Jünger saw in the figure of the Arbeiter the central category around which the modern world, subjected to the planetary domination of technology, was called to organize itself, in “total mobilization” though and in labor. More precisely, a response adapted to the rise of nihilism in the modern era could be deployed through the technological mobilization of the world. With it, he salutes the advent of a new figure of man, modeled on the Nietzschean superman.
Among the adepts of Marxist ideology, very few have analyzed the thought of those they call “pre-fascist”, or outright “fascist”, including Ernst Jünger, who would evidently be one of the figureheads. Armin Steil is one of the rare Marxist ideologues who has analyzed the paths of Georges Sorel, Carl Schmitt, and Ernst Jünger with pertinence, depth, and especially clarity in his work Die imaginäre Revolte : Untersuchungen zur faschistischen Ideologie und ihrer theoretischen Vorbereitung bei Georges Sorel, Carl Schmitt und Ernst Jünger (The Imaginary Revolt: Inquiries on Fascist Ideology and its Preparation with Georges Sorel, Carl Schmitt, and Ernst Jünger).
Focusing on Der Arbeiter, Steil notes that Jünger’s logic, starting from his “fascism” or more precisely his “revolutionary conservatism,” is not a theoretical logic, a constructed logic, based on the observation of causes and effects, but a metaphorical, poetic, imagistic logic and language. Facing a chaotic socio-economic and political reality, facing the crisis of German society and culture, Jünger wanted to master its perverse effects, its dysfunctions through aesthetics: so his “fascism,” his “revolutionary conservatism,” would essentially be aesthetic in nature, contrary to Marxism, which molds itself on material realities and resolves crises by operating on socio-economic matters themselves, without idealist recourse, without recourse to transcendence or to an aesthetic. Steil very justly concludes: “The book [Der Arbeiter] wants to teach [men] to have a sovereign attitude in the face of social attitudes.” Cold, dispassionate, microscopic observation thus forms the “magic key” that would permit an elite to master the crises, to put an end to chaos and the corrosive disparities that hinder the proper functioning of societies that are subject to them.
To be Hyper-Perceptive Eyes
The willing spirits that thus desire “to take the bull by the horns,” to act on the political terrain, to fight against crises and their effects, should not bind themselves to building a mechanical system of ready made ideas that perfectly match and fit together, but should be hyper-perceptive “eyes,” capable of describing the phenomena of everyday life: what Jünger calls the “physiognomic method.” It allows one to see the essence of a thing in its simple appearance, grasping the unity of essence and appearance, which is the “form” (Gestalt), invisible to all inattentive, distracted observers, not used to wielding the “physiognomic method” with the desired dexterity. All valuable, fruitful phenomena thus bear in themselves a “form,” more or less hidden, a potential force that it captures and puts in the service of a political or historic project. On the other hand, every phenomenon that only appears as “normal” is consequently a phenomenon without further “form”, without “force.” Such a phenomenon would be an early warning sign of decadence, a sign indicating a reshuffling of the cards, forms die, thus obeying a hidden logic, which prepares the advent of new forms, of unbroken forces.
The observation of the phenomena of everyday life, of the details of our daily settings, gives a glimpse of where the fall and death of forms manifest themselves: neon, garish lights, loud and artificial modern cities, are a patent indication of this fading of forces, masked by colors and intensities without real life. Modern traffic in the big cities burdens the pedestrian, the only physical being in this universe of concrete, asphalt, and metal, on the barely tolerated margins are the sidewalks, tracks reserved for the “least speedy.”
