that, in the very beginning of its development, Judeo-Christian monotheism set out to demystify and desacralize the pagan world by slowly supplanting ancient pagan beliefs with the reign of the Judaic Law. During this century-long process, Christianity gradually removed all pagan vestiges that coexisted with it. The ongoing process of desacralization and the “Entzauberung” of life and politics appear to have resulted not from Europeans’ chance departure from Christianity, but rather from the gradual disappearance of the pagan notion of the sacred that coexisted for a long time with Christianity. The paradox of our century is that the Western world is saturated with Judeo-Christian mentality at the moment when churches and synagogues are virtually empty.

And more:

And yet, we should not forget that the Western world did not begin with the birth of Christ. Neither did the religions of ancient Europeans see the first light of the day with Moses—in the desert. Nor did our much-vaunted democracy begin with the period of Enlightenment or with the proclamation of American independence. Democracy and independence—all of this existed in ancient Greece, albeit in its own unique social and religious context. Our Greco-Roman ancestors, our predecessors who roamed the woods of central and northern Europe, also believed in honor, justice, and virtue, although they attached to these notions a radically different meaning.

On two giants of the German revolutionary conservative tradition:

One cannot help thinking that, for Spengler and his likes, in a wider historical context, war and power politics offer a regenerative hope against the pervasive feeling of cultural despair. Yet, regardless of the validity of Spengler’s visions or nightmares, it does not take much imagination to observe in the decadence of the West the last twilight-dream of a democracy already grown weary of itself.

... And what to say about the German centenarian, enigmatic essayist and novelist Ernst Jünger, whom the young Adolf Hitler in Weimar Germany also liked to read, and whom Dr. Joseph Goebbels wanted to lure into pro-Nazi collaboration? Yet Jünger, the aristocratic loner, refused all deals with the Nazis, preferring instead his martial travelogues. In his essay Annäherungen: Drogen and Rausch, Jünger describes his close encounters with drugs. He was also able to cut through the merciless wall of time and sneak into floating eternity. “Time slows down . . . The river of life flows more gently… The banks are disappearing.” While both the French president François Mitterrand and the German chancellor Helmut Kohl, in the interest of Franco-German reconciliation, liked meeting and reading the old Jünger, they shied away from his contacts with drugs.

On the racio-political attack against our people:

The whole purpose of classicism and neoclassicism, particularly in plastic art, but also in philosophy and literature suggested that Europeans had to abide by the cosmic rules of racial form and order. Whatever and whoever departs from order — brings in decadence and death. The word and epithet “racist” and “racism” are usually hurled against White nationalists, never ever scathing other racial non-European out-groups. Over the last fifty years, no effort has been spared by the Western system and its mediacracy to pathologize White Western peoples into endless atonement and perpetual guilt feelings about their White race. The intended goal was to create a perception that all non-European races and out-groups are immune to sentiments of xenophobia or racial exclusion. The incessant anti-White propaganda and the idealization of non-Whites have attained grotesque dimensions, resulting in clinical self-hate and neurotic behavior among the majority of Whites.

And, finally, on the perils of being labelled a “racist”:

Intellectual terror in American colleges is well hidden behind the garb of feigned academic conviviality and the “have-a-wonderful day” rhetoric of superficially friendly peers. Yet it has far more insidious effects than the naked terror I experienced in a drab ex-communist Europe. Apart from being a derogatory, value-laden word that immediately lends itself to an array of catastrophic fantasies and judgment-day scenarios, the word “Nazi” also gives birth to a schizoid behavior among a number of White nationalists, particularly in America. Many of them seriously project in their minds National Socialist Germany as a country populated by Albino-like Nordic Übermenschen possessing a hidden force that could be resuscitated any day either in Patagonia or on astral UFOs. As noted previously in The Occidental Observer, the false reenactment of political events leads to their farcical repetition — with dangerous political consequences. In our postmodernity, the overkill of false images leads to the real kill. The often rowdy and infantile behavior of such “proud Aryan internet warriors” scares off serious White people who could otherwise be of some help in these decisive days of struggle for Western civilization. We must ask ourselves: Cui bono? Who benefits?

Les "dégagements" de Régis Debray

Les dégagements de Régis Debray

Ex: http://metapoinfos.hautetfort.com/

Dégagements est le titre du nouvel essai de Régis Debray qui doit sortir en librairie dans les prochains jours. Il a rassemblé dans ce volume, en particulier, ses carnets publiés dans la revue Médium.

L’essentiel, qui est un certain style, se niche dans les détails. C’est le ton de l’écrivain, celui qui vivifie les mots et stylise la vie.

Régis Debray joue aux quatre coins avec les accidents de la vie. Entre figures tutélaires (Julien Gracq ou Daniel Cordier), et artistes redécouverts (Andy Warhol ou Marcel Proust), entre cinéma et théâtre, expos et concerts, le médiologue se promène en roue libre, sans apprêt ni a priori. Rêveries et aphorismes cruels se mêlent aux exercices d’admiration. Les angles sont vifs, la lumière crue, mais souvent, à la fin, tamisée par l’humour.

Ainsi l’exige la démarche médiologique, tout en zigzags et transgressions, selon la définition un rien farceuse qu’en donne l’auteur : « Un mauvais esprit assez particulier qui consiste, quand un sage montre la lune, à regarder son doigt, tel l’idiot du conte. »

Essayiste, romancier, journaliste et mémorialiste, Régis Debray a notamment publié aux Éditions Gallimard de nombreux essais : Ce que nous voile le voile. La République et le sacré (Hors Série Connaissance, 2004), Le plan vermeil (Hors Série Connaissance, 2004), Supplique aux nouveaux progressistes du XXIe siècle (Hors Série Connaissance, 2006), une pièce de théâtre : Julien le fidèle (collection blanche, 2005), des mémoires : Aveuglantes lumières (collection blanche, 2006). Derniers ouvrages parus : Un candide en Terre Sainte (collection blanche, 2008, Folio n° 4968) et Le moment fraternité (collection blanche, 2009).

 

Bruno Favrit: Nouvelles des Dieux et des Montagnes

Bruno FAVRIT, Nouvelles des Dieux et des Montagnes

Ex: http://terreetpeuplevivarais.wordpress.com/

« Ensuite il assista à la chute de son corps nu (…) tout au fond de lui, quelque chose lui avait commandé d’attendre pour assister à cela: la vision d’une petite masse sur la neige, et qui maintenant se taisait. » C’est ainsi que la Russie septentrionale joue avec un pauvre Français, Léo. Qui est prêt à devenir fou furieux dans cette ville portière de l’Océan Glacial avec ces nuits polaires sans fin…qui remportent à jamais ses deux compagnons marins.

« En fait, Saint-Paul a éveillé beaucoup de vocations, dit-il sèchement. » Dans cette nouvelle, nous apprenons qu’un mythe existe – celui de Saint-Paul, un passionné de la montagne, un de ses fils. Un Homme qui a battu tous les records de l’alpinisme mais qui reste discret en vivant dans son chalet isolé, connu de quelques amis privilégiés. Poussin, et bien d’autres jaloux se risqueront à refaire ses trajets dangereux. Ils y laisseront leurs vies. La Montagne garde à jamais ses secrets…

Comme dans les Andes chiliennes, jamais le scientifique européen ne découvrira le secret d’une momie indienne. Au risque d’éveiller les pires malheurs, personne ne devrait y toucher ! Le patron de l’Auberge locale semble connaitre la réponse à ce mystère qui fait traverser à notre héros des montagnes et passer les nuits dehors…près du réel danger.

