Autore di libri di culto come The Quest for Community, bibbia della primavera conservatrice a stelle e strisce dei primi anni Cinquanta, pubblicata in Italia nel 1957 dalle Edizioni di Comunità con il titolo La comunità e lo Stato, Nisbet, considerato non del tutto a ragione l’ideologo principale del reaganismo, da noi è pressochè sconosciuto, in particolare tra i più giovani. Il testo di Pupo, docente di Storia delle dottrine politiche presso l’università cosentina, colma questa lacuna e ne propone la riscoperta attraverso un’agile ma completa introduzione al pensiero politico, sottolineandone sin dal titolo l’originalità. Nisbet, infatti, ha indagato il carattere meno conosciuto del conservatorismo: la socialità, riconducibile non solo alla diffusa ricerca dell’identità e dell’autorità delle lealtà tradizionali, ma anche alle attenzioni verso gli indiscutibili benefici del welfare state e all’individuo inteso non come soggetto astratto ma come persona che nasce, vive e muore in una comunità di appartenenza. L’intuizione del sociologo californiano, ammesso che possa così definirsi un’attività di studio pluridecennale, è proprio nell’individuare nel declino delle comunità il più grande problema sociale e politico del nostro tempo e nella relativa “domanda di comunità” la risposta al malessere della società occidentale. Di qui la necessità di preservare, tra Stato e Mercato, una sfera di libertà basata su un tessuto di relazioni comunitarie, dalla scuola alla famiglia, dall’amministrazione locale alla piccola impresa economica. La moderna storia dell’occidente, a partire dalla rivoluzione industriale e dalla rivoluzione francese, altro non è – spiega Nisbet – che la storia del disfacimento delle comunità e del concomitante sviluppo di uno Stato politico che, sin dalla sua nascita, non solo riconosce come cittadini soltanto individui isolati e non più gruppi di uomini ma pretende di dirigere la vita di ogni uomo, sia nella sfera pubblica che in quella privata, indebolendo le lealtà umane fondate sulla fede, sul lavoro, sulla parentela, sull’etnia, sul luogo, sull’interesse condiviso e sul volontariato. Così facendo – ne conclude il sociologo – viene meno quella saldatura sociale che è stata la vera protagonista della crescita dell’America e degli altri paesi occidentali. Perché non è stato l’individuo solitario ma i gruppi di individui, ossia le comunità, le famiglie, i parentadi, i villaggi, le associazioni di volontariato, a realizzare scuole, strade, chiese, imprese comuni, istituzioni, regioni e nazioni. Quando politica ed economia recidono il legame individuo-società, l’individuo rischia di perdere, con il senso responsabilità verso l’altro, la sua stessa libertà. La libertà autentica, per Nisbet, è invece quella che nasce spontaneamente nella società pluralistica, dove una varietà di gruppi sociali intermedi tra l’individuo e lo Stato detiene ruoli, funzioni e responsabilità reali e autonomie sufficienti ad offrire al singolo individuo un senso di protezione, finalità, identità, appartenenza. Tutto ciò al fine di evitare che uomini nominalmente liberi diventino spiritualmente sterili, emozionalmente vuoti e sempre più soli, oltre che vulnerabili ai richiami di uno Stato non più comunità di comunità ma paternalistico, onnicomprensivo e autoritario. Critica che Nisbet, però, rivolge anche al liberalismo e a chi riteneva (e ritiene) che l’unica alternativa a a statalismo e dirigismo potesse essere rappresentata da un mercato sempre più incontrollato, un mercato che “deresponsabilizzando” l’individuo, finisce per renderlo schiavo delle grandi istituzioni politiche ed economiche contemporanee.But onto the Fourth Political Theory, with its Millenialist feel of being the fourth and final horseman of the ideological apocalypse. OK, the Theory straps a cushion to its forehead by claiming to be a work in progress, so that any blows landed on it will be softened, but already much of the groundwork has been clearly laid. The road isn’t finished, but we can more or less see where it is headed under the guidance of Professor Dugin.
The Theory supposedly arises from the criticism and deconstruction of the previous three theories, which history has already revealed to be full of flaws and responsible for a great deal of suffering and confusion. Dugin seems happy enough to ride along with modern Liberalism’s historical demolition of Marxism and Fascism, as this makes it a tidy knuckle-to-knuckle, winner-takes-all match between his Fourth Theory and the still undefeated champion, Liberalism.
Seconds out – Ding! Ding! Ding!
Despite past attempts by the Second and Third Theories to claim the crown of modernity, Dugin believes that Liberalism has triumphed here and has managed to irrevocably present itself as the only truly “modern” way. It has also succeeded in presenting itself as the “natural order,” rather than a mere ideology.
To destroy Liberalism, Dugin strikes as these points. But rather than trying to claim that the Fourth Theory is more modern than Liberalism, his strategy is to try to get away from the whole idea of modernity itself by appealing to pre-modern values and conceptualizing them as post-modern eternal values. There is more than a touch of his Old Believer Russian Orthodoxy here.
This is not so much a heavy punch to the ribs of Liberalism as a bit of fancy footwork to avoid Liberalism’s nasty left hook. Modernity is not so easily discarded, as Dugin seems to believe. It operates as the measure of ideological victory, without which no battle can take place. His call to discard modernity is therefore a call for a defensive ceasefire or a time out.
Another key point for Dugin to attack is the subjects or agents of the other three theories. The economic classes of Marxism are presented as outmoded; Fascism’s state as something of a bourgeois innovation; and National Socialist race as a “kind of construction” and not very useful.