The “Arbeiter” uses the “Physiognomic Method”
So the “Arbeiter” is the figure that makes use of the “physiognomic method,” observes, deciphers, plunges into this universe of artifice to seek buried forces, in order to mobilize them for a purely imagined project, “Utopian” in the Marxian and Engelsian sense of the term, Steil explains. This recourse to the imaginary, as the Marxist Steil explains, proceeds from a logic of doubt, which aims to give meaning to that which does not have it, at any cost. It aims to convince us that behind the phenomena of decline, of de-vitalization, an “Order” and laws emerge, which are avatars of the one God refused by the advocates of historical materialism. This “Order”, this Gestalt, this “form”, integrates the infinite diversity of observations posed by people, but it is not, like in the case of historical materialism, a reflection of social relations, but rather a total vision, intuitive, going directly to the essence, that is to say the original form. It is not the objective and positive enumeration of causes and effects that allows one to decide and act, but, on the contrary, a piercing look what allows one to see and grasp the world as the theater where forms confront or cooperate with each other.
The “Arbeiter” is precisely the one who possesses such a “piercing look”, and who replaces the bourgeois, who reasons strictly in simple cause and effect. Steil notes the gap between this vision of the “Arbeiter” and the Marxist and empirical vision of the “Proletarian”: the figure forged by Jünger places himself high above socio-economic contingencies; while the proletarian conscious of his dereliction operates at the heart of these contingencies, without taking any distance, without detachment. The “high flight” of the Arbeiter, his aquiline perspective, gives him a mask: metallic or cosmetic, the gas mask of the combatant, the drivers helmet with the men, makeup with the women. Individual traits disappear behind these masks, as should individual human, all too human, imperfections disappear. The figures of the Arbeiter are certainly imaginary figures, excessively idealized, de-individualized and examined: they act like Prussian soldiers in the Frederician era of practice. Following their leaders, these lesser (but nevertheless necessary) avatars of the Arbeiter and the Prussian soldiers from the “war in lace” [Translator’s note: referring to the ornate uniforms worn by soldiers of the 17th and 18th century] certainly lose the imperfections of their individuality, but also abandon their doubts and disorientation: rules and Order are safety anchors offered by the new elite community of “Arbeiters,” virtuosi of the “physiognomic method.”
The Apparent Independence of the Proletarian
Steil protests that Order, as an imaginary projection, and the “physiognomic method” are instruments against the empirical and Marxist notion of “class struggle,” before clearly giving Jünger’s version: to leave the laborer, the worker, in the grasp of socio-economic contingencies is to leave him in a world entirely determined by the bourgeoisie, arising from the bourgeoisie and ultimately controlled by the bourgeoisie. By occupying a designated place in the bourgeois order, the worker only enjoys an apparent independence, he has no autonomy. Every attack launched against the bourgeois order from this apparent position is also only apparent, destined to be recollected and reinforce the establishment. “Theoretically, every move takes place in the context of an outdated social and human utopia; practically, each brings to dominion, time and again, the figure of the clever business man, whose art consists in bargaining and mediating,” writes Jünger. For Steil, this definition radicalizes the Sorelian vision of socialism, which desires to transform politics into pure means, without a limiting objective, inscribed in contingencies.
To Restore “Auratic” Work
A Marxist will see, in this idealism and in this purification of politics as pure means, an eliminations of politics, a will to put an end to the destructive violence of politics, which is only, in the Marxist view, “class struggle.” But technology operates to sweep away the dead forms in order to establish new forms following a planetary confrontation of extant forms, still endowed with more or less intact forces. So technology destroys residual or obsolete forms, it makes the permanent war of forms planetary and gigantic, but the “Arbeiter,” by coldly instrumentalizing the “physiognomic method,” gives a final form to technology (a desire that is never realized!). This final form will be artistic and the beauty emerging from it will have a magic and “sacral” function, like in so-called “primitive” societies. The restoration of these forms, writes Steil, will be achieved through the restoration of “auratic” work, eclipsed by technological standardization. The Aura, the impalpable expression of form, of the essence of represented phenomenon, restores the sacred dimension, proclaims the return of the cult of beauty, by qualitative replacement of the dead religiosity from the bourgeois era.
