Listen, there’s a poem, it speaks in the voice of England’s past like a flame beyond the language of the living. It’s more than a thousand years old and yet it still speaks to us. It’s called Beowulf.
–Michael Wood, Professor of Public History at the University of Manchester
Long before I learned how to read it in its original form, I understood that the Beowulf manuscript was the foundational text of my people: a sort of Nordic Summa Theologica, and a glimpse of what a northern Homer might have produced. It is an epic oral tale of a Swedish hero which, ironically, defines what it means to be English. It is also a quintessentially Anglo-Saxon work of Germanic origin, spoken by warriors with swords gripped firmly in their hands as they sailed up the east-coast estuaries. Their scops stood to recite the poem before war bands who had their minds set on forging a nation:
Yes, we have heard of the glory of the Spear-Danes’ kings in the old days
How the princes of that people did brave deeds.
Often Scyld Scefing took mead-benches away from enemy bands
From many tribes, terrified their nobles – after he was first found helpless.
He lived to find comfort for that
Became great under the skies
Prospered in honors until every one of those who lived about him
Across the whale-road, had to obey him, pay him tribute
That was a good king
Those dry vellum pages of the Beowulf manuscript – which only narrowly survived a devastating fire in Ashburnham House in 1731 – have provided a scintillating word-hoard that has dramatically impacted our indigenous British culture, society, and language. Of this, Merton Professor of Anglo-Saxon J. R. R. Tolkien once wrote, in “Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics”:
The significance of a myth is not easily to be pinned on paper by analytical reasoning. It is at its best when it is presented by a poet who feels rather than makes explicit what his theme portends – who presents it incarnate in the world of history and geography, as our poet has done.
These expressions are as familiar to us today as the shadows we cast when we stroll our village lanes around Rendlesham in Suffolk, the home to the Wuffinga royal line. They are our ancestral stories, such as the Battle of Brunanburh in 937, perfectly encapsulating the notion of the arrival myth:
Since the Angles and the Saxons
Came up over the broad waves

It is literally our nation’s most precious relic, relating events of war, vengeance, and battling monsters in late fifth-century Scandinavia. Nevertheless, both its author and the location of its final composition are unknown. Scholars have speculated that it has East Anglian pagan roots, linking it to King Raedwald and Sutton Hoo. Others guess that its Christian overlay was added many centuries later, when it was copied into the Late West Saxon dialect in the scriptorium at Malmesbury.
The work’s descriptions of Anglo-Saxon material culture – ships, rich burials, inscribed swords, elaborately-decorated royal halls – and our ancient customs still resonate today:
Hrothgar presented Beowulf with a gold standard as a victory gift
An embroidered banner, also a breast plate
And a helmet and a sword carried high,
That was both precious object and a token of honor
Kingship was revered in those days, and the people’s trust and tribal loyalty had to be earned. This is symbolized in the poem by the Danish King Hrothgar’s establishment of Heorot:
Now it came into his mind
That he would command the construction of a huge mead hall
A home greater than Middle-earth had ever heard of
And share the gifts god had bestowed upon him with young and old,
There was music of the harp and sweet minstrels singing
Perfect in telling of the remote first making of the race of man
One way for a war-leader to earn such recognition was through acts of valor, an opportunity afforded to Beowulf when Heorot is assailed by a fen-dwelling creature called Grendel:
Gliding through the shadows the walker in the night,
The warriors slept all but one and this man kept an unblinking watch
Waiting pent heart swelling with anger against his foe,
And from off the misty moorlands eerie fells came Grendel stalking
He moved through the dark and saw with perfect clearness the gold plated hall
The mead drinking place of men
The door gave way at the touch of his hands
Raging flames wreckage bent he tore the hall’s jaws
Angrily advancing, from his eyes shot a light,
Before the wall he saw a host of young warriors
And in his heart he exulted, the horrid monster
All his hopes swelling for a glutinous meal,
As a first step he set his greedy hands on a sleeping soldier
He tore him and gnashed at his bone joints bolted huge gobbets
Sucked at his veins and soon had eaten the man down to his fingers and feet,
Then he moved forward to seize our warrior Beowulf,
Stretched out for him with his spite filled fist
But the faster man forestalling rose up on his arm and gripped that sickening hand,
Hateful to each was the breath of the other,
Gripping the giant shoulder frame
Shoulder muscles praised apart
A snapping of tendons, bone-locks burst,
The arm of the demon was severed from his side
And Grendel flew death-sick to his joyless den
Where he knew the end of his life was in sight,
Beowulf had cleansed Heorot
Saved the hall from persecution
And as a signal to all, the hero hung the hand, the arm torn off shoulder
The entire limb, Grendel’s whole grip beneath the soaring roof!
