Emil Cioran
Apologie de la Barbarie: Berlin – Bucharest (1932-1941)
Paris: L’Herne, 2015
This is a very interesting book released by the superior publishing house L’Herne: a collection of Emil Cioran’s articles published in Romanian newspapers, mostly from before the war. Besides becoming a famous aphorist in later years, before the Allied victory, Cioran was still free to be a perceptive and biting cultural critic and political analyst.
While reading the book, I was chiefly interested in understanding the motivations behind Cioran’s support for nationalism and fascism. We can identify a few recurring themes:
- A sense of humiliation at Romania’s underdevelopment, historical irrelevance, and cultural/intellectual dependence with regard to the West: “That is why the Romanian always agrees with the latest author he has read” (22).
- A pronounced Germanophilia, appreciating German artists’ and intellectuals’ intensity, pathos, and diagnostic of Western decadence.
- Frustration with democratic politics as leading selfish individualism and political impotence.
- A marked preference for belief and irrational creativity over sterile rationalism and skepticism.
Cioran, who had already been well acquainted with German high culture during his studies in Romania, really took to Hitlerian Germany when he moved in 1933 there on a scholarship from the Humboldt Foundation. He writes:
In Germany, I realized that I was mistaken in believing that one can perfectly integrate a foreign culture. I hoped to identify myself perfectly with the values of German history, to cut my Romanian cultural roots to assimilate completely into German culture. I will not comment here on the absurdity of this illusion. (100)
The influence of Cioran’s German sources clearly shines through, including Nietzsche, Spengler, and Hitler himself.[1] [2] Cioran’s infatuation proved lasting. He wrote in 1937: “I think there are few people – even in Germany – who admire Hitler more than I do” (240).
On one level, Cioran’s politics are eminently realistic, frankly acknowledging the tragic side of human existence. He admires Italian Fascism and especially German National Socialism because these political movements had restored strong beliefs and had heightened the historical level and international power of these nations. If liberties must be trampled upon and certain individuals marginalized for a community to flourish, so be it. On foreign policy, he favors national self-sufficiency and Realpolitik as against dependence upon unstable or sentimental alliances.
Cioran is extremely skeptical of pacifist and universalist movements, convinced that great nations each have their own historical direction. Human history, in his view, would not necessarily converge and ought to remain pluralistic. If Europe was to converge to one culture, this would tragically require the triumph and imposition of one culture on the others. In particular, he believed Franco-German peace would be impossible without the collapse of one nation or the other (little did he suspect both would be crushed). Diversity and a degree of tension between nations and civilizations were good, providing “the essential antinomies which are the basis of life” (98).
Alongside these rather realistic considerations, spoken in a generally detached and level-headed tone, Cioran’s politics and in particular his nationalism were powerfully motivated by a sense of despair at the state of Romania. Cioran viscerally identified with his nation and intensely felt what he considered to be its deficiencies as a bucolic and peripheral culture. He then makes an at once passionate and desperate plea a zealous nationalist and totalitarian dictatorship which could spark Romania’s spark geopolitical, historical, and cultural renewal. Only such a regime, on the German model, could organize the youth and redeem an otherwise irrelevant nation. The continuation of democracy, by contrast, would mean only the disintegration of the nation into a collection of fissiparous and spoiled individuals: “Another period of ‘democracy’ and Romania will inevitably confirm its status of historical accident” (225).
A rare and stimulating combination in Cioran’s writings: unsentimental observation and intense pathos.
Cioran’s nationalism was highly idiosyncratic. He writes with amusing condescension of the local tradition of nostalgic and parochial patriotic writing: “To be sure, the geographical nationalism which we have witnessed up to now, with all its literature of patriotic exaltation and its idyllic vision of our historical existence, has its merits and its rights” (150). He was also uninterested in a nationalism as merely a moralistic defensive conservatism, defined merely as the maintenance of the borders of the Greater Romania which, with the annexation of Transylvania, had been miraculously established in the wake of the First World War.