Mais que dire, si, de nos jours, Vincent Vermeil, en rentrant dans son village natal ou tant de souvenirs l’attendent: son oncle païen décédé sans qu’on sache comment et sa bien-aimée.. Une enquete qu’il mènera en bon Sherlock Holmes, s’il ne finirait pas, contrairement au célèbre détective…le cou brisé dans l’eau forestière ! Est-ce le Jeu du Pendu qui se perpétue ?! Le sang se glace-t-il déjà chez les sages paroissiens ? Pas chez les enfants des forets autour de Saint-Rome, en tout cas, hé hé.

Et c’est pas fini ! Dans la chaude Catalogne, les étudiants tout excités que peuvent etre des jeunes gens, célèbrent le culte de Mithra. Une relation amoureuse se noue entre Juanita et Ramon.

« Quant à Maxime, je demeure persuadée qu’il a eu la mort qu’il désirait si ardemment. » Ce Saint-Paul, ici, dans la dernière nouvelle du recueil (j’en veux encore !) est bien parti conquérir ses montagnes chéries et a disparu.. Meme Liliane qui écrit ses lignes sur sa probable mort n’est pas sure de celle-ci ! En effet, elle l‘attend ! La disparition de Maxime Saint-Paul ?! Chiche ! Les Grands Esprits ne nous quittent jamais. La preuve en est que tous les 6 nouvelles nous appellent à imiter les élans des personnages.

Toujours plus haut. Et plus loin, en ayant sous la main ce superbe bouquin imprégné de l’âme du Vieux Continent.

A commander sur www.crevetabous.com des Amis de la Culture Européenne

Est-il trop tard pour sauver l'Amérique?

Est-il trop tard pour sauver l’Amérique?

L’installation de Barack Obama à la Maison-Blanche coïncide avec une remise en cause sans précédent du »  modèle »  américain. L’économie d’endettement issue des années 1980 n’a pas résisté au choc de la crise financière et les Etats-Unis doivent désormais faire face à l’affaiblissement de leur puissance économique, industrielle et financière, à l’étiolement de leur leadership mondial et au doute d’une société fragilisée par le creusement des inégalités. Dans cet essai vif et documenté, Patrick Artus et Marie-Paule Virard expliquent les causes de ce déclin, ainsi que ses conséquences économiques, financières, voire géopolitiques, pour les États-Unis comme pour l’ensemble du monde. Ils montrent pourquoi, en dépit d’un leadership incontestable dans les nouvelles technologies, leur économie crée moins de richesses et se révèle de plus en plus inégalitaire. D’où la fuite en avant dans l’endettement, facteur clé de la grande crise de 2007-2008. Entre récession et facture du sauvetage du système bancaire, la situation des finances publiques va donc continuer à se dégrader. Et la dette extérieure continuer à augmenter, ce qui rendra les États-Unis toujours plus dépendants de pays prêteurs – avec la Chine au premier rang -, de plus en plus tentés d’affirmer leur supériorité. Est-il trop tard pour sauver l’Amérique ? Un affrontement Etats-Unis/Chine est-il inéluctable ? Le pire n’est jamais sûr, mais le défi que doit relever Obama est immense. Il ne concerne pas seulement l’avenir de l’Amérique mais celui du monde entier. L’intérêt majeur de ce livre est de donner au lecteur toutes les clés pour comprendre ces enjeux.

Patrick Artus est directeur de la recherche de Natixis, professeur à l’Ecole polytechnique et professeur associé à l’université Paris-l-Panthéon-Sorbonne. Marie-Paule Virard, ancienne rédactrice en chef du magazine Enjeux-Les Echos, est journaliste indépendante. Ils ont publié ensemble, à La Découverte, trois livres à succès : Le Capitalisme est en train de s’autodétruire (2005), Comment nous avons ruiné nos enfants (2006) et Globalisation, le pire est à venir (2008).

Disponible sur Amazon ^[1]

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Article printed from :: Novopress Québec: http://qc.novopress.info

URL to article: http://qc.novopress.info/7758/est-il-trop-tard-pour-sauver-lamerique/

URLs in this post:

[1] Amazon: http://www.amazon.fr/dp/2707157325?tag=birhac-21&camp=2910&creative=19482&linkCode=as4&creativeASIN=2707157325&adid=103DYAD50M53TY4S1W7W

Souffrance de la France et appel de l'Empire

Souffrance de la France et appel de l’Empire

par Pierre LE VIGAN

Ex: http://www.europemaxima.org/

Cioran ausculte notre patrie

Un ennui tient à la clarté. C’est l’ennui qui tient au trop de clarté. « Je ne crois pas que je tiendrais aux Français [au sens d’être attaché à] s’ils ne s’étaient pas tant ennuyés au cours de leur histoire. Mais leur ennui est dépourvu d’infini. C’est l’ennui de la clarté. C’est la fatigue des choses comprises. » (Cioran, De la France, 1941). La France, dit-il encore, c’est la sociabilité, l’amour de la conversation. « C’est une culture a-cosmique, non sans terre mais au-dessus d’elle. »

Sur la fin de la France comme peuple, Cioran livre cette prodigieuse analyse, indépassée : « Un peuple sans mythes est en voie de dépeuplement. Le désert des campagnes françaises est le signe accablant de l’absence de mythologie quotidienne. Une nation ne peut vivre sans idole, et l’individu est incapable d’agir sans l’obsession des fétiches. Tant que la France parvenait à transformer les concepts en mythes, sa substance vive n’était pas compromise. La force de donner un contenu sentimental aux idées, de projeter dans l’âme la logique et de déverser la vitalité dans des fictions – tel est le sens de cette transformation, ainsi que le secret d’une culture florissante. Engendrer des mythes et y adhérer, lutter, souffrir et mourir pour eux, voilà qui révèle la fécondité d’un peuple. Les  » idées  » de la France ont été des idées vitales, pour la validité desquelles on s’est battu corps et âme. Si elle conserve un rôle décisif dans l’histoire spirituelle de l’Europe, c’est parce qu’elle a animé plusieurs idées, qu’elle les a tirées du néant abstrait de la pure neutralité. Croire signifie animer. Mais les Français ne peuvent plus ni croire ni animer. Et ils ne veulent plus croire, de peur d’être ridicules. La décadence est le contraire de l’époque de grandeur : c’est la re-transformation des mythes en concepts. […] Les Français se sont usés par excès d’être. Ils ne s’aiment plus, parce qu’ils sentent trop qu’ils ont été. Le patriotisme émane de l’excédent vital des réflexes; l’amour du pays est ce qu’il y a de moins spirituel, c’est l’expression sentimentale d’une solidarité animale. Rien ne blesse plus l’intelligence que le patriotisme. L’esprit, en se raffinant, étouffe les ancêtres dans le sang et efface de la mémoire l’appel de la parcelle de terre baptisée, par illusion fanatique, patrie. […] La France n’a plus de destin révolutionnaire, parce qu’elle n’a plus d’idées à défendre. Les peuples commencent en épopées et finissent en élégies. »

Cioran évoque l’appel de l’Empire : « Lorsque se défont les liens qui unissaient les congénères dans la bêtise reposante de leur communauté, ils étendent leurs antennes les uns vers les autres, comme autant de nostalgies vers autant de vides. L’homme moderne ne trouve que dans l’Empire un abri correspondant à son besoin d’espace. C’est comme un appel à une solidarité extérieure dont l’étendue l’opprimerait et le libérerait en même temps. » Et l’on comprend alors ce qu’on n’avait peut-être jamais compris avant : l’Empire est femelle, l’Empire, c’est la protection de la femme, de la mère, c’est le ventre. C’est la part féminine d’une aspiration au politique. D’où sa légitimité, d’où, aussi, la nécessité que cette part féminine ne s’exprime pas trop fémininement. En d’autres termes, l’Empire doit être républicain avant d’être démocratique (la République est la condition de la démocratie). Si c’est le contraire, on ajoute de la féminité à de la féminité, on ajoute de la domesticité à de la domesticité, de la protection à la protection, et c’est alors un déficit de masculinité qui se manifeste. Avec un très gros risques : ce sont les empires faibles qui sont les plus bellicistes (Russie et Autriche-Hongrie en 1914). Le Japon de 1941 n’est pas un contre-exemple : ce n’était pas un empire fort dans la mesure où le Japon était fort mais n’était aucunement un Empire, c’était une nation avec un Tenno, ce qui n’est pas du tout la même chose.