“Heroic realism,” the foundation of the new socio-political Order, will be carried by a dominant caste simultaneously exercising three functions: that of retainer of knowledge, that of new warrior forged during the battles of material in the Great War, and that of producer of a new aesthetic, a medium integrating social differences.
Armin Steil, in his Marxist critique of the “pre-fascism” of Sorel, Jünger and Schmitt, clearly lays out the essence of a work as capital as Der Arbeiter, where the mania for fabricating systems is refused in favor of great idealist affirmations, disengaged from the overly heavy contingencies of bourgeois society and proletarian misery. The Jüngerian path, in this view, appears as a disengagement from the yoke of the concrete, as a haughty retreat ultimately leading to a total but external domination of this concreteness. But in the piercing look, demanded by the physiognomic method, is there not, on the contrary, an instrument to penetrate concreteness, much more subtle than simple surface considerations of phenomena?
Reference: : Armin STEIL, Die imaginäre Revolte. Untersuchungen zur faschistischen Ideologie und ihrer theoretischen Vorbereitung bei Georges Sorel, Carl Schmitt und Ernst Jünger, Verlag Arbeiterbewegung und Gesellschaftswissenschaft, Marburg, 1984
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Su molti dei nomi studiati da Colombo grava ancora una damnatio memoriae non scalfita dal tempo, su altri il pregiudizio è caduto lasciando spazio ad analisi più riflessive e distaccate. Del resto, come avverte l’autore, gli stessi intellettuali che avevano creduto nel sogno nazionalrivoluzionario di Hitler e Mussolini scelsero destini diversi nel dopoguerra: “C’è chi fuggirà da quel sogno diventato incubo, e tenterà di nascondere per tutta la vita le sue simpatie giovanili, come Lorenz. Chi invece, come Evola, non rinuncerà alle sue idee neanche dopo il 1945… Pound, infine, negli anni della vecchiaia si chiuderà in un mutismo enigmatico. Un tempus tacendi che segnerà la fine definitiva del tragico sogno“.
Ce qui fut écrit en ouverture du n° 300 (septembre 2008) pourrait être repris ici. Entre autres la crainte de l’autocélébration, toujours un peu ridicule. Mais si on ne fête pas ce n° 400, qui le fera ? Soyons néanmoins lucides : le seul titre de gloire du BC est d’être l’unique mensuel consacré à un écrivain. Pas de quoi pavoiser pour autant. Ce modeste Bulletin ne se targue pas d’être une publication scientifique même s’il publie régulièrement des articles de fond. Son responsable n’est ni un exégète ni un chercheur reconnu par ses pairs, juste un publiciste célinien auquel on peut tout au plus reconnaître une certaine constance.Si, selon la formule consacrée, l’important c’est de durer, ce Bulletin aura gagné son pari. Fondé en 1981, année du 20e anniversaire de la mort de Céline, il atteindra bientôt sa trente-septième année de parution. Pas si mal pour un périodique dont un céliniste, aujourd’hui disparu, prédisait une existence éphémère.
, which is loosely based on the novel. A few of the novel’s characters and dramatic situations, as well as bits of dialogue, found their way into Blade Runner, often shorn of the context in which they made sense. But the movie and novel dramatically diverge on the fundamental question of what makes human beings different from androids, and in terms of the “myths” that provide the deep structure of their stories. 
In Blade Runner, what separates androids from humans is their lack of memories, whereas in the novel it is their lack of empathy. In the novel, the underlying myth is the passion of the Christ, specifically his persecution at the hands of the Jews (both the Jews who called for his death and their present-day descendants, who continue to mock him and his followers). In Blade Runner, however, it is the rebellion of Satan against God—and this time, Satan wins by murdering God. (I will deal with Blade Runner at greater length in 
One of the most surreal episodes in the novel ensues when Rick Deckard interviews android soprano Luba Luft in her dressing room at San Francisco’s War Memorial Opera House. (In the down-market Blade Runner, she is Zhora, the stripper with the snake.) Before Deckard can complete his interview and “retire” her, Luft turns the tables by calling the police.
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O germanista norte-americano Anton H. Richter, em seu trabalho sobre o pensamento de Friedrich-Georg Jünger, ressalta quatro temas essenciais em nosso autor: a antiguidade clássica, a essência cíclica da existência, a técnica e o poder de o irracional. Em seus escritos sobre antiguidade grega, Friedrich-Georg Jünger reflete sobre a dicotomia dionisíaca/titânica. Como dionisismo, abrange o apolíneo e o pânico, numa frente unida de forças organizacionais intactas contra as distorções, a fragmentação e a unidimensionalidade do titanismo e do mecanicismo de nossos tempos. A atenção de Friedrich-Georg Jünger centra-se essencialmente nos elementos ctônicos e orgânicos da antiguidade clássica. Desta perspectiva, os motivos recorrentes de seus poemas são a luz, o fogo e a água, forças elementares às quais ele homenageia profundamente. Friedrich-Georg Jünger zomba da razão calculadora, da sua ineficiência fundamental exaltando, em contraste, o poder do vinho, da exuberância do festivo, do sublime que se aninha na dança e nas forças carnavalescas. A verdadeira compreensão da realidade é alcançada pela intuição das forças, dos poderes da natureza, do ctônico, do biológico, do somático e do sangue, que são armas muito mais efetivas do que a razão, que o verbo plano e unidimensional, desmembrado, purgado, decapitado, despojado: de tudo o que torna o homem moderno um ser de esquemas incompletos. Apolo traz a ordem clara e a serenidade imutável; Dionísio traz as forças lúdicas do vinho e das frutas, entendidos como uma dádiva, um êxtase, uma embriaguez reveladora, mas nunca uma inconsciência; Pan, guardião da natureza, traz a fertilidade. Diante desses doadores generosos e desinteressados, os titãs são usurpadores, acumuladores de riqueza, guerreiros cruéis e antiéticos que enfrentam os deuses da profusão e da abundância que às vezes conseguem matá-los, lacerando seus corpos, devorando-os.
A mobilidade absoluta que inaugura a automação total se volta contra tudo tudo que pode significar duração e estabilidade, especificamente contra a propriedade (Eigentum). Friedrich-Georg Jünger, ao meditar sobre essa afirmação, define a propriedade de uma maneira original e particular. A existência de máquinas depende de uma concepção exclusivamente temporal, a existência da propriedade é devida a uma concepção espacial. A propriedade implica limites, definições, cercas, paredes e paredes, "clausuras" em suma. A eliminação dessas delimitações é uma razão de ser para o coletivismo técnico. A propriedade é sinônimo de um campo de ação limitado, circunscrito, fechado em um espaço específico e preciso. Para progredir de forma vetorial, a automação precisa pular os bloqueios da propriedade, um obstáculo para a instalação de seus onipresentes meios de controle, comunicação e conexão. Uma humanidade privada de todas as formas de propriedade não pode escapar da conexão total. O socialismo, na medida em que nega a propriedade, na medida em que rejeita o mundo das "zonas enclausuradas", facilita precisamente a conexão absoluta, que é sinônimo de manipulação absoluta. Segue-se que o proprietário de máquinas não é proprietário; o capitalismo mecanicista mina a ordem das propriedades, caracterizada por duração e estabilidade, em preferência de um dinamismo omnidisolvente. A independência da pessoa é uma impossibilidade nessa conexão aos fatos e ao modo de pensar próprio do instrumentalismo e do organizacionismo técnicos.
S. T. Joshi
¿Quienes provocan esa catástrofe? Expeditiva e incompleta será la respuesta que cite al Gran Guardabosque. En principio, su arquetipo es el del "gran bárbaro". Hombre de guerra, reclutador de la peor canalla, todo le es válido con tal de arrasar y dar satisfacción a sus ambiciones. A las mientes nos vienen Atila, Gengis Khan, Almanzor, Hitler, Stalin... El Gran Guardabosque se va acercando al país dulce, de clima bondadoso, de refinada cultura clásica, de límpidas y gratas costumbres, La Marina. Cuanto se ve desde La Marina parece una síntesis geográfica e histórica. Como en los sueños, desde los Acantilados de Mármol se divisa una condensación de tiempos y paisajes. Se perciben valores y hábitos de tiempos medievales, la persistencia de códigos caballerescos, monacales, campesinos, etc. de aquellos siglos lejanos, en unión onírica con elementos propios de la contemporaneidad (automóviles, por ejemplo). La Marina recuerda la Europa mediterránea y templada, el entorno de países con fuerte cultura clásica, países de ricos viñedos y tradiciones hermosas. Por el contrario, el Gran Guardabosque representa la zafiedad de quien procede de brumosos y oscuros bosques, prototipo del bárbaro, al que unos climas y territorios poco amables no pueden afectarle de otro modo sino por embrutecimiento. Sin embargo, la figura del Gran Guardabosque es muy compleja en esta obra de Jünger. No es el "bruto", no carece de cierta grandeza, pese a que su acción sobre la Civilización será nefasta. Los personajes que de todo punto repugnan son los que les siguen, aquellos a quienes sus tropas reclutan y movilizan. La canalla, la hez, aquellos que conforman –en toda civilización o comunidad gastada- la Oclocracia. Tras Aristóteles, las descripciones spenglerianas de la Oclocracia nos parecen aquí fundamentales.
Pero nuestro libro muestra precisamente que las “condiciones ordinarias” ya no se darán más. El mundo que rodeaba La Marina no desconocía las guerras, la muerte, los códigos de honor, de heroismo y sangre. De hecho, en la Marina todo se experimenta: la paz, el amor, la ciencia y la guerra. Todo se vive de forma absoluta como si se presentara en oníricas condensaciones. Así vivimos en los sueños, mezclando pasado, presente y futuro, reuniendo a vivos y muertos. Edad antigua, edad media, renacimiento y el más puro siglo XX, todo coexiste en la novela. 
Las personas más civilizadas pueden tener por seguro que en su propio hogar, en su misma caverna, compartiendo la olla y el lecho, hay también una naturaleza salvaje, una semilla de la ancestral barbarie. Más aún, en esas selvas de cemento y hormigón, que se llaman ciudades, anidan las condiciones perfectas de un retroceso, como supieron ver otras grandes mentes de la generación de Jünger; así es el caso de Oswald Spengler. Justamente cuando envejece una civilización y el alma de los hombres se reseca, en la misma fase en que los grandes valores que la vivifican quedan angostados, entonces sucede que el fondo más primitivo y salvaje pase a un primer plano. Ese fondo es el de Lampusa, la caverna y la cocinera del héroe y del sabio. El salvajismo del hombre de la era técnica y de la gran urbe, nos tememos, es de una peor especie que del “primitivo natural”. No proviene de una ingenuidad y de una múltiple vía para recorrer posibilidades y actualizarlas, sino precisamente procede de la muerte y desecación de importantes regiones del alma humana, proviene de una degeneración. La cabaña de Köppelsbleek, con sus calaveras y manos clavadas absurdamente, y los instrumentos para desollar cuerpos humanos a la vista, representa el retroceso demasiado fácil en que la Civilización puede incurrir. Las hogueras en los bosques, las cabañas, granjas, graneros, en fin, la destrucción de los esfuerzos humanos por civilizar el mundo, por cultivar, son prueba irrefutable de cuán fácilmente la destrucción se adueña de todo, y el caos siempre está del lado de los elementos más retardatarios de la Civilización.
El veterano “mauritano” y el príncipe, en su visita a la Ermita representan esa necesidad de conservar el honor, la identidad, la tradición. El príncipe, un joven viejo, lleva en su sangre azul el instinto de repeler al Caos, de plantar batalla a ese Poder entrópico. Ser digno de nuestros mayores, ponerse a la altura de las glorias pasadas... Esto puede ayudar, pero nunca será lo bastante para la nueva situación de emergencia. El príncipe representa un pasado, una aristocracia que se despide y cuya sangre está diluída, ejerciendo un papel en la historia que acabará en irrelevancia. Todavía puede concitar focos de resistencia, pues esa sangre es sabedora de las viejas luchas. El instinto dirá, en nuestro caso hispano, cuándo hay que resucitar el ardor de Covadonga o de Las Navas de Tolosa, el empuje de la Reconquista o de los Tercios, pero no nos será dable recuperar un pasado, aun cuando fuese éste de lo más glorioso. Pues los desafíos nuevos exigen algo más, mucho más que retomar modelos del pasado. El Enemigo de nuestra Civilización no es fácilmente visible tras de una frontera (“hay moros en la costa”) o una bandera. El Enemigo, en tanto que alteridad irreductible y conjunto de valores inasimilables en nuestra Civilización, ha tomado posiciones de índole estructural. La estrategia del caos de éste Gran Guardabosque ha consistido en contar con algo más que “invasiones” físicas y amenazas armadas. Es una estrategia de confusionismo ideológico. Todos los pilares axiológicos de Europa van siendo dinamitados uno a uno, ante una indiferencia general o un aplauso orquestado desde las “ideologías”. Hoy en día, liberales o marxistas, socialdemócratas o conservadores, hoy en día todos aplauden orquestadamente en medio de un silencio de corderos. Los ideólogos difunden ideologías y supersticiones, llámense “democracia” o “derechos humanos”, por encima de las pequeñas diferencias de detalle en cuanto a programas de gobierno o reformas económico-políticas, matices en el estilo o verborrea doctrinaria. El príncipe ya no puede mover a una clase caballeresca que enarbole la bandera de la buena “tradición”. Apenas un puñado frente al griterío de masas barbarizadas. Los programas aristocráticos de un Spengler o de un Jünger, su “socialismo” nacionalista, su conservadurismo no reaccionario nada tenían que ver con la movilización parda o roja de masas intoxicadas. La verdadera sangre azul que pudiera hacer frente a la muchedumbre parda y roja, eran cuatro gotas ya impotentes en la República de Weimar. Y otro tanto se diga del arquetipo del veterano militar “mauritano”. Los “mauritanos”, orden militar, podrán nutrir siempre a ese conjunto de fuerzas que son el brazo del nacionalista, de quien desea proteger a su patria de los enemigos externos o internos. Pero estos hombres duros, curtidos, gente de armas que llevan siempre afiladas para la ocasión bien pueden errar y pasarse a las filas del Caos, contribuir al Caos mismo. También se observa que aquellos que se presentan como protectores, y que han sido designados para tal función, se agazapan esperando el cambio de poder y su adaptación a los nuevos tiempos. Tal es el destino de las manzanas podridas: se convierten en el cobijo de toda clase de gusanos.
No se trata de una ciencia entendida como “fuerza productiva”. No se trata de esa tecnología que hoy impera, completamente desconectada de la admiración. La verdadera ciencia y la filosofía se identificaban en los clásicos griegos y en los escolásticos medievales. La curiosidad innata e insaciable del hombre entonces no debía quedar presa de afanes mezquinos, afanes de “tendero”. La curiosidad del sabio, al igual que el honor del guerrero, no “sirven para nada” salvo para justificar la Civilización misma. Nada menos. Las cosas más nobles –arte, ciencia, filosofía, - no sirven para nada porque su función consiste en dar fundamento a la existencia. Y una existencia dotada de fundamento es una existencia verdaderamente humana, civilizada, feliz.