For Cioran nationalism had to serve a great political project, it had to have a set of values and ambitions enabling a great historical flourishing, rather than be merely a sentimental or selfish end in itself. He writes of A. C. Cuza, a prominent politician who made anti-Semitism his signature issue:
Nationalism, as a sentimental formula, lacking in any ideological backbone or political perspectives, has no value. The dishonorable destiny of A. C. Cuza has no other explanation than the agitations of an apolitical man whose fanaticism, which has never gone further than anti-Semitism, was never able to become a fatality for Romania. If we had had no Jews, A. C. Cuza would never have thought of his country. (214)
Similarly, Cioran argues that the embrace of nationalism is dependent on time and purpose:
One is a nationalist only in a given time, when to not be a nationalist is a crime against the nation. In a given time means in a historical moment when everyone’s participation is a matter of conscience. The demands of the historical moment also mean: one is not [only] a nationalist, one is also a nationalist. (149-50)
Cioran was also – at least in this selection of articles – uninterested in Christianity and aggressively rejected Romania’s past and traditions, in favor a revolutionary project of martial organization, planned industrialization, and national independence. For Cioran, Romania needed nothing less than a “national revolution” requiring “a long-lasting megalomania” (154).
All this seems far removed from the agrarian traditionalism and Christian mysticism of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu’s Iron Guard. Cioran did, however, hail the Guard as a Romanian “awakening” and after Codreanu’s murder wrote a moving ode to the Captain [3]. By contrast, Cioran excoriates the consensual Transylvanian politician Iulia Maniu as an ineffectual and corrosive “Balkan buddhist,” peddling “political leukemia” (220).
A friend of mine observed that at least some aspects of Cioran’s program resembles Nicolae Ceaușescu’s later formula: perhaps late Romanian communism did seek to reflect some of the nation’s deep-seated aspirations concerning its place in the world.
One is struck by the contrast between Cioran’s lyricism on Germany, his desperate call to “transfigurate” Romania, and his perfectly lucid and quite balanced assessment of Fascist Italy [4]. There is something quite unreasonable in Cioran’s revolutionary ambitions. Fascism, certainly, is an effective way of instating political stability, steady leadership, and civil peace, annihilating communism, maximizing national power and independence, and educating and systematically organizing the nation according to whatever values you hold dear.
But fascism cannot work miracles. Politics must work with the human material and historical trajectory that one has. That is being true to oneself. To wish for total transformation and the tabula rasa is to invite disaster. Such revolutions are generally an exercise in self-harm. Once the passions and intoxications have settled, one finds the nation stunted and lessened: by civil war, by tyranny, by self-mutilation and deformation in the stubborn in the name of utopian goals. The historic gap with the ‘advanced’ nations is widened further still by the ordeal.
In the case of Romania, I can imagine that a spirited, moderate, and progressive authoritarian regime might have been able to raise the country’s historical level, just as Fascism had in Italy. Romania could aspire to be a Balkan hegemon. Beyond this, raising Romania would have required generations of careful and steady work, not hysterical outbursts, notably concerning population policy. The country had a comparatively low population density – a territory twice the size as England, but with half the population. There was a vigorous and progressive eugenics movement in interwar Romania [5] which also sought to improve the people’s biological stock, but this came to naught.
Another very striking aspect of Cioran’s fascism and nationalism is that he does not take race seriously. He says in his first article written from Germany (November 14, 1933):
If one objects that today’s political orientation [in Germany] is unacceptable, that it is founded on false values, that racism is a scientific illusion, and that German exclusivism is a collective megalomania, I would respond: What does it matter, so long as Germany feels well, fresh, and alive under such a regime?
Reducing National Socialism’s appeal to mere emotional power, although that is important, will certainly puzzle progressive racialists and evolutionary humanists.[2] [6] In the same vein, Cioran occasionally expresses sympathy for communism, because of that ideology’s ability to inspire belief. There is something irresponsible in all this. And yet, living in an order of rot and incoherence, we can only share in Cioran’s hope: “We have no other mission than to work for the intensification of the process of fatal collapse” (51).
One wonders how Cioran’s disenchantment with Hitlerian Germany occurred. The fact that he wrote his conversion note [7]On France [7] in 1941, before the major reversals for the Axis, is certainly intriguing.
Cioran’s comments on Romania’s ineptitude are striking and sadly well in line with the current state of the Balkans. Cioran hailed from Transylvania, which though having a Romanian majority, had significant Saxon and Hungarian minorities and a tradition of Austro-Hungarian government. Cioran contrasts the stolid Saxons with the erratic Romanians, the staid Transylvanian “citizens” with the corrupt “patriots” of the old-Romanian provinces (Wallachia, Moldova). So while he rejected any idea of Romania becoming merely a respectable, prosperous “Switzerland,” Cioran also desired some good old-fashioned (bourgeois?) competence. He indeed calls Transylvania “Romania’s Prussia.”