Pierre Le Vigan

Frankfurter Buchmesse 2009 - Antaios-Rundbrief 24/2009

Frankfurter Buchmesse 2009

Antaios-Rundbrief 24/2009

Dienstag, 27. Oktober

 

Liebe Freunde,

Liebe Leser,

 

von der Frankfurter Buchmesse haben wir auch neue Bücher aus dem Ares-Verlag mitgebracht, und Preisreduziertes aus dem Landt-Verlag.

 

1. "Frau, komm!", heißt der Titel eines erschütternden Buches über die Massenvergewaltigungen deutscher Frauen und Mädchen 1944/45. Der Autor Ingo von Münch legt damit die erste Gesamtdarstellung über das Ausmaß dieses Kriegsverbrechens vor. Bisher erschienene Bücher zu diesem Thema konzentrierten sich auf Fall-Darstellungen. Informationen und eine Bestellmöglichkeit finden Sie hier.

 

2. Als Korrektur an einer Biographie versteht der versierte Publizist und Historiker Dirk Bavendamm sein umfangreiches Buch Der junge Hitler, zu dem Sie hier mehr Informationen und eine Bestellmöglichkeit finden.

 

3. Sezession-Autor Olaf Haselhorst ist federführend beteiligt an dem als Standardwerk zum Thema angelegten Werk Der deutsch-französische Krieg 1870/71. Vorgeschichte, Verlauf, Folgen. Informationen und eine Bestellmöglichkeit finden Sie hier.

 

4. Eine gut geschriebene und reich bebilderte Zusammenfassung des Architektur-Streits zwischen Moderne und Tradition legt Norbert Borrmann vor: Kulturbolschewismus oder "ewige Ordnung" zeigt, wie sehr der Streit um Formen ein ideologischer Machtkampf ist. Informationen und eine Bestellmöglichkeit finden Sie hier.

 

5. Zuletzt: Der Landt-Verlag hat drei seiner schönen, wertvoll ausgestatteten Bücher im Preis reduziert. Eberhard Straubs Biographie Wilhelm II (32,90), Martin Tielkes Studie über Ernst Jünger und Carl Schmitt (Der stille Bürgerkrieg, 24,90) sowie Sergio Romanos Brief an einen jüdischen Freund (29,90) kosten jetzt nur noch jeweils 18 Euro. Informationen und eine Bestellmöglichkeit: hier.

 

 

Telefonisch bestellen Sie wie immer bei Frau Drese unter 034632/90941, und Informationen zum Verlagsprogramm finden Sie unter www.antaios.de.

 

Gruß!

Götz Kubitschek

-------------------------------------------------------

 

Wer den Rundbrief nicht mehr erhalten will, schreibe an [e-mail].

 

Le Japon d'André Malraux

Archives de SYNERGIES EUROPEENNES - 1998

Le Japon d'André Malraux

 

Michel Temman consacre un remarquable livre au Japon d'André Malraux. André Brincourt écrit dans sa préface: «N'oublions pas que, devant ce que ses contemporains appelèrent “Le déclin de l'Occident” ou “La crise de l'Esprit”, alors que le surréalisme naissant faisait table rase des valeurs, le jeune Malraux voulait, lui, chercher d'autres valeurs, un “autre” monde. Cet autre monde, ce fut l'Asie. N'oublions pas que l'une des dernières approches avant la mort fut d'aller contempler la cascade de Nachi pour y rejoindre la “lumière” dans tous ses symboles, pour y nourrir une dernière fois ses rêves de spiritualité. Il nous l'avait dit: l'appel de l'Asie était celui de l'âme  —cette surréalité en marge de l'apparence, ce dépassement promis à notre “solitude sinistre”, l'une des formes possibles de l'Anti-destin... Notre chance est que Michel Temman, par cette lumière même, éclaire pour nous l'essentiel d'une œuvre, et, se distinguant de maintes biographies trop complaisamment tournées vers l'Aventurier, y trouve le fondement même d'une pensée qui révèle plus que jamais son orientation métaphysique. “L'Occident veut comprendre par l'analyse, l'Orient veut vivre le divin”, disait Malraux». André Malraux s'était intéressé au seppuku de Mishima. M. Temman écrit à ce propos: «Yukio Mishima ne s'est pas suicidé. André Malraux est catégorique: son acte n'était pas un suicide car le seppuku  est d'abord un rite qui ignore l'idée de la mort. Il y avait donc surtout dans l'acte de l'écrivain japonais, outre une portée politique et idéologique très nette, une charge rituelle forte chargée du poids du passé. Aussi Malraux pense-t-il qu'il faut distinguer “la mort romaine” et rituelle de Mishima et ce que l'on croit être une “mort romantique”. “Pour Mishima, expliqua-t-il à Tadao Takemoto, la mort en tant qu'acte, a une réalité très forte”. “Il me semble que l'acte de Mishima a été le moyen de posséder sa mort”. En tout cas, ajoute-t-il, “je me sens plus à l'aise avec le “suicide” de Mishima (qui n'est pas un suicide) qu'avec le tuyau à gaz”. Pourquoi “l'acte Mishima” ne choque-t-il pas outre mesure André Malraux? D'abord parce que, comme il le précise encore à Tadao Takemoto, il n'a jamais vraiment compris ce “besoin” de faire du suicide “une faute ou une valeur”. Ensuite parce qu'il “serait normal de rencontrer une civilisation tout entière où il n'y aurait pas de “mort”!» (P. MONTHÉLIE).

 

Michel TEMMAN, Le Japon d'André Malraux, 1997, 266 pages,135 FF (Editions Philippe Picqier, Mas de Vert, F-13.200 Arles).

Fascism and the Meaning of Life

Fascism and the Meaning of Life

Ex: http://aryanfuturism.blogspot.com/

Review: MODERNISM AND FASCISM: The Sense of a Beginning under Mussolini and Hitler. Roger Griffin (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2007)

Roger Griffin, Professor in Modern History at Oxford Brookes University, first introduced the idea of 'Palingenesis' to the field of fascist studies over 15 years ago, making him immediately a leading figure in his chosen vocation. He isolated the syncretic fascist core as being palingenetic, populist ultra-nationalism, with overtones of a phoenix-like heroic rebirth. Since then he has extended and elaborated his theory that essential to the definition of the 'fascist minimum' is the notion of national rebirth or renaissance - “myths that generated policies and actions designed to bring about collective redemption, a new national community, a new society, a new man...engineered through the power of the modern state.” - culminating in this masterwork which rightly places fascism at the centre of wider modernist movements.