Although his punches are only glancing ones here, it does not matter, as these two systems are supposedly punch-drunk losers propping up the bar, muttering “I coulda been a contender.” Where Dugin is more effective is in battering Liberalism’s all-important individual.
This is his mighty opponent’s soft spot and Dugin makes hay here and even gets into position to unleash his KO, but this is where his attack comes unstuck. While all the previous systems have strong subjects/agents that human beings can all feel passionate about – race, nation, class, and our own beloved selves – the Fourth Theory substitutes Heidegger’s flat-footed and abstruse “Dasein” concept. You couldn’t imagine the Bastille being stormed or Stalingrad being held for the sheer pleasure of “being there”!
As a philosophical phrase that says very little by saying too much, it is appropriate that it is then extrapolated into a kind of blanket multi-polarity and call for a true multiculturalism (depoliticized in the case of Russia) and even multi-chronology. Regarding this latter concept, Dugin calls for a world where societies can exist that operate on different temporal patterns, such as cyclical, linear, or more complex. He also calls for the rejection of universal values and comparisons. This is clearly heavily defensive boxing, aimed at avoiding the clever jabs and looming thump that Liberalism is aiming at Putin’s Russia.
The Ascendant Order
Dugin’s interpretation of the previous three theories has a kind of grace, regularity, and ascendant pattern to it. There is natural and elegant progression from the individual to class, and from class to the state (or race). While the other three ideologies nobly struggled in the ring of modernity, and had subjects/agents that could inspire the masses, the Fourth Political Theory has a snatch of Heidegger embroidered on its boxing shorts and seems to be climbing through the ropes with its towel flying through the air behind it.
Perhaps the problem is ideology itself. While Dugin is happy to abandon notions of modernity, he is less happy to abandon ideology. This is only to be expected from an academic who eats, sleeps, and breathes ideology. So, do we actually need it?
Ideology has a progressive nature that does not endear it to many on the Right, but progress is essential in any system that is not based on pure stagnation. Even a cyclical system needs progress to get to the point of its collapse and rebirth. Ideology creates progress through competing with the status quo, or by helping a rising system to become manifest. Therefore, in addition to each ideology having a subject or an agent, history also demonstrates that it needs some kind of enemy or rival: Liberalism’s enemy was the old order; Marxism’s was Liberalism; Fascism’s was Marxism; and Neo-Liberalism’s was Fascism and Marxism.
The problem of the Neo-Liberal world order is that there seems no longer to be any enemy, thus endless stagnation looms. Progress will only arise when Neo-Liberalism in its turn becomes the defeated enemy. On this basis, a strong case exists for the necessity of a Fourth Ideology. But after this, will we need a fifth or sixth, and so on into infinity? The chances are that our technologically enhanced world cannot handle this kind of vast, intense dialectical struggle many times more, so it is essential that the Fourth Political Theory should internalize the engine of progress that has previously come from ideological conflict.
Escaping the Dialectical
As it now stands, the Fourth Political Theory is more a reflection of Russo-centric concerns, and also seems inconsistent with the broader ideological framework that Dugin has outlined. In order for it to gain wider credibility it will have to take on board some of the following points:
Firstly, it should be entirely divorced from any agenda that reflects specific political or religious goals or interests, such as those elements of Russian political pragmatism I constantly detect in Dugin’s work.
Secondly, modernity should not be abandoned. If we are to have an ideological battle, we need winners and losers, and we need a common standard by which to judge them. Communism understood this and so did Fascism, and both were ahead of Liberalism on points for most of their bouts. “Da Sein” and multi-chronology is a form of retreatism.
Thirdly, dismissing Communism and Fascism is premature. Although both were defeated, neither was a purely ideological defeat. Fascism’s defeat was mainly military, while Communism’s was economic. To use boxing terminology one last time, you could say that both were lucky knock outs. These two contestants should be readmitted to the ideological battle until they are defeated ideologically. Neo-liberalism is not capable of doing this. Only a later political theory will be capable of this.
Fourthly, the Fourth Political Theory should be adjusted to fit more neatly into Dugin’s grand pattern of ideological evolution. Only when this is done will it be successful. History shows that Marxism opposed but also used elements of Liberalism. Fascism opposed but also used elements of Marxism and to a lesser extent Liberalism. Therefore it seems likely that the Fourth Political Theory should oppose but also include elements of Fascism and to a lesser extent Marxism.
Fifthly, the Fourth Political Theory needs to find an appropriate subject/agent, one with an existence that the masses can relate to, and one that fits into the ascendant pattern of individual, class, and state/race. The only subject that fits this bill is humanity itself.
Sixthly, to avoid the dangers of endless stagnation and further dialectical struggles resulting in Armageddon, the Fourth Political Theory will need to internalize the progressive impetus.


Robert Nisbet oltre l'etichetta di conservatore 
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Sorokin was especially interested in the process by which societies change cultural orientations. He opposed the view, held by communists, that social change must be imposed externally, such as by a revolution. His principle of imminent change states that external forces are not necessary: societies change because it is in their nature to change. Although sensate or ideational tendencies may dominate at any given time, every culture contains both mentalities in a tension of opposites. When one mentality becomes stretched too far, it sets in motion compensatory transformative forces.
La crisi finanziaria che è scoppiata negli Stati Uniti e che dopo ha coinvolto tutto il mondo, richiede adeguate misure da parte della comunità globale. Ma quali azioni dovrebbero essere considerate adeguate in questo caso?





C’était le seul prix Nobel d’économie français. Né le 31 mai 1911, il part aux États-Unis dès sa sortie (major X31) de Polytechnique en 1933 pour étudier in situ la Grande Dépression qui a suivi la Crise de 1929. Ironie de l’histoire, il a ainsi pu réaliser une sorte de “jonction” entre les deux Crises majeures du siècle. Son analyse, percutante et dérangeante, n’a malheureusement pas été entendue faute de relais.


« Cette doctrine [la « chienlit mondialiste laissez-fairiste »] a été littéralement imposée aux gouvernements américains successifs, puis au monde entier, par les multinationales américaines, et à leur suite par les multinationales dans toutes les parties du monde, qui en fait détiennent partout en raison de leur considérable pouvoir financier et par personnes interposées la plus grande partie du pouvoir politique. La mondialisation, on ne saurait trop le souligner, 






thk. Le 23 mars, Alfred de Zayas a été désigné, par le Conseil des droits de l’homme, comme expert indépendant auprès de l’ONU pour la promotion d’un ordre international démocratique et équitable. Il est le premier à avoir le droit d’assumer ce mandat créé en septembre 2011, pour pouvoir agir dans le domaine de la démocratisation de l’ONU et au sein des Etats nationaux unis en elle. Il est entré en fonction le 1er mai 2012. Déjà lors de la session d’automne 2012 du Conseil des droits de l’homme, Alfred de Zayas a présenté son premier rapport et a obtenu une large approbation. L’expert indépendant, qui présente une longue carrière à l’ONU, n’était pas venu tout à fait de manière inattendue à cette fonction, comme il le dit lui-même, car il s’est occupé depuis très longtemps de la question de l’organisation d’une vraie démocratie, c’est-à-dire de la démocratie directe, comme elle existe en Suisse. Avec son mandat, Alfred de Zayas souhaite s’engager pour la paix et l’égalité des peuples. «Horizons et débats» a interviewé Alfred de Zayas à l’ONU à Genève. 





thk. Professor Dr. iur. et phil. Alfred de Zayas wurde am 23. März zum Unabhängigen Experten bei der Uno zur Förderung einer demokratischen und gleichberechtigten Weltordnung vom Menschenrechtsrat ernannt. Er ist der erste, der dieses neu geschaffene Mandat übernehmen durfte, um so im Bereich der Demokratisierung der Uno und der in ihr vereinten Nationalstaaten wirken zu können. Bereits in der Herbstsession des Uno-Menschenrechtsrates hat Alfred de Zayas seinen ersten Bericht vorgelegt und ist dabei auf grosse Zustimmung gestossen. Der Unabhängige Experte, der eine lange Karriere an der Uno aufweist, war, wie er selbst sagte, nicht ganz unerwartet zu diesem Amt gekommen, da er sich schon sehr lange mit der Frage der Ausgestaltung echter, das heisst direkter Demokratie, wie sie in der Schweiz existiert, beschäftigt hat. Mit seinem Mandat möchte sich Alfred de Zayas für den Frieden und die Gleichwertigkeit der Völker einsetzen. Zeit-Fragen hat Professor de Zayas an der Uno in Genf getroffen. 
par Guillaume de ROUVILLE
Ex: http://mediabenews.wordpress.com/