To this day, besides Bucharest, the wealthier and more functional parts of the country are to be found in Transylvania. In the 2014 presidential elections, there was an eerie overlap [8] between the vote for the liberal-conservative candidate Klaus Iohannes and the historical boundaries of Austria-Hungary.
What I find most stimulating in Cioran is his dialectic between his concerns as a pure intellectual – lucidity, the vanity of things, universal truth – and his recognition of and desire for the intoxicating needs of Life: belief, action in the here-and-now, ruthlessness, and passion. Cioran writes:
The oscillation between preoccupations that could not be further from current events and the need to adopt, within the historical process, an immediate attitude, produces, in the mind of certain contemporary intellectuals, a strange frenzy, a constant irritation, and an exasperating tension. (117)
I was shocked to encounter the following passage and yet the thought had also occurred to me:
In Germany, I began to study Buddhism in order not to be intoxicated or contaminated with Hitlerism. But my meditation on the void brought me to understand, by the contrast, Hitlerism better than did any ideological book. Immediate positivity and the terror of temporal decision, the total lack of transcendence of politics, but especially the bowing before the merciless empire of becoming, all these grow in a dictatorship to the point of exasperation. A suffocating rhythm, alternating with a megalomaniacal breath, gives it a particular psychology. The profile of dictatorship is a monumental chiaroscuro. (233-34)
Nature, ‘red in tooth and claw,’ and the inevitable void: a fertile dialectic, from which we may hope Life with prevail.
Notes
[1] [9] E.g. Cioran observes that fears surrounding Hungary’s ambition to reconquer Transylvania from Romania only existed due to Romania’s own internal political weakness: “[There is an] unacceptable illusion among us according to which foreign relations could compensate for an internal deficiency, whereas in fact the value of these relations depends, at bottom, on our inner strength” (171). A classic Hitlerian point.
[2] [10] Elsewhere, Cioran denounces, in the name of a lucid Realpolitik, overdependence on the unreliable alliance with France and sympathy for the “Latin sister nation” Italy, which was then supporting Hungary: “Concerning affinities of blood and race, who knows how many illusions are not hidden in such beliefs?” (172). Certainly, people have often confused linguistic proximity with actual blood kinship.




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Principale figure du non-conformisme européen tant dans les années 1930 qu’après-guerre, Alexandre Marc naît en 1904 à Odessa dans l’Empire russe au sein d’une famille juive. Alexandre-Marc Lipiansky et ses parents fuient la Révolution de 1917 et s’installent à Paris. Étudiant à Iéna en Allemagne, il s’intéresse à la philosophie, puis rentre en France et y suit des cours de droit et de sciences politiques. Il participe aussi à un groupe socialiste libertaire étudiant.
En contact étroit avec la revue réaliste Plans de Philippe Lamour, issue de la « galaxie » Georges Valois et des tentatives maladroites de fascisme à la française, Alexandre Marc se lie d’une part avec le pacifiste allemand francophile Otto Abetz, futur ambassadeur allemand à Paris sous l’Occupation, et, d’autre part, avec la revue nationale-bolchevique Der Gegner (« L’Opposant ») de Harro Schulze-Boysen. Il discute aussi avec Thierry Maulnier de la « Jeune Droite ». Auteur d’essais sur Pierre-Joseph Proudhon et Charles Péguy, Alexandre Marc s’oppose au nom du fédéralisme intégral à l’État-nation et nie la pertinence du clivage politicien gauche – droite.
Comme de nombreux fédéralistes européens après 1945, il refuse l’« Europe forteresse » défendue par Maurice Bardèche et conçoit à l’époque – il sera plus réaliste au soir de sa vie – la fédération européenne comme la dernière étape vers une fédération mondiale, ce qui est proprement impolitique. Ce penseur personnaliste estime dans Fondements du fédéralisme. Destin de l’homme à venir (L’Harmattan, 1997) que « les antagonismes peuvent être féconds (p. 28) ». Soit ! Son fédéralisme ne se cantonne pas à la seule politique; elle a d’évidentes implications socio-économiques. À la fois hostiles au libéralisme, à l’étatisme et au collectivisme, « les fédéralistes, note-t-il, veulent une entreprise réellement libre, composée d’hommes libres, et fonctionnant avec un marché véritablement libéré, c’est-à-dire – pour reprendre […] la terminologie péguyiste – affranchie du joug et de l’Argent-Roi et de l’État-Moloch (p. 143) ». Ainsi propose-t-il la planification économique dans un cadre concurrentiel et l’auto-gestion en entreprise. Il se tait en revanche sur l’intéressement, l’association Capital – Travail et la participation, trois thèmes majeurs du gaullisme qu’Alexandre Marc soupçonnait de « néo-nationalisme » étriqué.