Epiphanic versus Programmatic Modernism

Griffin's insights have previously been recognized as audacious and perceptive, no more so than here. Part One of the book tackles the at first seemingly tricky concept of Modernism itself, which Griffin clarifies brilliantly. Modernism's “common denominator lies in the bid to achieve a sense of transcendent value, meaning of purpose despite Western culture's progressive loss of a homogeneous value system and overarching cosmology (nomos) caused by the secularizing and disembedding forces of modernization.” Modernization is experienced by those caught up in its slipstream as a relentless juggernaut unzipping the fabric of meaningful existence and leaving in its wake the abyss of permanently unresolved ambivalence. In short, Modernism is defined as a reaction against the decadent* nihilism of intellectual, societal and technical modernization. While Marx, other Leftists and liberals consider modern man's condition as one of angst and alienation induced by class warfare and industrial production, the Right sees anomie as both the cause and the principle symptom of our modern malaise. “It is the black hole of existential self-awareness in all of us, our fear of 'the eternal silence of infinite spaces' that so alarmed [Blaise] Pascal, which produces culture”. This modern culture is further divided by Griffin into what might be called introvert and extrovert reactions: the introvert reaction is generally individualistic and in Griffin's expression an 'epiphanic modernism' – the path of the artist – while the extrovert, collective reaction is defined as 'programmatic modernism'. The latter seeks to change the world and resolve the permanent crisis of modernity (“all that is solid melts into air” - Marx) by a collective act of 'reconnection forwards' (Moeller van den Bruck). It is not difficult to make the short step from 'programmatic modernism' to fascism; the transcendent politics proposed by van den Bruck at the beginning of the Twentieth Century are not so different from Guillaume Faye's 'Archaic Futurism' at its end. Both are, in the phrase of Guy Debord, “technically equipped archaism”.

Amongst the epiphanic modernists Griffin includes Nietzsche, Eliot, Joyce, Proust, van Gogh, Kandinsky and Malevich, but perhaps the truth of Griffin's argument is demonstrated by the man widely-acknowledged as the greatest modern painter: Picasso. In his earlier cubist works, Picasso sought inspiration from the primitivism of African masks, and later in the archetypal Mediterranean symbols of horses and particularly bulls (which surprisingly Griffin doesn't mention).

Gardening State

Following the exhaustive and enlightening dissection of modernism in Part One, Griffin explores the implications and applied politics in Part Two, where “modernity turbocharged by the conjuncture of the First World War, the Russian Revolution, the collapse of three absolutist regimes and a powerful monarchy, with an influenza epidemic that killed as many as 100 million people world wide had made the modernist drive to ward off the terror of the void – cultural, social and political – a phenomenon of mass culture. The new era would be a creatio ex profundis, an act of creativity defying the void.” Fascism aimed for a complete overhaul, in accordance with Emilio Gentile's observation of totalitarianism as “an experiment in political domination undertaken by a revolutionary movement.” Griffin introduces the idea of the pre-War Fascist and National Socialist regimes as 'gardening states' striking a successful balance between idyllic ruralism and technocratic modernism, the “compelling new imperative” that it obeyed “to clean up, to sterilize, to re-order, to eliminate dirt and dust” (Frances Saunders). Or neatly, if flippantly, summed up by Lars Lindholm, “For example, the Aryans (i.e. Germans, the blond and blue-eyed) are direct descendants from the Atlantean root-race, whereas the Jews, Negroes, Slavs, and anyone else for that matter, are unfortunate mutants, further away from Homo sapiens than the snottiest gorilla. The reason for all the troubles in this world is the presence of these unsavoury species that the master race should mercifully do away with so that peace and quiet could be restored and life imbued with a bit of style.” PILGRIMS OF THE NIGHT: Pathfinders of the Magical Way (Llewellyn, St. Paul MN, 1993). It was this same vision of hygienic modernity which inspired the building in London of bright new health centres in Peckham and Finsbury during the 1930s. But mild English pragmatism was no match for German determination, where public buildings were “an act of sacralization symbolized in the toned bodies of Aryan workers showering in the washrooms of newly built hygienic factories or playing football on a KdF sportsground, their camaraderie and zest for life expressing the hope for a young, healthy nation.”

Fascist aesthetics

Included in the book are illustrations of art and architecture not usually associated with the pre-War Fascist and National Socialist regimes: from the soaring arch designed by Adalberto Libera for the aborted EUR '42 exhibition in Rome (later ripped-off by Eero Saarinen for the St. Louis Gateway Arch), to the cool steel and glass structure designed by Morpugo encasing the Ara Pacis of Augustus, the 1933 blueprint for the new Reichsbank in Berlin by Gropius, or Baron Julius Evola's painterly experimentations with Dadaism. Goebbels is revealed as a fan of Edvard Munch and Fritz Lang, while Le Corbusier submitted plans for the new town of Pontinia in the recently-reclaimed Pontine Marshes. Fritz Todt celebrated Aryan technocratic power in his construction of autobahns and later the Atlantic Wall. Irene Guenther is quoted extolling 'Nazi Chic' with fashion displaying “another countenance, one that was intensely modern, technologically advanced, supremely stylized and fashionably stylish” and the Bauhaus influence on the new, burgeoning market in consumer durables is emphasised. Unlike previous historians of fascism with their simplistic and inflexible frameworks, Griffin admirably demonstrates that “fascism, despite the connotations of regression, reaction and flight from modernity it retains for some academics, is to be regarded as an outstanding form of political modernism”, encapsulating a “deadly serious attempt to realize an alternative logic, an alternative modernity and an alternative morality to those pursued by liberalism, socialism or conservatism”.

Ambition

Griffin is well aware of the boldness and ambition of his arguments. “Post-modern” academia is notoriously hostile to transdisciplinarity and historians today are loath to erect grand structures of interpretation and meaning. Few historians are less fashionable than Oswald Spengler, or even Samuel 'Clash of Civilizations' Huntington. Griffin is well aware of this problem, and in the introduction he specifically places MODERNISM AND FASCISM within the context of 'Aufbruch' (a breaking out of conventions). For this reason Griffin's style is reflexive: he is conscious of the fact that in proposing a new syncretic historical worldview he is in some ways mirroring the dynamics of fascism itself. Of course, European Identitarians and New Rightists will have no problem with the concept of evolutionary synthesis (it's no accident that one of the principal English-language New Right websites is called Synthesis), nevertheless Griffin is correctly keen to show and stress that his work is non-totalizing. Overall his style is extremely lucid and arguments that may appear at first to be mere flights of fancy are revealed as having firm foundations, unlike the convoluted, almost impenetrable and until recently-fashionable critical theory style of, say, Andrew Hewitt's POLITICAL INVERSIONS: Homosexuality, Fascism and the Modernist Imaginary (1996) or the late Lacoue-Labarthe's HEIDEGGER, ART AND POLITICS (1990).

The sky is falling on our heads

At the end of his book, Griffin draws attention to a BBC News report from September 1998. “The sky is falling” it announces dramatically (shades of Asterix and Obelix here) “The height of the sky has dropped by 8km in the last 38 years, according to scientists from the British Antarctic Survey. Greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide are believed to be responsible for creating the effect.” He goes on to speculate, “Had Nietzsche been philosophizing at the beginning of the twenty-first century instead of the end of the nineteenth, amidst Swiss glaciers shrivelling under skies where the abstract art of vapour trails punctures illusions of transcending Good and Evil, maybe he would have 'rethought all his ideas' in a different, greener 'framework'. Instead of railing against the advent of 'nihilism', 'decadence' and 'the last man', he might have realized that the time for any sort of 'eternal return' is rapidly running out in a literal, not symbolic sense.” In the intervening 9 years since that ominous BBC report, our carbon emissions have escalated tremendously while our climate has deteriorated further, thanks to global capitalism, free market economics, liberalism, population increase, mass migration across borders and above all the profound weakness and myopia in confronting the issue which is inherent to liberal democracies. We need to get a grip.

*not the frivolous, glamourized Sally Bowles Weimar “decadence” that the word conjures up in the minds of many gay men, but rather the very real awareness of decay; that all our greatest achievements as a civilization – the Renaissance, the Age of Discovery, the Moonshots – are behind us.