He then follows this up by killing Grendel’s malice-filled mother as well:
Then he saw among the armor on the wall
A great sword from former days,
This wonder was so enormous that no other man
would be equal to bear it in battle play,
The Geat champion shaking now with war rage
Caught it by the rich hilt and careless of his life
Brandished it in circles and brought it down
And thrust it into the neck,
The blade sheared through to the backbone
The sword was gory, he was glad at the deed
Beowulf’s actions bring him fame and glory amongst his own people. This set an example for the Anglo-Saxons, whose own royal houses claimed direct descent from the Danes, Geats, and Swedes such as King Hygelac, who the poem mentions as being one of Beowulf’s relatives, and who we know from other sources lived at the time the oral story is believed to have first been told.
Men and women would have listened intently to the beautifully lyrical evocation of their imagined past as they sat transfixed next to crackling hearth-fires. They would have felt the terror and excitement of their hero’s daring adventures, all the while learning what leadership and manhood really meant through the myth-making fable. The war captain and Bear-Warrior rallies his kinfolk and secures them from external threats, defending his realm in the face of mysterious beasts, which are really cyphers for much deeper psychological fears such as societal fracture, the breakdown of tradition, and the instinctive dread of the unknown other. The poem likewise explores themes of passing time, loss, and the inherent glamor and dangers of masculine societies.

The manuscript, which is the longest extant poem written in Old English, is kept in the Cotton Vitellius archive. It had first resurfaced during the Elizabethan period in the collections of antiquaries, and was translated into modern English by John Richard Kemble in 1837. Although it was always recognized as a classic of English literature, many scholars at first thought it to be too digressive and confusing. Itwas eventually championed during the Victorian era, when the vogue for all things Anglo-Saxon was at its zenith, due in part to the ethos of the British Empire’s administration attempting to rationalize their success at colonizing most of the known world by explaining their own uniqueness, both to themselves and their subjects.
The poem frequently references German legends that would have been known to its audience, but which are lost to us today. Exceptions are the allusions to Heremod, Finn, Offa, and Eormenric, and a poet at Hrothgar’s court praising Beowulf following his defeat of Grendel and his mother by comparing him to Sigemund. The story opening with reminiscences of Scyld Scefing, the father of Danish and English kings, and explaining how he “was a good King.” This is the key philosophical point underlying the whole poem: It is an exploration of kingship, condemning bad rulers who oppress their people by putting their own interests first while praising those who are generous and prudent, and who take the time to make considered judgments. It is a cogent thesis on power and how it is used in different ways – physical strength, mental determination, and political acumen – and recognizes how each can be used to either good or bad effect, as well as how power and influence grows and withers with time. It likewise acknowledges that despite the fact Beowulf has the strength of thirty men, nature, the seasons, and death will inevitably overcome such transient successes – and power, like the sea, will inevitably overwhelm a low sandy coastline.