J'avais en mémoire le Charles le Téméraire décrit par Marcel Brion en 1977. Gaston Compère me le décrit sous un autre angle. Un angle que je préfère. Écrit à la première personne du singulier, Je soussigné, Charles le Téméraire, duc de Bourgogne est un roman tout comme Moi, Antoine de Tounens, roi de Patagonie de Jean Raspail est un roman Celui de Gaston Compère est aussi différent de la biographie de Marcel Brion, parue sous le titre Charles le Téméraire, que celui de Jean Raspail l’est de celle de Saint-Loup Le roi blanc des Patagons.Avec Mémoires d’Hadrien, Marguerite Yourcenar avait porté le roman biographique à sa perfection ; avec Je soussigné, Charles le Téméraire, duc de Bourgogne, Gaston Compère fait voler en éclats la biographie romanesque. Né en Wallonie en 1929, cet écrivain s’avère visionnaire. Il investit l’âme du Téméraire, qui n’aimait pas son nom et qui eût préféré celui de Charles le Hardi.
Cela suffit peut-être mais je ne peux m’empêcher de citer ici quelques perles qui font à la fois comprendre l’esprit qui anima Charles le Téméraire et l’immense talent de Gaston Compère.





4) Abordons maintenant votre nouvel ouvrage Wewelsburg, histoire d’un nouveau Montsalvat. Celui-ci retrace l’histoire de ce lieu énigmatique pour beaucoup, fantasmé par certains. Que fut en réalité Wewelsburg ?

Son biographe, Robert Belot, rapporte dans Henri Frenay. De la Résistance à l’Europe (Le Seuil, coll. « L’Univers historique », 2002) un échange capital entre De Gaulle et Frenay à Alger. « L’erreur capitale, le péché mortel devant l’Histoire serait de restaurer ces États dans la plénitude d’une illusoire souveraineté. Le libre droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes, étant donné la mosaïque de peuples qui constitue le continent européen, doit être considéré comme l’une des causes principales de la guerre actuelle. […] La souveraineté n’est d’ailleurs pas une fin mais un moyen. Elle est le moyen de protéger les valeurs morales éternelles auxquelles un pays est attaché. Or à l’époque actuelle, la souveraineté se définit non seulement par une indépendance politique et militaire, mais encore par l’indépendance économique sans laquelle les autres formes d’indépendance ne sont qu’un leurre dangereux ». Le chancelier autrichien Metternich ne disait pas autre chose…






D’emblée, l’auteur veut répondre à cette question : qu’est-ce que le fascisme ? En effet, avant toute tentative d’explication, il convient de toujours définir correctement son sujet d’étude. Voici ce que nous pouvons lire dès les premières lignes : « Cette question a hanté les contemporains et continue d’alimenter les interrogations comme les recherches des historiens. Depuis son apparition en 1919, le fascisme entretient un impénétrable mystère sur sa véritable nature. »
Comme chacun sait, Mussolini fut un fervent socialiste et surtout un haut cadre du Parti socialiste italien. Ce qu’on sait moins : « Mussolini fut fasciné par Nietzsche et Sorel, ardents zélateurs d’un pétrissage de l’âme humaine, mais aussi par les théories de Darwin. Dans sa jeunesse, Mussolini était un lecteur attentif de l’œuvre du savant anglais, et comme bon nombre de marxistes, il intégrait la lutte des classes dans le combat général pour l’existence au sein des espèces et la marche du progrès. Le darwinisme social faisait ainsi le lien entre la philosophie des Lumières qui coupa l’homme de sa création divine et les théories racistes auxquelles le fascisme n’échappera pas. »




From this period until his definitive move to France (1941), Cioran would constantly ideologize his discourse, fight against pacifism as well as skepticism, and promote the fanaticization of the masses and the resort to violence in order to destroy critical thought – convinced of having discovered in Hitlerism a model dictatorship to be urgently imported into his own country. He also sought – with force, lyricism, and aggressiveness – to put before his compatriots the following choice: a mission or despair; the birth of a history or rotting in time’s ash-heap; the transfiguring leap or death . . . He wrote in the February 4, 1934 columns of Vremea:




Au total, 691 soldats ont été tués par la PIRA (dont 197 UDR) et 6 par les loyalistes protestants. De leurs côté, les militaires ont abattus 121 PIRA, 10 loyalistes et 170 civils. La PIRA a tué 1457 civils dont, par règlements de compte, 162 autres « républicains » (c’est-à-dire plus que l’armée), et 28 loyalistes. Ces derniers ont tués 1071 civils. 