Réédition des oeuvres de Jules Monnerot

Jules Monnerot : « SOCIOLOGIE DU COMMUNISME »

http://www.editions-du-trident.fr/

Les Français sont malades d'une maladie qui prend ses racines dans le communisme et ils l'ignorent. Ils croient que le communisme c'est fini parce que l'URSS s'est effondrée et que le parti communiste français n'a plus que quelques députés. La vérité serait plutôt que, chez nous, en ce début de XXIe siècle, l'idéologie marxiste a gagné la partie. Aucun gouvernement en France ne l'a jamais combattue. Tous, depuis la Libération, ont laissé les communistes investir les rouages essentiels du pays, en particulier l'Enseignement et l'Information. Le résultat en est une marxisation généralisée des esprits, génératrice d'une pensée unique, qui nous conduit progressivement, à l'ombre d'un État-Providence qui s'essouffle, vers un totalitarisme masqué. Cette marxisation explique la paralysie devant des syndicats, entravant l'économie et l'école, et dont un ancien ministre socialiste a dit publiquement qu'ils sont de "véritables organisations staliniennes centralisées".

Autre raison de lire Sociologie du Communisme : Monnerot dit du communisme qu'il est l'« Islam » du XX^e siècle. Il retrouve dans le communisme la confusion du politique et du religieux qui caractérise l'Islam, dont le réveil, aujourd'hui aide à comprendre le phénomène. M. Maxime Rodinson, orientaliste et ancien communiste, qui considérait comme "paradoxales, presque hérétiques" les vues de Monnerot, reconnaît aujourd'hui qu'en matière "d'orthodoxie coercitive", "l'Islam et le communisme présentent une ressemblance frappante". Les communistes ont porté les méthodes de la subversion à un très haut niveau. les mondialistes qui tendent à enserrer les peuples dans leurs filets sont à leur école. Pour pouvoir réagir intelligemment il faut s'instruire, et c'est pourquoi il faut lire Sociologie du communisme.

••• Tome Ier L'« Islam » du XX^e siècle, 192 pages 20 euros ••• Pour commander ce livre • par correspondance : ••• vous pouvez imprimer notre catalogue en pdf et un bon de commande
••• En nous réglant en ligne par débit sécurisé de votre carte bancaire via le système Paypal vous nous permettez de recevoir et de traiter immédiatement votre commande • en ligne : utilisez le bouton ci-dessous "Ajouter au panier"

••• Tome II « Dialectique Marx Hegel Héraclite» 180 pages 20 euros ••• Pour commander ce livre • par correspondance : ••• vous pouvez imprimer notre catalogue en pdf et un bon de commande
••• En nous réglant en ligne par débit sécurisé de votre carte bancaire via le système Paypal vous nous permettez de recevoir et de traiter immédiatement votre commande • en ligne : utilisez le bouton ci-dessous "Ajouter au panier"

•••  Tome III «Imperium mundi » 304 pages 20 euros ••• Pour commander ce livre • par correspondance : ••• vous pouvez imprimer notre catalogue en pdf et un bon de commande
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••• L'ensemble des 3 volumes de SOCIOLOGIE DU COMMUNISME 60 euros ••• Pour commander ce livre • par correspondance : ••• vous pouvez imprimer notre catalogue en pdf et un bon de commande
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JULES MONNEROT : « LA GUERRE EN QUESTION »

En 1951, Jules Monnerot, venait de publier sa fondamentale Sociologie du communisme.

Dans ce volume qui en constitue la suite logique, l’auteur révolutionne littéralement et prophétiquement la pensée stratégique. Il démontre que la guerre froide qui se développ[ait] ne va plus opposer, désormais, des empires territoriaux mais le monde libre au communisme.

Non seulement ce livre fut boycotté mais on persécuta tous les militaires français qui en tirèrent les leçons. Or, les conflits actuels confirment complètement cette doctrine stratégique de la guerre politique. Nous proposons aux lecteurs les derniers exemplaires de l’édition originale

••• Un livre de 250 pages au prix de 20 euros ••• Pour commander ce livre • par correspondance : ••• vous pouvez imprimer notre catalogue en pdf et un bon de commande
••• En nous réglant en ligne par débit sécurisé de votre carte bancaire via le système Paypal vous nous permettez de recevoir et de traiter immédiatement votre commande • en ligne : utilisez le bouton ci-dessous "Ajouter au panier"

Les espions de l'or noir

Les espions de l’or noir

Le pétrole, « maître du monde » ? Oui, mais comment en est-on arrivé là ? Des rivalités pour contrôler la route des Indes à l’émergence des Etats-Unis comme puissance mondiale, les pays anglo-saxons ont su étendre leur influence en Asie centrale, dans le Caucase et au Proche-Orient, avec, au final, leur mainmise sur les principales ressources pétrolières mondiales.

Gilles Munier remonte aux origines du Grand jeu et de la fièvre du pétrole pour raconter la saga des espions de l’or noir et la malédiction qui s’est abattue sur les peuples détenteurs de ces richesses. Il brosse les portraits des agents secrets de Napoléon 1er et de l’Intelligence Service, du Kaiser Guillaume II et d’Adolphe Hitler, des irréguliers du groupe Stern et du Shay – ancêtres du Mossad – ou de la CIA, dont les activités ont précédé ou accompagné les grands bains de sang du 19ème et du début du 20ème siècle.

Parmi d’autres, on croise les incontournables T.E Lawrence dit d’Arabie, Gertrude Bell, St John Philby et Kermit Roosevelt, mais aussi des personnages moins connus comme Sidney Reilly, William Shakespear, Wilhelm Wassmuss, Marguerite d’Andurain, John Eppler, Conrad Kilian. Puis, descendant dans le temps, Lady Stanhope, le Chevalier de Lascaris, William Palgrave, Arthur Conolly et David Urquhart.

« On dit que l’argent n’a pas d’odeur, le pétrole est là pour le démentir » a écrit Pierre Mac Orlan. « Au Proche-Orient et dans le Caucase », ajoute Gilles Munier, « il a une odeur de sang ». Lui qui a observé, sur le terrain, plusieurs conflits au Proche-Orient, montre que ces drames n’ont pas grand chose à voir avec l’instauration de la démocratie et le respect des droits de l’homme. Ils sont, comme la guerre d’Afghanistan et celles qui se profilent en Iran ou au Darfour, l’épilogue d’opérations clandestines organisées pour contrôler les puits et les routes du pétrole.

Contact : [e-mail] ^[1]

* Editions Koutoubia – Groupe Alphée-Editplus, 11 rue Jean de Beauvais – 75005 PARIS

Source : http://espions-or.noir.over-blog.com/ ^[2]

---

Article printed from :: Novopress Québec: http://qc.novopress.info

URL to article: http://qc.novopress.info/6150/les-espions-de-l%e2%80%99or-noir/

URLs in this post:

[1] [e-mail]: http://[e-mail]

[2] http://espions-or.noir.over-blog.com/: http://espions-or.noir.over-blog.com/

A review of "La convergence des catastrophes" by Guillaume Corvus

 

 

A review of "La convergence des catastrophes" by Guillaume Corvus

"La convergence des catastrophes by Guillaume Corvus, Paris: Diffusion International, 2004, 221 pages

by Michael O'Meara

 

Part I

NEARLY THREE HUNDRED YEARS ago, the early scientistic stirrings of liberal modernity introduced the notion that life is like a clock: measurable, mechanical, and amenable to rationalist manipulation. This modernist notion sought to supplant the traditional one, which for millennia held that life is organic, cyclical, and subject to forces eluding ma"thematical or quantifiable expression. In this earlier view, human life was understood in terms of other life forms, being thus an endless succession of seasons, as birth, growth, decay, and death followed one another in an order conditioned by nature. That history is cyclical, that civilizations rise and fall, that the present system will be no exception to this rule -- these notions too are of ancient lineage and, though recognized by none in power, their pertinence seems to grow with each new regression of the European biosphere. With Corvus' Convergence des catastrophes, they assume again something of their former authority.

"For the first time in its history," Corvus writes, "humanity is threatened by a convergence of catastrophes." This is his way of saying that the 18th-century myth of progress -- in dismissing every tradition and value distinct to Europe -- is about to be overtaken by more primordial truths, as it becomes irrefutably evident that continued economic development creates ecological havoc; that a world system premised on short-term speculation and financial manipulation is a recipe for disaster; that beliefs in equality, individualism, and universalism are fit only for a social jungle; that multiculturalism and Third World immigration vitiate rather than re-vitalize the European homelands; that the extension of so-called republican and democratic principles suppress rather than supplant the popular will, etc. In a word, Corvus argues that the West, led by the United States, is preparing its own irreversible demise.

II

Though Convergence des catastrophes takes its inspiration from the distant reaches of the European heritage, its actual theoretical formulation is of recent origin. With reference to the work of French mathematician René Thom, it first appeared in Guillaume Faye's L'archéofuturisme (Paris: L'aencre, 1998), arguably the most important work of the "new European nationalism." Indeed, those familiar his style and sentiments are likely to suspect that "Corvus" is Faye himself.

Anticipating today's "chaos theory," Thom's "catastrophe theory" endeavored to map those situations in which gradually changing circumstances culminate in abrupt systemic failure. Among its non-scientific uses, the theory aimed at explaining why relatively smooth changes in stock markets often lead to sudden crashes, why minor disturbances among quiescent populations unexpectedly explode into major social upheavals, or why the Soviet Union, which seemed to be surpassing the United States in the 1970s, fell apart in the 1980s. Implicit in Thom's catastrophe theory is the assumption that all systems -- biological, mechanical, human -- are "fragile," with the potential for collapse. Thus, while a system might prove capable of enormous expansion and growth, even when sustaining internal crises for extended periods, it can, as Thom explains, suddenly unravel if it fails to adapt to changing circumstances, loses its equilibrium, or develops "negative feedback loops" that compound existing strains.

For Corvus -- or Faye -- the liberal collapse, "the tipping point," looks as if it will occur sometime between 2010 and 2020, when the confluence of several gradually mounting internal failures culminate in something more apocalyptic. Though the actual details and date of the impending collapse are, of course, unpredictable, this, he argues, makes it no less certain. And though its effects will be terrible, resulting in perhaps billions of dead, the chaos and violence it promises will nevertheless prepare the way for a return to more enduring truths.

III

What is this system threatening collapse and what are the forces provoking it? Simply put, it is the technoeconomic system born of 18th-century liberalism -- whose principal exemplar has been the United States and Europe, but whose global impetus now holds most of the world in its grip.

Faye's work does not, however, focus on the system per se. There is already a large literature devoted to it and, in several earlier works, he has examined it at length. The emphasis in Convergence des catastrophes is on delineating the principal fault lines along which collapse is likely to occur. For the globalization of liberal socioeconomic forms, he argues, now locks all the world's peoples into a single complex planetary system whose fragility increases as it becomes increasingly interdependent. Though it is difficult to isolate the catastrophes threatening it (for they overlap with and feed off one another), he believes they will take the following forms:

1. The cancerization of the social fabric that comes when an aging European population is deprived of its virile, self-confident traditions; when drug use, permissiveness, and family decline become the norm; when a dysfunctional education system no longer transmits the European heritage; when the Culture Industry fosters mass cretinization; when the Third World consolidates its invasion of the European homelands; and, finally, when the enfeebling effects of these tendencies take their toll on all the other realms of European life.

2. The worsening social conditions accompanying these tendencies, he predicts, will be exacerbated by an economic crisis (or crises) born of massive indebtedness, speculation, non-regulation, corruption, interdependence, and financial malpractices whose global ramifications promise a "correction" more extreme than that of the 1930s.

3. These social and economic upheavals are likely to be compounded by ecological devastation and radical climatic shifts that accelerate deforestation and desiccation, disrupt food supplies, spread famine and disease, deplete natural resources (oil, along with land and water), and highlight the unsustainability of the world's present overpopulation.

4. The scarcity and disorders these man-made disasters bring will not only provoke violent conflicts, but cause the already discredited state to experience increased paralysis, thus enhancing the prospect of global chaos, especially as it takes the form of strife between a cosmopolitan North and an Islamic South.

These catastrophes, Faye argues, are rooted in practices native to liberal modernity. For the globalization of Western civilizational forms, particularly American-style consumerism, has created a latently chaotic situation, given that its hyper-technological, interconnected world system, dependent on international trade, driven by speculators, and indifferent to virtually every non-economic consideration, is vulnerable to a diverse range of malfunctions. Its pathological effects have indeed already begun to reach their physical limit. For once the billion-plus populations of India and China, already well embarked on the industrializing process, start mass-producing cars, the system will simply become unfit for human habitation. The resource depletion and environmental degradation that will follow are, though, only one of the system's tipping points.

No less seriously, the globalizing process creates a situation in which minor, local disputes assume planetary significance, as conflicts in remote parts of the world are imposed on the more advanced parts, and vice versa. ("The 9/11 killers were over here," Pat Buchanan writes, "because we were over there.") In effect, America's "Empire of Disorder" is no longer restricted to the periphery, but now threatens the metropolis. Indeed, each new advance in globalization tends to diminish the frontier between external and internal wars, just as American-sponsored globalization provokes the terrorism it ostensibly resists. The cascading implication of these developments have, in fact, become strikingly evident. For instance, if one of the hijacked Boeings of 9/11 had not been shot down over Pennsylvania and instead reached Three Mile Island, the entire Washington-New York area would have been turned into a mega-Chernobyl -- destroying the U.S. economy, as well as the global order dependent on it. A miniature nuke smuggled into an East Coast port by any of the ethnic gangs specializing in illegal shipments would have a similar effect. Revealingly, speculation on such doomsday scenarios is now seen as fully plausible.

But even barring a dramatic act of violence, catastrophe looms in all the system's domains, for it is as much threatened by its own entropy (in the form of social-racial disorder, economic crisis, and ecological degradation), as it is by more frontal assaults. This is especially the case with the global economy, whose short-term casino mentality refuses the slightest accountability. Accordingly, its movers and shakers think nothing of casting their fate to fickle stock markets, running up bankrupting debts, issuing fiat credit, fostering a materialistic culture of unbridled consumption, undermining industrial values, encouraging outsourcing, de-industrialization, and wage cutting, just as they remain impervious to the ethnocidal effects of international labor markets and the growing criminality of corporate practices.

IV

Such irresponsible behaviors are, in fact, simply another symptom of the impending crisis, for the system's thinkers and leaders are no longer able to distinguish between reality and their virtualist representation of it, let alone acknowledge the folly of their practices. Obsessed with promoting the power and privileges sustaining their crassly materialist way of life and the progressive, egalitarian, and multicultural principles undergirding the global market, they see the world only in ways they are programmed to see it. The ensuing "reality gap" deprives them, then, of the capacity both to adapt to changing circumstances or address the problems threatening the system's operability. (The way the Bush White House gathers and interprets "intelligence," accepting only that which accords with its ideological needs, is perhaps the best example of this). In this spirit, the system's leaders tirelessly assure us that everything is getting better, that new techniques will overcome the problems generated by technology, that unbridled materialism and self-gratification have no costs, that cultural nihilism is a form of liberation, that the problems caused by climatic changes, environmental degradation, overpopulation, and shrinking energy reserves will be solved by extending and augmenting the practices responsible for them. These dysfunctional practices are indeed pursued as if they are crucial to the system's self-legitimacy. Thus, at the very moment when the system's self-corrective mechanisms have been marginalized and the downhill slide has become increasingly immune to correction, the charlatans, schemers, and careerists in charge persist in propagating the belief that everything is "hunky-dory."

Karl Marx spilt a great deal of ink lambasting ideologues who thought capitalism arose from natural principles, that all hitherto existing societies had preordained the market's triumph, or that a social order subordinate to economic imperatives represented the highest stage of human achievement. Today, the "new global bourgeoisie" gives its euronationalist critics even greater cause for ridicule. Paralyzed by an ideology that bathes itself in optimistic bromides, the system's rulers "see nothing and understand nothing," assuming that the existing order, in guaranteeing their careers, is a paragon of civilizational achievement, that the 20,000 automobiles firebombed every year in France by Muslim gangs is not sign of impending race war, that the non-White hordes ethnically cleansing European neighborhoods will eventually be turned into peaceful, productive citizens, that the Middle East will democratize, that the spread of human rights, free-markets, and new technologies will culminate in a consumer paradise, that limitless consumption is possible and desirable, that everyone, in effect, can have it all.

Nothing, Faye argues, can halt the system's advance toward the abyss. The point of no return has, indeed, already been passed. Fifteen years of above average temperatures, growing greenhouse gases, melting ice caps, conspicuous biological deterioration, and the imminent peaking of oil reserves, combined with an uncontrolled Third World demographic boom, massive First World indebtedness, social policies undermining the state's monopoly on our loyalties, and a dangerous geopolitical realignment -- each of these potentially catastrophic developments is preparing the basis of the impending collapse. Those who think a last minute international agreement will somehow save the day simply whistle pass the graveyard. Washington's attitude (even more pig-headed than Beijing's) to the modest Kyoto Accords -- which would have slowed down, not halted greenhouse emissions -- is just one of the many signs that the infernal machine cannot be halted. The existing states and international organizations are, in any case, powerless to do anything, especially the sclerotic "democracies" of Europe and United States, for their corrupt, short-sighted leaders have not the slightest understanding of what is happening under their very noses, let alone the will to take decisive action against it. Besides, they would rather subsidize bilingual education and Gay Pride parades (or, on the conservative side, ban Darwin) than carry out structural reforms that might address some of their more glaring failures. For such a system, the sole solution, Faye insists, is catastrophe.

V

The ecological, economic, demographic, social, civilizational, and geopolitical cataclysms now in the process of converging will bring about the collapse of liberalism's technoeconomic civilization. In one of the most striking parts of his book, Faye juxtaposes two very different TV images to illustrate the nature of the present predicament: one is of a troubled President Bush, whose Forest Gump antics left him noticeably perplexed on 9/11; the other is of the traditionally-dressed, but Kalachinokov-bearing Bin Laden, posing as a new Mohammed, calmly and confidently proclaiming the inevitable victory of his rag-tag jihadists. These two images -- symbolizing the archaic violence that promises to disturb the narcoticized sleep of a sickened modernity -- sum up for Faye the kind of world in which we live, especially in suggesting that the future belongs to militant traditionalists rooted in their ancestral heritage, rather than high-tech, neo-liberal "wimps" like Bush, who are alienated from the most elementary expressions of Europe's incomparable legacy.

Though rejecting liberalism's monstrous perversion of European life, Faye does so not as a New Age Luddite or a left-wing environmentalist. He argues that a technoeconomic civilization based on universalist and egalitarian principles is a loathsome abnormality -- destructive of future generations and past accomplishments. But while rejecting its technological, bureaucratic, cosmopolitan, and anti-White practices, he fully accepts modern science. He simply states the obvious: that the great technological and economic accomplishments of Europe cannot be extended to the world's six billion people -- let alone tomorrow's ten billion -- without fatal consequence. For this reason, he predicts that science and industry in a post-catastrophe world will have no choice but to change, becoming the province of a small elite, not the liberal farce that attempts to transform all the world's peoples into American-style consumers. Similarly, Faye does not propose a restoration of lost forms, but rather the revitalization of those ancient spirits which might enable our children to engage the future with the confidence and daring of their ancestors. Thus, as befits a work of prophecy, Faye's survey of the impending tempests aims at preparing us for what is to come, when the high flood waters and hurricane winds clear away the system's ethnocidal illusions and create the occasion for another resurgence of European being. It aims, in a word, at helping Europeans to resume the epic course of their history.


[Michael O'Meara, Ph.D., studied social theory at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes in Sciences Sociales and modern European history at the University of California. He is the author of New Culture, New Right: Anti-Liberalism in Postmodern Europe (2004)]

Source: http://foster.20megsfree.com/index_en.htm

"Le bonheur paradoxal" de Gilles Lipovetsky

Le bonheur paradoxal, essai sur la société d'hyperconsommation

 

                             Gilles Lipovetsky, Editions Gallimard, 2006

Ex.: http://nextmodernitylibrary.blogspirit.com/

Une nouvelle modernité est née au cours de la seconde moitié du XXème siècle : la civilisation du désir, portée par les nouvelles orientations du capitalisme de consommation. Mais ces deux dernières décennies, un nouveau séisme est apparu qui a mis fin à la société de consommation, une nouvelle phase du capitalisme de consommation s'est mise en place : la société d'hyperconsommation.

Quelques mots de l'auteur, Gilles Lipovetsky

Denis Failly - Gilles Lypovetsky, Pourriez nous brièvement nous définir l'hypermodernité

Gilles Lypovetsky - "La modernité s'est construite au 18ème siècle en mettant en place trois grands systèmes les droits de l'homme et la démocratie, le marché, et enfin la dynamique de la techno-science, le problème c'est que pendant deux siècles et demi ces 3 systèmes ont été fortement attaqués par des systèmes qui les rejetaient, par exemple le totalitarisme qui rejetait à la fois le marché et la démocratie. Aujourd'hui se fait sentir moins le besoin d'un contre modèle qu'une nouvelle régulation qui met au centre l'individu."

 

Denis Failly - "En quoi le bonheur est - il paradoxal ?

Gilles Lypovetsky - L'hédonisme, la consommation promet des bonheurs, de l'évasion, c'est une société qui stimule une marche au bonheur dans ses référentiels, mais la réalité c'est que l'on voit la multiplicité des anxiètés, la morosité, l'inquiétude, le ras le bol, l'insatisfaction quotidienne. Donc voilà, l'idée de bonheur paradoxal est : que plus la société marche au bonheur plus montent les plaintes, les récriminations, les insatisfactions.

Denis Failly - Quelles sont les grandes tendances de la société que vous appelez «hyper consommative» dans votre ouvrage ?

Gilles Lypovetsky- L'équipement, non plus centré sur les biens mais sur les personnes, par exemple le téléphone avant c'était semi collectif, ou bien on avait une télé par ménage...
- les cultures de classes s'érodent, le fait d'appartenir à un groupe social ne détermine plus strictement les modes de consommation parce que les cultures de classes se sont effondrées, à cause de l'information, à cause de la pub, de la diffusion des valeurs hédonistes, à partir de là, le consommateur devient un hyper consommateur, c'est à dire volatile, infidèle, qui échappe au quadrillage de classe d'autrefois.
- Une consommation émotionnelle, une satisfaction pour soi ou ses proches, soit par ce que dans la consommation on cherche par exemple à fuir un malaise, c'est une sorte de thérapeutique, soit par ce que les gens ont envie de vivre des expériences nouvelles, dans le sport, le tourisme... pour connaître des sensations nouvelles, donc la consommation devient beaucoup plus émotionnelles ou expérientielles. - On a des consommations de plus en plus clivées entre le haut de gamme et le low cost, ce sont les deux segments de marchés qui se développent le plus, le moyen de gamme décline, les extrêmes se renforcent.

Denis Failly - Comment aujourd'hui les jeunes construisent leur identité à travers la consommation ?

Gilles Lypovetsky- Comme les jeunes sont aujourd'hui éduqués dans l'idée d'être eux mêmes, d'être plus autonomes, du coup ils cherchent au travers de la consommation ce qui leur permet d'afficher leur personnalité même si c'est en copiant le modèle de leur camarade, donc au travers du conformisme, du culte des marques, ils construisent leur identité.

Denis Failly - Que vous inspirent Internet comme nouvelles manières de faire lien ?

Gilles Lypovetsky- Oui avec Internet beaucoup de choses sont liées à la consommation on entre dans l'hyperconsommation puisqu'il n'y a pas plus de limites, il n'y a plus de barrières spatio – temporelles. Il y a une information beaucoup plus ample avec un consommateur plus reflexif qui est capable de comparer de juger les offres...Internet favorise le low cost, départ dernière minute...tarifs préférentiels.
Le succès des blogs, c'est une certaine défiance envers les médias traditionnels au profit de l'expression des individus qui montrent qu'il y a une limite à la consommation et que les gens ont envie aussi de devenir acteur, de s'exprimer, de passer à côté des circuits ou des réseaux tradiitionnels.
C'est sympa comme phénomène mais il peut y avoir des dérives du n'importe quoi, il n'y a plus de filtrage, c'est un peu comme les cafés philos c'est parfois un peu de la bouillie pour le dire simplement.

Denis Failly - Par rapport à certains sociologues qui postulent l'existence de tribus, de communautés...est ce que l'hyperconsommateur est un hyper - individualiste et en quoi les deux s'opposent ?

Gilles Lypovetsky - C'est une question en fait conceptuelle, empiriquement les tribus existent mais c'est purement descriptif maintenant il faut les penser et c'est là ou la notion de tribu ne va pas, car la tribu c'est clos c'est fermée, hors, ce qui caractèrise le moment, c'est que les gens changent et à part les adolescents les gens sont dans une tribu, dans une autre... et ils peuvent mélanger, ils ne sont pas fait d'une pièce, les punks ou les goths c'est un tout petit monde mais ça représente pas le monde des adultes. Pour définir un adulte qu'elle est sa tribu exact, il peut aller faire du camping, faire de la musique classique etc, alors à quelle tribu appartient-il ? si il n'y plus d'homogéneïté c'est difficile. Ce sont des tribus tellement perméables tellement fugitives que la notion de tribu ne me paraît pas correcte, la tribu, on peut l'observer à des signes, mais on ne peut pas la penser parce que ce qui pense le tribalisme d'aujourd'hui c'est l'hyper-individualisme justement, les individus ne sont plus incrustés, incorporés dans quoi que ce soit puisque ce qui les caractérise c'est leur labilité, leur capacité à ne pas être intégrés, mais de choisir leur groupe d'appartenance.

Denis Failly - Gilles Lypovetsky, Vous sortez un nouvel ouvrage en septembre, pouvez-vous nous en dire plus ?

Gilles Lypovetsky - Oui, ca va s'appeler la « société de déception », j'essaie de voir comment l'expèrience de la déception fait partie de la condition humaine, les hommes sont déçus car ils ont des désirs et les désirs correspondent rarement à ce que l'on a, mais la modernité lui donne un poids, une surface beaucoup plus importante qu'autrefois. On le voit dés le 19ème siècle avec Durkheim, Tocqueville notamment. La notion d'égalité fait monter les aspirations, avant nous étions enfermés dans notre monde aujourd'hui c'est ouvert. Le livre monte que ce phénomène n'a fait que s'exacerber, avec le recul du religieux qui n'encadre plus les comportements, avec l'école qui ne répond plus aux promesses d'ascenseur sociale, avec la fin de la croyance dans le progrès, les gens sont méfiants envers la technique, ils ont peur des OGM, ils ont peur du réchauffement de la planète.. La technique déçoit, l'école déçoit, la politique déçoit on est dans une période de désillusion...

Denis Failly - Gilles Lypovetsky, je vous remercie


NB :  cette interview de Gilles Lipovetsky a été réalisée par téléphone

 

Bio : Gilles Lipovetsky est Professeur agrégé de philosophie à l'université de Grenoble, Membre du Conseil d’analyse de la société (sous l’autorité du Premier Ministre), Membre du Conseil national des programmes (Ministère de l’Education Nationale), Consultant à l’Association Progrès du Management. il est l'auteur d'une dizaine d'ouvrages :
L'Empire de l'éphémère, Le Crépuscule du devoir, La Troisième femme, édition Gallimard, L'Ere du vide, La société de déception, Métamorphoses de la culture libérale, Le luxe éternel, Les temps hypermodernes, etc.

La littérature abolit le progrès

La littérature abolit le progrès

 

Pierre Le Vigan / http://europemaxima.com/

Thierry Hentsch écrivait : « La mort est la grande affaire de l’homme. Elle est, qu’il le veuille ou non, le révélateur de sa vie, le suprême moment de vérité, l’échéance qui éclaire la vie de son inéluctable avènement. Vie, mort et vérité sont étroitement chevillées les unes aux autres, et la conscience n’échappe à la pensée de cette jonction qu’au prix de sa propre diminution. » Le récit n’est pas la vérité, mais, même quand il est mythique, il n’est pas le contraire non plus de la vérité. Il est un moyen de mieux se comprendre. Ceci a toujours été admis sauf avec le Nouveau Testament, le seul récit qui s’est voulu aussi La Vérité. « Le christianisme accomplit un incroyable exploit. Il réussit à imposer cette antinomie : un récit de vérité », note Thierry Hentsch. C’est le seul Grand Récit ancien qui ne s’est voulu susceptible de ne relever que d’une seule interprétation. Le Nouveau Testament représente ainsi la fin de la gratuité du récit, offert aux libres interprétations, et le début des mono-interprétations, donc des appauvrissements de l’imaginaire.

Il n’en était pas de même, à son origine, du grand récit scientifique. Kant avait écrit que la science ne nous donnait aucune certitude sur les choses en soi. La science a sauté au dessus de ce problème du vrai. Ce qui importe est ce qui est efficace, ce qui fonctionne. C’est ce qui fonctionne qui est vrai, et non ce qui est vrai qu’il importe de faire fonctionner. De cette conception découle une dévalorisation de la littérature, bien vue, par exemple, par Alain Finkielkraut. Car la logique de la littérature n’est pas l’efficacité, c’est le labourage, c’est le sarclage, c’est justement la culture. La littérature s’oppose à deux choses : à la science, et aussi à l’herméneutique. Le postulat de la littérature est que aucune érudition, aussi nécessaire soit-elle, ne confère une autorité en matière d’interprétation. C’est pourquoi, selon le mot de Thierry Hentsch, la littérature « nous délivre de l’idée de progrès » - et c’est d’ailleurs aussi pour cela, pour éviter cette délivrance funeste à notre « productivité » que la littérature tend à ne plus être enseignée. Heidegger n’est pas un « progrès » par rapport à Pascal ou à Montaigne. Ce point concerne aussi l’art, qui ne peut relever du progrès. Il serait insensé de dire que Van Dongen est un progrès par rapport à Lorenzo Veneziano. Si la littérature n’abolit pas le temps, elle abolit le progrès et c’est en cela qu’elle aide enfin chacun à se comprendre dans le temps.

Pierre Le Vigan

Note

1 : Thierry Hentsch, Raconter et mourir. Aux sources narratives de l’imaginaire occidental, Presses de l’Université de Montréal-Bréal, 2002, prix Louis-Pauwels 2003.