This creates a poignancy that is even more effective when one considers that although the final written version is aimed at the sensibilities of a rapidly Christianizing community, and that it speaks of an all-powerful singular God – “God, the guardian of glory, may ever work wonder after wonder” – it was a God whose East Anglian, Northumbrian, and West Saxon armies, made up of recent converts to Christ, were thwarted by the pagan Penda in a number of bitter engagements in the mid-seventh century. Penda’s victorious Mercian men seized a bishop’s headdress, a portable shrine or reliquary, a golden garnet-encrusted cross, helmets, over one hundred fifty swords, and seax fighting knives. One piece bears the very telling inscription: “Rise up, LORD, and let thy enemies be scattered; and let them hate thee before they flee.” This indicates that it was used as a battle talisman during the internecine fighting between the rival early Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. All of these were disfigured as war-booty and buried as offerings to Penda’s ancient gods, only to be discovered in Lichfield fourteen hundred years later as part of what has now become known as the Staffordshire Hoard.
This was find so emblematic of our nation’s birth that it has breathed fresh life into the study of a period that has lain dormant for far too long; a six-hundred-year epoch that solidified an identity that still stands strong. It reiterates the importance of a poem in which Beowulf dies, and is commemorated by pre-Christian rites. His afterlife is forever dependent upon his memory being upheld by the traditions of his people:
A boat with a ringed neck rode in the haven
And there laid out their Lord and Master, the giver of gold
In the waist of the ship in majesty below the mast,
A mound of vast treasures from far countries was fetched aboard her
And it is said that no boat was ever more bravely fitted out
With the weapons of a warrior
Military accoutrement, swords and body armor,
High overhead they hoisted and fixed a gold signum
Gave him to the flood and let the seas take him . . .
This is why it is so important for our children to peer into the tunnel entrance of Wayland’s Smithy in Oxfordshire and to walk the footpaths between the great mounds at Sutton Hoo. Therein lies a lesson for us all, for the perpetuation of our folk-memory in poems, chants, and incantations is as important as the preservation of the blood of our race:
Then the people of the Weather-Geats built a mound on the promonotory
one that was high and broad, wide-seen by sea-farers
and in ten days completed a monument for the bold in battle
surrounded the remains of the fire with a wall
the most splendid that men most skilled might devise.
In the barrow they placed rings and jewels
All such ornaments as troubled men had taken from the hoard.
They let the earth hold the wealth of earls, gold in the ground
Where now it still dwells, as useless to men as it was before.
Then the brave in battle rode round the mound
Children of nobles, twelve in all
Would bewail their sorrow and mourn their king
Recite dirges and speak of the man.
They praised his great deeds and his acts of courage
Judged well of his prowess.
So it is fitting that man honor his liege lord
Love him in heart when he must be led forth from the body.
Thus the people of the Geats, his hearth-companions
Lamented the death of their lord.
They said that he was of world-kings the mildest of men
And the gentles, kindest to his people
And most eager for fame.




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Sur une batterie de huit questions sur la spiritualité païenne que leur a posée Pierre Vial, deux personnalités consacrées en ce domaine,
Pour sa part,
Halfdan Rekkirsson
Jean-Christophe Mathelin,
Robert Dragan

Dans le monde d’avant 1968, point de photographie du Président de la République française enlacé par deux jeunes hommes noirs, torses nus ; encore moins de plug anal géant défigurant la très distinguée place Vendôme à Paris. Et s’il n’y avait que cela…
Il partage ses activités littéraires entre deux passions :


Jocho Yamamoto a « écrit » le traité Hagakure au début du siècle des Lumières, quand la crise européenne bat son plein. On passe en trente ans de Bossuet à Voltaire, comme a dit Paul Hazard, et cette descente cyclique est universelle, frappant France, Indes, catholicisme, Japon. J’ai beaucoup expliqué cette époque : retrouvez mes textes sur Voltaire ou sur Swift et la fin du christianisme (déjà…). Le monde moderne va se mettre en place. Mais c’est ce japonais qui alors a le mieux, à ma connaissance, décrit cette chute qui allait nous mener où nous en sommes. On pourra lire mes pages sur les 47 rônins (que bafoue Yamamoto !) dans un de mes livres sur le cinéma. Le Japon, comme dit notre génial Kojève, vit en effet une première Fin de l’Histoire avec cette introduction du shogunat et ce déclin des samouraïs, qui n’incarnèrent pas toujours une époque marrante comme on sait non plus. Voyez les films de Kobayashi, Kurosawa, Mizoguchi et surtout de mon préféré et oublié Iroshi Inagaki.
On pourra rappeler de belles analyses sur le roi Lear. On passe au métier de roi, dans la pièce de Shakespeare comme à la cour du roi de France (dixit Macluhan bien sûr au début de sa trop oubliée galaxie). Voyez aussi le Mondain de Voltaire.

« Quand la mémoire des premières races se sentit surchargée, quand le bagage des souvenirs du genre humain devint si lourd et si confus que la parole, nue et volante, risqua d’en perdre en chemin, on les transcrivit sur le sol de la façon la plus visible, la plus durable et la plus naturelle à la fois. On scella chaque tradition sous un monument. » Ainsi Victor Hugo évoque-t-il le premier passage d’une ère d’oralité à un âge où l’architecture devient « le grand livre de l’humanité ». Souvenons-nous cependant de la parole biblique concernant la pierre que les bâtisseurs ont écartée et qui est justement la pierre d’angle. Le risque de « perdre en chemin » un élément essentiel deviendrait-il réalité dès que s’élèvent les premiers menhirs celtiques que l’on retrouve « dans la Sibérie d’Asie » ou « les pampas d’Amérique » ?
Le thème du Graal est l’équivalent païen, au sens noble du terme, de la pierre d’angle biblique rejetée par les bâtisseurs. Énigmatique demeure à mes yeux cette phrase de René Guénon : « Le Graal ne peut être qu’un zodiaque. » Mais je suis convaincu que, pour déchirer le voile qui recouvre le mystère des origines, pour retrouver ce « grain d’or » dont parle l’astronome Kepler (1571 – 1630), il faut emprunter la voie de l’astrologie, domaine impensé de notre mouvance intellectuelle (du moins à ma connaissance), art antique vénérable raillé par La Fontaine et Voltaire, discipline dévoyée depuis quatre siècles, hormis quelques soubresauts : le marquis de Boulainvilliers (1658 – 1722), une école française aux alentours de 1900 (Caslant, Choisnard, Boudineau), une école belge (avec Gustave-Lambert Brahy comme figure de proue), les travaux plus récents de Gauquelin et Barbault (tous deux nés en 1920). Si le Graal est un vase, ce n’est pas exclusivement parce que Joseph d’Arimathie y a recueilli le sang de Jésus crucifié, mais c’est, par-delà sa dérivation chrétienne, par son identification plus générale à un récipient recueillant la pluie des influences cosmiques. Cet élargissement de la signification du Graal s’inscrit, soit dans la « Préhistoire partagée (Raphaël Nicolle) » des peuples indo-européens, soit dans une proto-histoire plus ample, ainsi qu’en témoigne le rapprochement d’Hugo entre les pierres levées d’Europe occidentale et celle de l’Asie sibérienne et de l’Argentine.
Meanwhile for the liberal, the reason that the radical displays its creation of the human will which aspire for absolute freedom.





La mythologie nordique et le monde germano-scandinave jouissent d’un intérêt grandissant, et d’une vulgarisation pas toujours heureuse. La série Vikings, plutôt décevante, n’est pas vraiment ce que l’on peut appeler une « série historique réaliste ». D’ailleurs feu Régis Boyer préférait ne pas faire de commentaire à son sujet… Cependant, et d’un point de vue positif, certains ont pu (re)découvrir un imaginaire, une culture, et un univers qui leur ait souvent plus proche qu’il n’y paraît. En bonus, ils auront pu également découvrir l’excellente musique du groupe norvégien Wardruna !
Nous parlions d’un auteur « maison » en la personne de Halfdan Rekkirson. Celui-ci compte deux ouvrages à son actif. Le premier s’intitule Calendrier runique Asatru. L’Asatru est une religion néo-païenne qui s’est donnée comme mission de réanimer la vielle foi du Nord. Ce courant, qui se porte bien soit dit en passant, se rencontre principalement en Islande et dans les pays anglo-saxons, États-Unis et Grande-Bretagne en tête. L’ouvrage de Rekkirson témoigne avant toute chose d’un travail sérieux. Élaborer un calendrier n’est pas chose facile ! Le pari est pourtant relevé ! En outre, l’auteur développe certains sujets comme l’interprétation des contes ou l’importance de la Déesse Frigg. C’est un livre roboratif et plaisant à lire.
Mérites du système des castes


Veer Savarkar, l’idéologue du nationalisme hindou, prônait les mariages inter-castes pour unifier la nation hindoue même au niveau biologique. La plupart des hindous contemporains, bien qu’à présent généralement opposés à l’inégalité de caste, continuent à se marier dans leurs jatis respectives parce qu’ils ne voient pas de raison de les supprimer.
Suivant un travail en philologie germanique et celtique sous la direction de l’estimé professeur Edgar Polomé (1920–2000), Flowers reçut son doctorat en 1984 avec une thèse intitulée Runes and Magic: Magical Formulaic Elements in the Elder Tradition (plus tard publiée par Lang, 1986). Au milieu des années 1980, Flowers commença aussi une carrière d’auteur plus publique sous le nom d’Edred Thorsson. Ses livres sur les Runes et la magie germanique (Futhark, Runelore, At the Well of Wyrd, Rune-Might, Northern Magic, The Nine Doors of Midgard, et A Book of Troth) sont devenus des classiques du genre, et bien qu’ils visent le marché du livre occulte, ils révèlent une profondeur de compréhension et un degré de connaissance qu’il est inhabituel de trouver dans ce genre.
Michael : Qu’est-ce qui amena votre initiation dans l’Asatru ou l’Odinisme organisés, et comment regardez-vous cette période aujourd’hui ?
Stephen : Je pense que cette attitude vient presque entièrement de deux sources : (1) l’antagonisme entre la vision-du-monde matérialiste et la vision-du-monde spirituelle traditionnelle, et (2) le fait que les adhérents de la vision-du-monde matérialiste ont saisi l’occasion d’attaquer la vision spirituelle en se basant sur les événements historiques liés à la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Cette vision-du-monde matérialiste est « monothéiste » au sens où elle autorise un seul ensemble de valeurs orthodoxes. De cette manière elle est vraiment une forme laïcisée de la religion monothéiste. Le système de pensée judéo-chrétien s’est très bien prêté à une laïcisation d’une manière telle qu’il peut être transformé en un modèle pour des théories politiques et économiques. Comme remarque additionnelle, l’islam a été beaucoup plus obstiné dans son adhésion à ses valeurs d’origine, ce qui l’a rendu très « arriéré » par rapport à ses cousins monothéistes.
Comme je l’ai exposé dans mon essai « How to Be a Heathen » [Comment être un païen], publié dans le volume Blue Runa (Rûna-Raven, 2001), il y eut un temps où la « connaissance païenne » désignait d’abord quelque chose qui était rigoureux, et qui évoluait graduellement vers des domaines supérieurs de ce qui est ordinairement ineffable. La « foi chrétienne » était quelque chose qui s’opposait à la « connaissance païenne » et qui était caractérisée par le subjectivisme et des appels incessants à des autorités invérifiables du début à la fin du processus. De cette manière, on peut voir que le « New Ager » ou le « Wiccan » typique est en fait paradigmatiquement beaucoup plus proche du modèle de pensée chrétien originel que ne l’est le « croyant chrétien » moyen aujourd’hui. Les séminaristes chrétiens sérieux ne songeraient pas à ignorer l’étude du latin, du grec et de l’hébreu, et pourtant les nombreux aspirants à la « prêtrise » d’Asatru aujourd’hui pensent qu’il est déraisonnable de leur demander d’apprendre le vieux norrois. Il est remarquable de noter le nombre de gens qui ne connaissent même pas correctement la grammaire de leur « nom nordique » supposé !
Stephen : Dans Hermetic Magic, je me suis concentré sur les opérations des papyri magiques grecs qui utilisaient le pouvoir symbolique du langage et de l’alphabet (c’est-à-dire les opérations les plus influencées par le grec). En fait il y a beaucoup d’enrichissements mutuels possibles entre les traditions germaniques et grecques de magie verbale et alphabétique. Le livre Hermetic Magic fut une expérimentation pour l’usage du principe des RUNA dans le décodage d’une tradition autre que la germanique. Cela se révéla généralement fructueux. Une grande partie de ce qu’était la magie hermétique a été perdue dans la magie du style Golden Dawn/OTO des gentlemen de l’époque victorienne. Hermetic Magic est une tentative pour aller au fond des choses, c’est-à-dire à revenir aux sources de ce qu’est la magie hermétique, afin d’arriver à une perspective fraiche et éternelle sur le pouvoir de la volonté humaine. C’est un exercice sur le pouvoir des RUNA, des Mysterion, tel que je le vois. Hermetic Magic montre ce qui peut être fait avec le principe des RUNA/Mysterion. Que cela ait été généralement ignoré par la foule de l’« hermétisme » ordinaire ne fait que montrer à quel point la véritable tradition est ésotérique.
Je suis très satisfait de voir de jeunes individus – beaucoup encore étudiants – à la conférence runique m’approcher discrètement et me dire qu’une partie de la raison pour laquelle ils vinrent à la conférence était de me rencontrer, et qu’ils avaient été exposés pour la première fois au monde merveilleux des runes et la tradition germanique ésotérique par mes travaux plus « populaires ».
Stephen : Il est clair d’après ce qui a déjà été dit que la discipline universitaire de runologie, ainsi que certaines des études germaniques et des études indo-européennes plus anciennes, sont en danger. Si la runologie scientifique est laissée à son cycle normal de mode intellectuelle, il n’y a pas de mal. Le runologue traditionnel radical serait libre comme toujours de partager les fruits de ce travail intellectuel et de voir son travail intérieur enrichi par celui-ci. Mais si les domaines universitaires traditionnels sont déracinés et marginalisés pour l’extinction, alors cela ne serait plus possible.

Ce sera un siècle terrible parmi les siècles. Les peuples tomberont sous toi, Allemagne, et ta puissance sera si grande que le monde entier s’alliera contre toi.

(1) savoir si la soi-disant prophétie figure vraiment dans l’ouvrage allemand précité, paru en 1902. Mais même s’il y figurait, cela ne prouverait toujours pas l’authenticité de la prophétie ! Il pourrait alors s’agir d’un faux rédigé par un faussaire allemand, dès 1902 ou même avant (et ce texte aurait été remarqué plus tard par les services alliés, anglais ou français, et utilisé par eux – mais tout cela est vraiment trop invraisemblable).



The Seven Principles
No one is normal today. Everyone is a bit mad, with their mind working all the time: they see the world in a narrow, impoverished way. They are consumed by their ego. They think they see, but they are wrong: they are projecting their madness, their world, onto the world. No lucidity, no wisdom in that! That is why Socrates, like Buddha, like all sages, first says, “Know yourself and you will know the universe.” That is the spirit of traditional Zen and Bushido! For this, the observation of one’s behavior is very important. Behavior influences consciousness. With the right behavior, there is the right consciousness. Our attitude here, now, influences the entire environment: our words, our gestures, our bearings, all this influences what happens around us and within us. The actions of every moment, of every day, must be right. The behavior in the dojo will spill over in your daily life. Every gesture is important! How to eat, how to get dressed, how to wash, to go to the toilet, how to put things away, how to behave with others, with one’s family, one’s wife, how to work, how to be completely in each gesture. One must not dream one’s life! But one must be completely in everything we do. This is training in the kata.


Il primo di questi è per l’appunto, il non saper leggere i segni, perché in fondo ad essi non crediamo affatto. Invero, ogni cosa nell’Universo Creato è segno, o per meglio dire, simbolo, di qualcos’altro. Questa è certezza di ogni Sapienza Tradizionale, anche e soprattutto di quella cristiana. La Storia, d’altro canto non è semplice successione di eventi, bensì Storia Sacra che si svolge dall’alfa all’omega secondo un superiore disegno di Provvidenza. Pertanto all’uomo il cui intelletto non è ancora stato sigillato non possono sfuggire i segni che continuamente essa ci presenta. Solo un’opera di cultura può colmare tale ignoranza e portare ad un primo risveglio dei sensi interiori.
« En nous rapprochant de l’Occident,… le VIe siècle fut le point de départ de la civilisation dite « classique », la seule à laquelle les modernes reconnaissent le caractère « historique », et tout ce qui précède est assez mal connu pour être traité de « légendaire », bien que les découvertes archéologiques récentes ne permettent plus de douter que, du moins, il y eut là une civilisation très réelle ; et nous avons quelques raisons de penser que cette première civilisation hellénique fut beaucoup plus intéressante intellectuellement que celle qui la suivit, et que leurs rapports ne sont pas sans offrir quelque analogie avec ceux qui existent entre l’Europe du moyen âge et l’Europe moderne. »
Et Tchouang-Tseu :
Le développement intellectuel, administratif et bureaucratique est cause de la décadence. Tchouang-Tseu :
Los hábitos regulares que forman la base moral y ética de la filosofía yóguica se denominan Yamas, a saber: inofensividad, veracidad, honradez, templanza y generosidad, y Niyamas, que abarcan la limpieza, el contento, la austeridad, el estudio de uno mismo y la devoción a un ideal.

Patánjali también nos habla del Dios último y enfoca la vida del hombre virtuoso y bueno en función de la consecución de una unión con lo divino. Cuando I. K. Taimni (1979)
3) Tale conoscenza non è sapere se non è innanzitutto uno stato dell’essere; lo stato dell’essere è vedere l’Invisibile, che è l’Indicibile, ma per colui che è Essere non è che l’Uno, l’Istante che è fuori dal tempo: colui che vive nella dimensione dello Spirito è nel tempo pur essendo, nella radice, fuori dal tempo, vedrà il Divenire che è Essere, come indica l’enigmatico sorriso dell’Apollo di Veio, Egli, sorridendo della nostra stupidità, accenna, svela e rivela la Verità: l’Assoluto, il Divino è semplicemente ciò che tu vedi e che sei! Tu però non lo sai!
Si conosce solo ciò che si è e si è solo ciò che si conosce. Gli Dei non esistono a priori (per fede) ma esistono solo se si conoscono e si conoscono solo se si esperimentano, quindi esistono solo per colui il quale li esperimenta, cioè li vive e quindi li conosce; nel senso che, pur esistendo da sempre, per colui il quale non li conosce Essi non esistono. Tale è il significato della frase: “I Greci non credevano negli Dei; poiché li vedevano!”
Nel corpo della cultura europea scorre sangue «pagano». A muovere dal Settecento, filosofi, storici delle religioni e artisti, si sono prodigati nel tentativo di far riemergere le sorgenti più arcaiche della nostra cultura, richiamando l’attenzione sul suo effettivo ubi consistam. Anzi, questo sforzo è ancora in corso: si pensi, tra i tanti esempi che si possono fare in tema, alla valorizzazione del mondo pre-cristiano, presentata, nella propria opera, da Evola o, più recentemente, da autori quali Marc Augé e Alain de Benoist. Un ruolo rilevante, in tal senso, nel secondo decennio del «secolo breve», lo ha svolto il filologo svevo e storico delle religioni, Walter Friedrich Otto. Il suo lavoro più noto, Gli Dei della Grecia, fu in qualche modo preparato da un libro che egli pubblicò nel 1923, Spirito classico e mondo cristiano, di cui è recentemente apparsa la seconda edizione italiana, per i tipi de L’arco e la Corte (per ordini: arcoelacorte@libero.it, pp. 174, euro 15,00). Si tratta, come ricorda Giovanni Monastra, nell’informata e stimolante Prefazione, di un testo nel quale l’autore mostrò, in tutta la sua forza e con invidiabile spessore erudito, l’attrazione empatica per il mondo classico e, in particolare, per la religiosità ellenica.
In Spirito classico e mondo cristiano, sono presenti: «lampeggianti intuizioni e utili indicazioni che consentono di vedere con occhi nuovi il mondo religioso ellenico» (p. 13). Otto cerca, in ogni modo, di far parlare i Greci e i loro dei, con la voce che gli fu propria. Fino ad allora, infatti, il clamore millenario prodotto dalla cultura dei vincitori, nella contesa storica sviluppatasi nel IV secolo d.c., quella cristiana, aveva impedito di cogliere il senso ultimo della visione del mondo ellenica. La critica al cristianesimo di Otto è radicale, i toni polemici decisamente aspri, in alcuni passaggi rasentano l’invettiva. Per questo, successivamente, il filologo non si riconobbe del tutto in tali affermazioni e non volle che questo studio fosse nuovamente pubblicato (la precedente edizione italiana uscì nel 1973, ad insaputa della figlia dello studioso). Il libro è scritto sotto il segno di Nietzsche. Come il filosofo dell’eterno ritorno, anche Otto distinse l’originario insegnamento del Cristo, insieme a Socrate considerato ultimo esempio di vita persuasa, dalla successiva dottrina cristiana, esito del travisamento teologico operato dalla tradizione paolino-agostiniana. In ogni caso, quale idea ha Otto della religio greca?
I Greci, al contrario, non conobbero mai la fides, la loro religio della forma era, in realtà, un susseguirsi di esperienze, di realizzazioni del sacro, da parte dell’uomo. Il tratto politeista consentiva loro di apprezzare i diversi volti dell’Uno e di viverli, di farne esperienza. A ciò contribuivano il mito e il culto. Nel secondo: «è l’uomo che si innalza al Divino, vive e agisce in comunione con gli dei; nel mito è il divino che scende e si fa umano» (p. 21). Il rapporto uomo-dio si manifestava, come rilevato da Rudolf Otto, nell’endiadi Io-Esso. Si trattava, pertanto, di una relazione centrata sull’ethos, sul modo d’essere (Evola avrebbe detto “razza dello spirito”) e non sul pathos, sulla dimensione emotiva e sentimentale. Il trionfo del cristianesimo rese esplicito che il mondo antico aveva perso la propria anima, vale a dire quest’atteggiamento paritetico degli uomini nei confronti degli dei. Ecco perché alla «buona novella» aderirono gli ultimi, i diseredati e le donne, che divennero strumenti mortiferi per lo spirito classico. In quel frangente, pochi tentarono una resistenza. Si ersero in pochi, ricorda Otto, sulle rovine di un mondo al tramonto per proclamarne la grandezza, tra essi Giuliano Imperatore. Monastra ipotizza, e la cosa va segnalata, che Evola, avrebbe potuto trarre il titolo del suo, Gli uomini e le rovine, proprio da un passo del libro del filologo tedesco, che certamente lesse.