« Les premières années de sa carrière de dessinateur, Hergé doit tout à son patron, sauf son talent bien entendu. Le directeur Wallez lui offrit des opportunités et le mentor Wallez lui prodigua de précieux conseils et d’indispensables encouragements. L’abbé le prit sous son aile et lui apprit qu’il devait être plus exigeant envers lui-même, qu’il devait davantage travailler à son développement spirituel, tenter de répondre à des normes morales toujours plus rigoureuses, mettre la barre toujours plus haut. C’est lui qui incita Hergé à inventer lui-même une histoire et à ne plus illustrer les idées des autres. Il l’encouragea à créer un petit personnage qui serait un exemple pour les jeunes lecteurs du journal. On peut dire que Wallez a été, avec Hergé, à l’origine de Tintin. Il est de notoriété publique que c’est lui, et non le dessinateur, qui a décidé d’envoyer le sympathique petit reporter successivement au pays des Soviets et au Congo, tout d’abord pour mettre les jeunes en garde contre les dangers du bolchévisme et ensuite pour leur montrer le formidable travail accompli par les missionnaires belges dans la colonie. Mais Wallez fit encore bien plus. Il fut le premier “agent littéraire” de Hergé et parvint à vendre les aventures de Tintin à l’étranger, plus précisément à l’hebdomadaire français Cœurs Vaillants dirigé par l’abbé Gaston Courtois, avec qui il était lié d’amitié et partageait les mêmes opinions conservatrices ».
Le jeune Léon Degrelle publie des articles au sein du Vingtième Siècle sur les taudis, puis sur la situation des Cristeros, les paysans catholiques mexicains se soulevant contre le gouvernement anticatholique. Degrelle est appelé ensuite à exercer des fonctions ailleurs.
Le professeur Petri (photo), qui a assisté au discours de l’abbé Wallez, attend ce dernier à la sortie de la salle et le félicite pour « […] son élévation, sa vigueur et la nouveauté de plusieurs de ses aperçus ».
Le 28 février 1948, Wallez comparaît en appel. La peine est alourdie d’un an de prison supplémentaire. Il retourne à la maison de repos. Le dimanche 25 avril, il y est arrêté et ensuite emprisonné. Il est finalement relâché pour raison de santé, admis dans un hôpital et opéré.
Hergé, recyclé par la Résistance
En 1889, Fidus reprend les cours réguliers qu’il s’était promis de suivre à Munich. Il y fait la connaissance de Wilhelm Hübbe-Schleiden, originaire, lui aussi, d’Allemagne du Nord, converti à la théosophie de l’occultiste Madame Blavatsky et partisan d’une politique coloniale allemande. Ce nati de Hambourg était un ami intime de Madame Blavatsky et de son adepte américain Henry Steel Olcott, qui avait fondé aux Etats-Unis une secte théosophique. La religiosité théosophique de Steel Olcott était un mélange obscur de bribes hétéroclites tirées des religions d’Asie et de trucs de prestigiditateur, qui avait pourtant acquis une notoriété internationale. Il faut aussi rappeler que ce cher Henry travaillait accessoirement pour le gouvernement américain. Pour rassembler leurs adeptes allemands, Hübbe-Schleiden édita une revue mensuelle, intitulée Sphinx, dont le graphiste principal fut évidemment le jeune Fidus. Cette collaboration dura trois ans. Influencé par les idées glanées dans la revue, Fidus fit siennes celles d’un « cercle de vie » et d’une « thérapie par la lumière ».
Fidus, lui, quitta Munich pour Berlin, où il travailla pour des revues telles Jugend, Pan et Simplicissimus. Plus tard, il collabora à Kraft und Schönheit et à Die Schönheit. Le regard de Fidus sur la beauté naturelle du corps humain et son style « Art Nouveau », quelque peu édulcoré, firent de lui le graphiste le plus connu d’Allemagne au tournant du siècle.





Such an apology and a reform (or series of reforms) the real revolutionaries mightily feared. Never had they actually sought reform of French society, whatever their claims and protestations. Instead, from the moment they began the revolution in 1789, they wanted to destroy and overturn all that opposed them and to do so utterly and completely, leaving no remnant and no possible opposition. To destroy as violently and wholly as possible, they needed to make a caricature of the aristocrat and the monarch. They needed to take the particular evils of each and make the average person believe them the universal and norm of each. Rather than examining the human condition, the true revolutionaries exaggerated its faults as manifested in the elites of society. They, Burke claimed in true Aristotelian and Thomistic fashion, redefined the thing, claiming its accidents to be its essence. Being revolutionaries, they could not create, they could only mock and pervert. Though the revolutionaries claimed to hate the violence and errors of the aristocracy, they submitted themselves to the very same evils, creating excuses for their own sins, as if necessary to expiate all of those of the past.
" Malgré les nombreuses études qui lui ont été consacrées, une période cruciale de la vie de Julius Evola restait encore dans l’ombre, d’autant plus que l’intéressé, discret jusqu’à la réticence au sujet de lui-même, en avait très peu parlé : les années 1943-1951, qui furent celles de l’attitude à adopter face à la grande crise du régime fasciste et à la fondation de la République sociale italienne (rsi), puis de l’accident survenu à Vienne début 1945 qui le laissa paralysé des membres inférieurs, du véritable « chemin de croix » médical qui suivit entre l’Autriche, la Hongrie et l’Italie, enfin du retour définitif à Rome au printemps de 1951.
It’s not difficult to understand why, however, given that for a long time, Traditionalists have been operating under the guise of being purely concerned with religion and mysticism, remaining silent about the fact that Traditionalism in its complete form is one of the most – if not the most – reactionary current of thought that exists in the postmodern world. This is of course a consequence of the fact that most Traditionalist thinkers today have opted for the safety of academic careers (something which Evola noted already in the 1950s and for which he expressed his contempt), and thus want to avoid being called fascists. Their cover has been somewhat blown, however, as a result of Steve Bannon’s claim that Guénon was a crucial influence on him, which has in turn led to some superficial and ill-informed propaganda from journalists using Traditionalism as a branding iron with which to mark both Bannon and Trump (by association) as fascists, by bringing attention to the connection between Evola and Guénon. (And Evola had the audacity to call himself a “superfascist,” so by the logic of the average half-witted journalist of today, that makes Bannon and Trump really fascist!) It remains to be seen what the long-term consequences of this will be in terms of Traditionalism’s reception in the mainstream, although I’ve noticed that it’s become harder to find Evola and Guénon’s books on bookstore shelves these days. It may have the beneficial effect of forcing Traditionalists out of the realm of pure scholasticism and into putting their beliefs into practice, if academia ultimately becomes a hostile environment for them – which it inevitably will, if present trends continue. Time will tell.



Ook de transportcorridor door Pakistan heeft met dergelijke destabilisaties te kampen. In deze regio strekken veel bevolkingsgroepen zich uit over de grens tussen Afghanistan en Pakistan, zodat instabiliteit in Afghanistan ook uitstraalt naar Pakistaanse regio’s.
Nog groter is het potentieel van de zogeheten
De Noordoostelijke Doorvaart biedt dus veel voordelen ten opzichte van de nu gangbare route. Het gebied rond het Suez-kanaal is momenteel immers bepaald instabiel. De Straat van Bab el Mandeb, die vanuit de Golf van Aden toegang geeft tot de Rode Zee en het Suezkanaal, ligt immers tussen Jemen enerzijds en Eritrea/Djibouti anderzijds. In Jemen voert een Arabische coalitie onder leiding van Saoedi-Arabië en met ondersteuning van de VS, het Verenigd Koninkrijk en Frankrijk een 


Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus